Hormones 2
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HORMONES
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THYROID GLAND
Hormones of two types: 1. Iodine containing :
thyroxin (tetraiodthyronin) and triiodthyronin – derivatives of tyrosine;
2. Calcitonin - peptide
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Synthesis of iodine containing hormones is regulated by thyrotropic hormone, which in turn is stimulated by thyroliberin
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Functions of iodine containing hormones
Necessary for normal growth, differentiation, sex and mental development
Regulate the speed of metabolism
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Effect on protein metabolismIn physiological concentration stimulate synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids. In the increased concentration activate the protein decomposition.
Effect on carbohydrate metabolismAccelerate the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestineActivate the decomposition of glycogen.
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Effect on lipid metabolismActivate the exit of lipids from depot, its decomposition and oxidation
Effect on energetic metabolismIn excess thyroxin uncouples respiration and phosphorilation, decreases the ATP formation and increases the heat formation
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Hyperfunction of gland – diffuse toxic goiter
(thyrotoxicosis, Graves disease)
•Goiter – hyperplasia of gland•Hypermetabolism•Increase of body temperature•Sweating, muscle weakness•Weight loss with good appetite •Tremor, emotional lability, insomnia •Exophtalm
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Hypofunction of gland (occurs in the deficit of iodine in water,
soil, air)
•Decrease of metabolism•Decrease of body temperature
Hypofunction in childhood - cretinism•Growth inhibition•Unproportional body development•Disorders of mental development
Hypofunction in adults – mixedema•Edema of mucosa
mixedema
cretinism
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Endemic goiter (occurs in the deficit of
iodine in water, soil and air)
Connective tissue is enlarged in gland and it is increased in size markedly
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Calcitonin Is synthesized by
parafollicular cells of thyroid gland
Affects the metabolism of Са and Р - Promotes the transferring of Са2+ from blood into
bones- Inhibits reabsorption of Р in kidneys (decreases the
content of Р in blood due to its excretion with urine)
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Increase of calcitonin- hypocalciemia- hypophosphatemia- hyperphosphaturia
Decrease of calcitonin
- hypercalciemia- hyperphosphatemia- hypophosphaturia
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PARATHYROID GLANDS Parathyroid hormone - protein
Affects the metabolism of Са and Р
- Promotes moving of Са2+ from bones into blood
- Inhibits reabsorption of Р in kidneys (decreases the content of Р in blood due to its excretion with urine)
- Stimulates the absorption of Ca in the intestine
Promote vit D transformation in kidney ( formation of active vitD3)
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Hyperfunction (Recklinghausen’s disease)
- hypercalciemia- hypophosphatemia- hyperphosphaturia- osteoporosis- Accumulation of Са in
tissues
Hypofunction- hypocalciemia- hyperphosphatemia- hypophosphaturia- tetanus
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Insulin Nature – protein (51 АA) Is formed from proinsulin by proteolisis Contains zinc
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» Regulation of the synthesis:- Glucose concentration in blood - Other hormones (somatostatin)- Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
It is destroyed by insulinase (enzyme of liver)
Target cells:
» Hepatocytes
» Myocytes
» Adipocytes
In the unsufficiency – diabetes mellitus
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The effect on carbohydrate metabolism•Increases the permeability of membranes for glucose•Activates glucokinase (hexokinase) in glycolysis•Activates TAC (citrate synthase)•Activates PPC (G-6-PDH)•Activates glycogen synthase•Activates pyruvate- and alpha-кetoglutarate dehydrogenase•Inhibits gluconeogenesis•Inhibits the decomposition of glycogen (glucose-6-phosphatase)
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Effect on the protein metabolism•Increases the permeability of membranes for AA•Activates synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids•Inhibits gluconeogenesis
Effect on the lipid metabolism•Activates of the lipids synthesis•Promotes the saving of fats activating the decomposition of carbohydrates•Inhibits gluconeogenesis
Effect on the mineral metabolism•Activates Na/K-АТP-аse
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Glucagon Nature – polypeptide Antagonist of insulin Synthesis is activated in fasting
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Functions Activates the
decomposition of glycogen in liver
Activates gluconeogenesis
Inhibits glycolysis Activates lipolysis
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EPINEPHRINE GLANDS Two parts:
-cortex
-medulla
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Hormones of medulla - catecholamines
Epinephrine, norepinephrine and DOPA Nature – derivatives of tyrosine Excretion is regulated by sympathetic nervous system
and brain cortex
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
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Functions:Stress hormones. Contraction of vessels, increase the blood
pressure, accelerate pulse. Contraction of uterus muscles. Epinephrine relaxes the muscles of bronchi and intestine.
On carbohydrate metabolism:
-activates the decomposition of glycogen in liver and muscles
-activates glycolysis, PPC, TAC and tissue respiration
On protein metabolism
-accelerate the decomposition of proteins
On lipid metabolism
-activates lipase, mobilization of lipids and their oxidation
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Hormones of cortex - corticosteroids
There are more than 50 corticosteroids Nature – steroids Are synthesized from cholesterol
Two groups
-glucocorticoids (protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism)
-mineralocorticoids (mineral metabolism)
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Glucocorticoids
Most important: corticosteron, cortison, hydrocortison
Synthesis is regulated by ACTH
Are transported combined with proteins
Half-life time – till 1 hour
In the decomposition17-ketosteroids are formed (excretion with urine). Diagnostic significance – index of the function of cortex of epinephrine glands and testis
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Functions
• Antiinflammatory, antiallergic, antiimmune• Adaptive effect• Maintain the blood pressure• Maintain the volume of extracellular liquid
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Effect on protein metabolism
• Stimulate catabolic processes in connective, lymphoid and muscle tissues
• Activate protein synthesis in liver• Stimulate amino transferases• Stimulate the urine biosynthesis
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Effect on the carbohydrate metabolism
Increase the glucose level• Activate gluconeogenesis• Inhibit hexokinase (glycolisis)
Effect on the lipid metabolism• Activate lipolysis• Activate the conversion of FA into carbs
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MineralocorticoidsThe most important hormone: aldosteron
Excretion is controlled by rhenin-angiothensin system
Functions:
-activate the reabsorption of Na, water and Cl in kidney canaliculi
- Promotes the excretion of К ions via the kidneys, skin and saliva
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Disorders of the function of epinephrine gland cortex
Insufficiency: Addison disease (bronze disease)
Causes:
-injury of epinephrine gland cortex
-insufficient production of ACTH
Blood pressure decrease, loss of weight, weakness, anorexia.Hyperpigmentation - bronze skin
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Hyperproduction: Kushing syndrom
Causes: hypeplasia or tumor of epinephrine gland cortex
Obesity, particularly of the trunk and face (“moon face“) with sparing of the limbs; striae (stretches of the skin)Proximal muscle weaknessHirsutism (facial male-pattern hair growth)Insomnia, impotence, amenorrhoea, infertilityHeart diseases, hypertensionPolyuria, hypokalemia hyperglycemia, glucosuria (steroid diabetes) Kidney bonesDepression, anxietyHyperpigmentation
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Aldosterone hyperproduction
Causes:
-aldosteroma
Symptoms:
-hypokaliemia
-hypernatriemia
-hyperchloremia
-hypervolemia
-edema, hypertension
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A little amount of female sex hormones is formed in male organism and vice versa.
Female – estrogens, progesteron.
Male – androgens.
Sex hormones
Are synthesized in:
-sex glands
-placenta
-cortex of epinephrine glands
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EstrogensNature: steroids
Estradiol – is formed in follicles of ovarium
Estron and estriol – are formed in liver and placenta in the metabolism of estradiol
Estradiol estriol
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Functions of estrogens
Development of the female reproductive system organs
Ability to fertility in reproductive period
Biochemical functions of estrogens
Anabolic action on the tissues of reproductive organs
Inhibit the exit of Ca from bones (osteoporosis in menopause)
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ProgesteronNature: steroid
Is formed in corpus luteum, placenta and epinephrine glands
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Functions of progesteronPrepares the endometrium of uterus to
implantation of ovum
Inhibits the uterus contraction during pregnancy
Stimulates the growth of mammary glands
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AndrogensTestosteron
Nature: steroid
Is formed in the interstitial cells of testis
Is excreted as 17-кetosteroids
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Functions of testosteroneDevelopment of the primary sex features
Development of the secondary sex features
Stimulates spermatogenesis
Biochemical functions of testosteroneStrong anabolic action (stimulates the synthesis of
NA, proteins, phospholipids) – increases the mass of muscles
Keeps the Ca and P in organism
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Derivatives of androgens – active anabolics