Introduction To Biology Notes
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The Science of LifeChapter 1
Table of Contents
Section 1 The World of Biology
Section 2 Themes in Biology
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Section 4 Tools and Techniques
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Section 1 The World of BiologyChapter 1
Objectives
• Relate the relevance of biology to a person’s daily life.
• Describe the importance of biology in human society.
• List the characteristics of living things.
• Summarize the hierarchy of organization within complex multicellular organisms.
• Distinguish between homeostasis and metabolism and between growth, development, and reproduction.
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Section 1 The World of BiologyChapter 1
Biology and You
• Biology and Society– Biology is the study of life and can be used to
both solve societal problems and explain aspects of our daily lives.
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Chapter 1
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Biology
Section 1 The World of Biology
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Section 1 The World of BiologyChapter 1
Characteristics of Life
• Living things share the same 7 characteristics: organization and cells, response to stimuli, homeostasis, metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, and evolution.
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Chapter 1
The Seven Properties of Life
Section 1 The World of Biology
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Section 1 The World of BiologyChapter 1
Characteristics of Life, continued
• Organization and Cells– Organization is the high degree of order within an
organism’s internal and external parts and in its interactions with the living world.
– A cell is the smallest unit of an organism that can perform all life’s processes.
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Section 1 The World of BiologyChapter 1
Characteristics of Life, continued
• Organization and Cells– Multicellular organisms are made up of many
cells and show a hierarchy of organization going from the organism to the atom.
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Section 1 The World of BiologyChapter 1
Characteristics of Life, continued
• Response to Stimuli– Another characteristic of life is that an organism
can respond to a stimulus—a physical or chemical change in the internal or external environment.
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Section 1 The World of BiologyChapter 1
Characteristics of Life, continued
• Homeostasis– All living things have mechanisms that allow them
to maintain stable internal conditions. Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions even though environmental conditions are constantly changing.
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Section 1 The World of BiologyChapter 1
Characteristics of Life, continued
• Metabolism– Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical
reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment.
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Section 1 The World of BiologyChapter 1
Characteristics of Life, continued
• Growth and Development– The growth of living things results from the division
and enlargement of cells.– Development is the process by which an
organism becomes a mature adult.
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Section 1 The World of BiologyChapter 1
Characteristics of Life, continued
• Reproduction– Living organisms pass on hereditary information
from parents to offspring, also called reproduction.
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Section 1 The World of BiologyChapter 1
Characteristics of Life, continued
• Change Through Time– Populations of living organisms evolve or change
through time.
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Chapter 1
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Evolution
Section 1 The World of Biology
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Section 2 Themes in BiologyChapter 1
Objectives
• Identify three important themes that help explain the living world.
• Explain how life can be diverse, yet unified.
• Describe how living organisms are interdependent.
• Summarize why evolution is an important theme in biology.
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Section 2 Themes in BiologyChapter 1
Diversity and Unity of Life
• Unity in the Diversity of Life– Life is so diverse,or full of variety. Yet, life is also
characterized by unity, or features that all living things have in common.
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Section 2 Themes in BiologyChapter 1
Diversity and Unity of Life, continued
• Unity in the Diversity of Life– The tree of life shows that all living things have
descended with modification from a single common ancestor. Yet, there are many different lineages, or branches, representing different species.
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Chapter 1
Phylogenetic Diagram of Living Organisms
Section 2 Themes in Biology
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Section 2 Themes in BiologyChapter 1
Diversity and Unity of Life, continued
• Three Domains of Life– The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea,
and Eukarya.– The six kingdoms include Archaea, Bacteria,
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
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Section 2 Themes in BiologyChapter 1
Interdependence of Organisms
• Organisms live in interdependent communities and interact with both organisms and the environment.
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Section 2 Themes in BiologyChapter 1
Evolution of Life
• Evolution, or descent with modification, is the process in which the inherited characteristics within populations change over generations.
• Evolution helps to explain how species came to exist, have changed over time, and adapt to their environment.
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Section 2 Themes in BiologyChapter 1
Evolution of Life, continued
• Natural Selection– Natural selection is a process by which
organisms that have certain favorable traits are better able to survive and reproduce successfully than organisms that lack these traits.
– Natural selection can lead to the evolution of populations.
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Chapter 1
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Natural Selection
Section 2 Themes in Biology
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Section 3 The Study of BiologyChapter 1
Objectives• Outline the main steps in the scientific method.
• Summarize how observations are used to form hypotheses.
• List the elements of a controlled experiment.
• Describe how scientists use data to draw conclusions.
• Compare a scientific hypothesis and a scientific theory.
• State how communication in science helps prevent dishonesty and bias.
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Section 3 The Study of BiologyChapter 1
Science as a Process
• Steps of the Scientific Method– The scientific method involves making
observations, asking questions, forming hypotheses, making predictions, designing experiments, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.
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Section 3 The Study of BiologyChapter 1
Scientific Processes
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Chapter 1
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Scientific Method
Section 3 The Study of Biology
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Section 3 The Study of BiologyChapter 1
Observing and Asking Questions
• The process of science begins with an observation.
• An observation is the act of perceiving a natural occurrence that causes someone to pose a question.
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Section 3 The Study of BiologyChapter 1
Forming a Hypothesis
• A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for the way a particular aspect of the natural world functions.
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Section 3 The Study of BiologyChapter 1
Forming a Hypothesis, continued
• Predicting– To test a hypothesis, scientists make a prediction
that logically follows from the hypothesis.
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Section 3 The Study of BiologyChapter 1
Designing an Experiment
• Performing the Experiment– A controlled experiment compares an
experimental group and a control group and only has one variable.
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Chapter 1
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Controlled Experiment and Variable
Section 3 The Study of Biology
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Section 3 The Study of BiologyChapter 1
Designing an Experiment, continued
• Performing the Experiment– The control group provides a normal standard
against which the biologist can compare results of the experimental group.
– The experimental group is identical to the control group except for one factor.
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Section 3 The Study of BiologyChapter 1
Designing an Experiment, continued
• Performing the Experiment– The experimenter manipulates the independent
variable.– The experimenter measures the dependent
variable because it is affected by the independent variable.
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Chapter 1
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Independent and Dependent Variables
Section 3 The Study of Biology
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Section 3 The Study of BiologyChapter 1
Designing an Experiment, continued
• Testing the Experiment– Experiments should be conducted without bias
and they should be repeated.
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Section 3 The Study of BiologyChapter 1
Collecting and Analyzing Data
• Analyzing and Comparing Data– Scientists analyze data to draw conclusions about
the experiment performed.
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Section 3 The Study of BiologyChapter 1
Drawing Conclusions
• Making Inferences– An inference is a conclusion made on the basis of
facts and previous knowledge rather than on direct observations.
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Section 3 The Study of BiologyChapter 1
Drawing Conclusions, continued
• Applying Results and Building Models– Scientists often apply their findings about the
natural world to solve practical problems.
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Section 3 The Study of BiologyChapter 1
Constructing a Theory
• A theory is a set of related hypotheses confirmed to be true many times, and it can explain a great amount of data.
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Section 3 The Study of BiologyChapter 1
Communicating Ideas
• Publishing a Paper– Scientists submit research papers to scientific
journals for publication.– In peer review, the editors of a journal will send
submitted papers out to experts in the field who anonymously read and critique the paper.
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Section 3 The Study of BiologyChapter 1
Honesty and Bias
• Communication between scientists about their methods and results helps prevent dishonesty and bias in science.
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Section 3 The Study of BiologyChapter 1
Honesty and Bias
• Conflict of Interest– The threat of a potential scandal based on
misleading data or conclusions is a powerful force in science that helps keep scientists honest and fair.
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Section 4 Tools and TechniquesChapter 1
Objectives
• List the function of each of the major parts of a compound microscope.
• Compare two kinds of electron microscopes.
• Describe the importance of having the SI system of measurement.
• State some examples of good laboratory practice.
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Section 4 Tools and TechniquesChapter 1
Microscopes as Tools
• Light Microscopes– A compound light microscope is a microscope
that shines light through a specimen and has two lenses to magnify an image.
– Four major parts of a compound light microscope are the ocular lens, objective lens, stage, and light source.
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Section 4 Tools and TechniquesChapter 1
Microscopes as Tools
• Light Microscopes– The eyepiece magnifies the image.– The objective lens enlarges the specimen.– The stage is a platform that supports slides with
specimens.– The light source is a light bulb that provides light
for viewing images.
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Section 4 Tools and TechniquesChapter 1
Microscopes as Tools, continued
• Magnification and Resolution– Magnification is the increase of an object’s
apparent size.– Resolution is the power to show details clearly in
an image.
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Section 4 Tools and TechniquesChapter 1
Object Size and Magnifying Power of Microscopes
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Section 4 Tools and TechniquesChapter 1
Microscopes as Tools, continued
• Electron Microscopes– In an electron microscope, a beam of electrons
produces an enlarged image of the specimen. – Electron microscopes provide greater
magnification and resolution than light microscopes.
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Section 4 Tools and TechniquesChapter 1
Microscopes as Tools, continued
• Electron Microscopes
– Scanning electron microscopes pass a beam of electrons over the specimen’s surface for better viewing the external surface of a specimen.
– Transmission electron microscopes transmit a beam of electrons through a thinly sliced specimen for better viewing the internal structures of a specimen.
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Section 4 Tools and TechniquesChapter 1
Units of Measurement
• Base and Other Units– Scientists use a single, standard system of
measurement, called the metric system. The official name of the metric system is Système International d’Unités or SI.
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Section 4 Tools and TechniquesChapter 1
Units of Measurement
• Base and Other Units– The metric system has seven base units.
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Section 4 Tools and TechniquesChapter 1
Safety
• Good Laboratory Practice– Lab safety involves safe and common-sense
habits such as never working alone in a lab or without proper supervision by the teacher.