Introduction to Biology (AT2B)

8/10/2019 Introduction to Biology (AT2B)

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Introduction to BiologyChapter 1

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Science


Science

From the word scientiaL. which means to

know

Systematic &

Comprehensive

Investigation &

Exploration of

Natures

Causes and

Effects


A. The Nature of Science 1. Science is a way of asking about the natural world to obtain precise

answers.

2. Asking questions about nature is ancient; modern science is about2000 years old.

3. Science is separate from activities such as art and religion.

4. The Overton trial over creation science provided a definition ofscience.

a. Science is guided by natural law (physical and chemical laws that governthe state of existence)

b. Science has to be explanatory by reference to natural law.

c. Science is testable against the observable world.

d. Science conclusions are tentative; they are rarely the final word.

e. Science is falsifiable.

5. Science is neutral regarding religion and does not favor one religiousposition over another.

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BIOLOGY

From the Greek words, bios: life and logos: to

study

the science of life

the study of living things

It deals with the investigation of the origin,history, structure, function, identification,classification, distribution, development,inheritance, and significance of living things aswell as their relationships and interaction withthe environment.

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BOTANY ZOOLOGY

Pure Botany

Applied Botany

Pomology

Floriculture

Structural Zoology

Developmental Zoology

Functional Zoology

Systematic Zoology

Distribution Zoology

Historical Zoology

Economic Zoology

Medical Zoology

MICROBIOLOGY

BIOLOGY

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Applied Botany Pomology OlericulturePure Botany

Morphology

Gross Morphology

Anatomy

Histology

Cytology

Embryology

Systematic Botany

Phytogeography

Physiology

Taxonomy

Paleobotany

Agriculture

Agronomy

Pathology

Genetics

Pharmacognosy

Horticulture

Landscape Architecture

Phycology

Mycology

Bacteriology

Forestry

Ecology

BOTANY

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3. Systematic Zoology 4.Functional Zoology 7.Medical Zoology1. Structural Zoology

Anatomy

Histology

Cytology

Protozoology

Conchology

Malacology

Icthyology

Herpetology

Ornithology

Mammalogy

Entomology

2. Developmental Zoology

Embryology

Ontogeny

Genetics

Animal Physiology

Animal Behavior

5. Historical Zoology

Paleontology

Phylogeny

Evolution

6. Distribution Zoology

8. Economic

Zoology

Parasitology

Pathology

Zoogeography

Ecology

Morphology

ZOOLOGY

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History of Biology

Primitive Period

- characterized by uncritical accumulation ofinformation mainly derived from the practicalnecessities of obtaining food, materials forclothing and shelter, substances to cure ailmentsand necessary information about the humanbody.

- accumulation of knowledge was notrecorded

- information was verbally passed on to thenext generation


Classical Period

a.) Egyptians and Babylonians had already

wrote down basic knowledge to be passed on

to those who followed after.

b.) Evidences on animal raising and agriculture

(as early as 8500 B.C.) were found in

Mesopotamia

c.) Greeks had great curiosity about the

natural phenomena and an ability to organize

knowledge and record it.


Greek Scientists

a.) Anaximander, a Greek philosopher who

lived from 611 to 546 BC, is credited with the

first written work on natural science, aclassical poem entitled On Nature. In this

poem, he presented what may be the first

written theory ofevolution.

b.) Hippocrates (400 to 300 BC) Father of

Medicine; stated that diseases have natural

causes and that the body has the power to

repair itself


c.) Aristotle (343 to 322 BC) considered as

the Father of Biology; proposed the first

classification scheme, the Scala naturae (L.

scale of nature); coined the words pangenes,particles representative of the various organs,

and homunculus, a preformed, tiny human

that just grew in the mother

d.) Theophrastus pupil of Aristotle, who

carried on pioneer studies on nature of plants



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e.) Galen (131 to 210 AD) - Greek physician,

who began to study human anatomy and

carried out the 1st physiological experiment in

animals; he is consideredLast Great Biologist

ofAntiquity


Dark Ages (12th14th Centuries)

- a biological darkness enveloped all Europe;downward trend in scientific inquiry and nobiologist made critical observations.

Reasons:

1. most common people were illiterate

2. books were expensive

3. People were busy fighting a series of wars fromthe Crusades to Mongol invasions.

4. recurrent epidemics of Black Death (BubonicPlague) swept over Europe which killed about athird of the population


RENAISSANCE

a.)Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642), an Italian astronomer and

physicist, who demonstrated the truth of the Copernican

theory with the telescope.

b.) Sir Isaac Newton (1643 - 1727), an English

mathematician and philosopher; he formulated laws of

gravity governing the motion of the planets

c.)Leonardo Da Vinci andMichaelangelo ( Italian artists)

made accurate studies in plants, animals and human

anatomy.

d.)Andreas Vesalius published his bookThe Structure of

the HumanBody

e.)William Harvey described the blood circulation in man

which contributed to physiology


Modern Era

17TH Century

- observations were being made with the first,

primitive microscopes. These often had highly-

polished grains of sand as lenses.

a.) Robert Hooke In 1665, he established

the concept of Modern Cell Theory (all living

things are made up of cells; cell = room,

cubicle)


b.) Anton van Leeuwenhoek

the first person to observe sperm cells

and with his very primitive microscope

Preformationist

Miniature adultin the sperm

(Leeuwenhoek)

Miniature adultin the egg

(de Graaf)


c.) Matthias Schleiden botanist; plants are

made up of cells

d.) Theodore Schwann zoologist; animals

are composed of cellse.) Francesco Redi (1668) and Lazarro

Spallanzani (1765 - 1767) experimentally

disproved the spontaneous origin of life from

nonliving matter



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18th Century

a.) Karl von Linn or Carolus Linnaeus L. (1707 -

1778) known as the Father of Taxonomy ;

established the system of binomial nomenclature in

which all living things are arranged by genera and

species; In 1753, Linnaeus wrote Species Plantarum,

and in 1758, Systema NaturaeKingdom

Phylum (pl.phyla)

Class

Order

Family

Genus (pl.genera)

Species


Scientific Names

Genus + species

Handwritten: Genus species

Computerized: Genus species

Example:

Periplaneta americana

Gallus gallus

Allium cepa

19th Century

a.) Jean Baptiste Lamarck in 1802 or 1809,

he proposed the Theory of Evolution; His main

points were:

evolution or change within a species is driven by

an innate, inner striving toward greater

perfection,

use or disuse of various organs made them larger

or smaller, accordingly, and

these acquired traits could be inherited or passed

on to offspring (inheritance of acquired traits).


b.) Charles Darwin in 1859, he publ ished The Origin of

Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of

Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, more commonly

known as The Origin of Species. In this landmark book, he

made four main points:

individuals, even siblings, in a population vary (there is

variation),

these variations canbe passedto offspring (are inherited)

(from Malthus) more offspring are produced than the

environment can support, so there is competition for

resources,

those individuals whose characteristics make them best suited

to the environment live and reproduce and have more

offspring (survival of the fittest).


d.) Louis Pasteur known as the Father of

Modern Microbiology; in 1864, he was able

to disprove spontaneous generation or the

abiogenesis theory

e.) Gregor Mendel - an Austrian monk who is

known asthe Father of ModernGenetics


20th Century

a.) Ernst Haeckel stated that an organism

was the product of the interaction of its

environment with hereditary factorsb.)H.E. Cowla, F.E. Clemens, andV.E. Shelford

put ecology on a modern basis; generalized

that all organisms living in a given area are

closely interdependent with each other and

with the environment.

c.) Thomas Hunt Morgan developed Gene

Theory by studying fruit flies to show physical

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d.) Sir Alexander Fleming developed

penicillin

e.) James Watson (American), Francis Crick

(Englishman) andMaurice Wilkins in 1953,

they proposed the hypothetical structure ofthe DNA (one of the most important biological

discoveries)


Scientific Method

The scientific method illustrates the way in

which science is done.

Scientific Method

This simplified

flow diagram of

the scientific

method shows

the important

components

involved in a

scientific study.

Observations

Hypothesis

Experiment/

Observations

Conclusion

Scientific

Theory

Scientific Method

First is the observation phase, where new

observations are made.

This is also the time where previous data are

examined.

Next, a hypothesis is formulated to attempt to

explain the available data and observations.

A hypothesis must be testable!!!

Scientific Method

The hypothesis is then tested through a seriesof experiments and/or observations.

These experiments and observations must berepeatable!

The factual information resulting from theseexperiments and observations are called data.

An important part of an experiment is thecontrol, which is a replicate set up exactly like theexperiment, except it does not have the factorbeing tested.

Scientific Method

Scientists can then draw a conclusion based

on the data.

The conclusion may involve accepting or rejecting

the initial hypothesis.

Further experiments may require an adjustment

to the conclusions.

Hypotheses are said to be supported, but not proven.


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Scientific Method

New hypotheses are generated from the

conclusions, and the process starts again. A theory results when a group of related

hypotheses are supported by manyexperiments and observations.

Theories are the ideas that scientists are MOSTSURE OF!

Theory of relativity

Theory of evolution

Scientific Method

The previous modelis very simplified andthe result is toolinear.

The activity model

for the process ofscientific inquiryshows the morecomplex interactionsthat are reallyinvolved.

Harwood, W. S. 2004. A new Model for Inquiry: is the Scientific Method Dead?

Journal of College Science Teaching. 33(7): 29-33.

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Properties of Life

General Properties of Living Systems

Chemical Uniqueness:

Living systems demonstrate a unique andcomplex molecular organization

Small molecules are assembled intomacromolecules:

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids

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Carbohydrates

Serve as animmediate

source of energy

Composed ofcarbon, hydrogen

and oxygen in1:2:1 ratio

formstructural

component ofcell

simplest and mostabundant, being theprimary products of

photosynthesis. Composed ofC, H and O

Serve asinsulator

Serve as rawmaterials for

hormone

Source ofstored formof energy

Component ofthe cell

membrane

Lipids


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Source ofenergy

Serve fortransport

Act asenzymes

Composed of

C, H, O, N, S

Act ashormone

Proteins

Repair of

worn out cells

Serve formovement

Nucleic Acids

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DNA molecule General Properties of Living Systems

Complexity and Hierarchical Organization:Living systems demonstrate a unique and complex hierarchical organization

In living systems there exists a hierarchy oflevels that includes:

MacromoleculesCells

TissuesOrgans

Organ SystemsOrganism

PopulationCommunity

Ecosystem1-48


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Reproduction:

Liv ing systems canreproduce themselves At each level of the

biological hierarchy livingforms reproduce togenerate others likethemselves:

Genesreplicate toproduce new genes.

Cellsdivide producingnew cells.

Organismsreproduce,sexually or asexually, to

produce new organisms


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Reproduction

Asexual

B_ _ _ _ _ _: outgrowth of

the parent separates toform a new individual

B_ _ _ _ _ F _ _ _ _ _ _:

the parent cel ls splits two

form two identical daughter

cells

Sexual

Requires the union of

sperm and egg

Leads to the formation

of zygote which will

undergo repetitive

division


Possession of a Genetic Program:

A genetic program provides fidelity of

inheritance

DNA: Long, linear, chain of nucleotides containinggenetic information

Sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA determinesthe order of amino acids in proteins

Genetic Code: correspondence between basesequences in DNA and the sequence of aminoacids in a protein

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Metabolism:

Living organisms maintain themselves by

acquiring nutrients from their environments

Metabolic processes include:

Digestion

Energy production (Respiration)

Synthesis of required molecules and structures

by organisms

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Metabolism is often viewed as an interaction

of destructive (catabolic) and constructive

(anabolic) reactions

The most fundamental anabolic and catabolic

chemical processes used by living systems

arose early in the evolutionary history of life

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Development:

All organisms pass through a characteristic

life cycle

Development describes the characteristic changes

that an organism undergoes from its origin to its

final adult form

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Growth

Accretion

Intussusception

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PL NTS N M LS

INDETERMINATE/

UNLIMITED DETERMINATE/LIMITED


Environmental Interaction:

All animals interact with their environments

Ecology: The study of organismal interaction with

an environment

Irritability: All organisms respond to

environmental stimuli

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Movement:

Living systems and their parts show precise

and controlled movements arising from withinthe system

Living systems extract energy from theirenvironments permitting the initiation ofcontrolled movements

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Movements at the cellular level are requiredfor:

ReproductionGrowth

Responses to stimuli

Development in multicellular organisms

On a larger scale:Entire populations or species may disperse fromone geographic location to another over time

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Life Obeys Physical Laws

The complex molecular organization in living cells is

attained and maintained only as long as energy fuels the

organization

Survival, growth, and reproduction of animals require

energy that comes from breaking complex food

molecules into simple organic waste

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Theories on the Origin

of Life on EarthTheory of

Spontaneous

Generation or

biogenesis


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Theory of Biogenesis

A theory proposed by Rudolf

Virchow

Believed that Life came frompre- existing life

LOUIS PASTEUR

Disproved spontaneousgeneration of microbes

by preventing dustparticles fromreaching the sterilebroth

Showed microbescaused fermentationand spoilage

Introduction to Biology (AT2B)

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