BIOLOGY - Introduction to Ecology
Transcript of BIOLOGY - Introduction to Ecology
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Introduction to EcologyIntroduction to Ecology
J.T. II Olivar, MAEdJ.T. II Olivar, MAEd
Faculty of Arts and LettersFaculty of Arts and Letters
University of Santo TomasUniversity of Santo Tomas
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Objective of the LectureObjective of the Lecture
To relate the different components of the
ecosystem.
To trace the energy transfer in the foodpyramid using the laws of
thermodynamics.
To point out the connection of the different
biogeochemical cycles in the ecosystem.
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Outline of the LectureOutline of the Lecture
Definition of Ecology and Ecosystem and
other related environmental concepts.
Interactions in the Ecosystem. Laws of Thermodynamics.
Biogeochemical Cycles.
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Definition of EcologyDefinition of Ecology
The word ecology means, literally, the
study of houses.
A branch of biology that studies
interrelationships of organisms with theirenvironments.
Variety of conditions under which organisms
live and adaptations to those conditions.
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The BiosphereThe Biosphere
The area in which life on our planet is
possible.
One gigantic biological system.
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EcosystemEcosystem
It refers to any stable environment in
which living and nonliving things interact,
and in which materials are used over and
over again.
Interactions of:
Biotic community (the group of population)
Physical environment
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Community Structure andCommunity Structure and
Species DiversitySpecies Diversity
Community structure
Biological communities differ in their structure
and physical appearance.
Relative sizes, stratification, and distributions of
populations
Species diversity and Niche structure
Biological communities differ in the types andnumbers of species they contain and the
ecological roles they play
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InteractionsInteractions
Interactions in the Biotic Community
Interaction between the Biotic Community
and the Physical Environment
Interaction within the Physical
Environment
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Interactions in the BioticInteractions in the Biotic
CommunityCommunity
Species interactions
Species can interact and increase their ability
to survive through competition, predation,
parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism.
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Interaction between the Biotic CommunityInteraction between the Biotic Community
and the Physical Environmentand the Physical Environment
Climate
Sunlight
Temperature
Wind
Precipitation
Micro climate
Macro climate
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ClimateClimate
Varies with latitude
Varies seasonally
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TemperatureTemperature
Affected by ocean
currents
Affected by sunlight
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WindWind
PGF
Coriolis Force
Frictional Force
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PrecipitationPrecipitation
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TopographyTopography
Bodies of Water
Landforms
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n erac on w n e ys can erac on w n e ys caEnvironmentEnvironment
Cloud cover reduces light intensity
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Laws of ThermodynamicsLaws of Thermodynamics
First Law: The Law of Conservation of
Energy.
Second Law: The Law of Entropy.
How are these laws applied in the food
pyramid?
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PopulationPopulation
Population density is a measure of the
changing populations by counting and
recording individuals from a very large
area at various times.
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Factors causing fluctuations inFactors causing fluctuations in
population densitypopulation density
Density-dependent factors
Density-independent factors
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Overcrowding andOvercrowding and
UndercrowdingUndercrowding
What are the advantages and
disadvantages of overcrowding and
undercrowding?