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Auxiliary Verbs

1-V. to Be: am - is - are / was - were (being-been).2-V.to Do: do - does / did / done 3-V. to Have: have - has / had.

Modal Auxiliaries

Will WouldShall Should Can Could May Might Must Had to

INTERROGATIVE األسئلة: من نوعين هناك

1-Yes-No Question.2-Wh Question.

1-YES-NO QUESTION.الفاعل على الفعل نقد=م الناقصة، أو المساعدة األفعال أحد بالجملة كان -إذا1

A: Has the baby drunk the milk?B: Yes, the baby has drunk the milk.

A: Can you read English?B: No, I can’t read English.

إلى I was وتحويل Are you إلى I’m تحويل مالحظة * معWere you .

A: Are you good at English?B: Yes, I’m good at English.

A: Were you at school yesterday?B: No, I wasn’t at school yesterday.

اآلتي: نتبع الناقصة أو المساعدة األفعال أحد وجود عدم حالة -فى2N الفعل كان إذا Do ب * نسأل N غير مضارعا ( الجمع )مع sب منتهياN الفعل كان إذا Does ب * نسأل N مضارعا ( المفرد )مع sب منتهياN الفعل كان إذا Did ب * نسأل . ماضيا

المصدر. فى الفعل نضع * ثم

A: Do you play football?B: Yes, I play football.

A: Does she play football?B: Yes, she plays football.

A: Did you play football yesterday?B: Yes, I played football yesterday.

QUESTION WORDS* What * ماذا ما / * How tall* الطول كم * When* متى * How high * كم كم * How heavy * أين *Where * االرتفاع الوزن* Why* لماذا * How fast * السرعة كم * Which* أيهما أى / * How long * المدة كم /

المسافة كم * Whose * لمن من ملك / * How far * البعد كم * Who* من * How often * عدد كم المرات* How * كيف * How old * كم السن* How much* الكمية / كم الثمن كم * How deep * كم العمق* How many * العدد كم * How wide * العرض/كم كم االتساع

ونضع الفاعل نحذف الفاعل، عن السؤال حالة فى Who كان إذا N و عاقًالWhat الجملة. فى تغيير أى دون عاقل غير كان إذا

A: Who broke the window?B: Ali broke the window.

الذى الفاعل عن نسأل آلننا المساعد بالفعل نأتى لم أننا المثال هذا فى نًالحظWho N ووضع Ali الفاعل حذف تم الشباك. لذا كسر تغيير. و أى دون منه بدالعاقل. الغير الفاعل عن نسأل عندما كذلك

A: What is on the desk?B: The book is on the desk.

األتى:-وفى حالة السؤال عن المفعول نتبع كلمة

االستفهام الفعل

المساعدالفاعل الفعل

الرئيسيالتكملة

اآلتى:- نتبع ذلك إلى نصل لكى و

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sحدد-1 تسأل التى االستفهام بكلمة نأتى و نحذفه و عنه السؤال المsراد الشئ نعنه.

المساعد. بالفعل نأتى-2 إستخدام عند المصدر فى الرئيسى الفعل وضع مع أولها من الجملة نبدأ ثم-3

Do/Does/Did .A: where did you go yesterday?B: I went to the zoo yesterday.

ترجمة إلى نحتاج المختصرة اإلجابة من المساعد الفعل إسنباط حالة * فىN الفعل إلى نصل لكى بالعربية السؤال By اإلجابة كانت إذا المساعد. فمثًال

car فترضة األسئلة تكونsيلى: - كما الم will * المدرسة؟ إلى تذهب سوف كيف EX: How do you go to school? * المدرسة؟ إلى تذهب كيف Did * كيف sالمدرسة؟ إلى ذه{بت

المحادثة:- حل على تعينك التى األسئلة تركيبات بعض يلى فيما و* What’s the matter? * ؟ األمر ما What happened? * حدث؟ ماذا What’s your name? * إسمك؟ ما What’s your nationality? * جنسيتك؟ هى ما What’s your job? * ظيفتك؟ و هى ما What’s you favourite hobby? * المفضلة؟ هوايتك هى ما What’s your address? * عنوانك؟ هو ما

What do you want?* تريد؟ ماذا What are you doing?* تفعل؟ ماذا What would you like to have sir?* تأكل/ـشرب؟ أن تود ماذا What shall I do?* افعل؟ أن يجب ماذا What’s your opinion about…? * ؟ فى رأيك ما. .. What places would you like to visit?* زيارتها؟ تود التى األماكن هى ما What size?* الحجم/المقاس؟ ما What distance? * المسافة؟ ما What kind? * النوع؟ ما What else? / Any thing else? * آخر؟ شئ أى Which one do you prefer? * تفضل؟ أيهما How was your flight?* رحلتك؟ كانت كيف How did you travel?* سافرت؟ كيف How would you like to pay sir?* تدفع؟ أن تريد كيف How much is it? / How much does it cost?* الثمن؟ كم هذا؟ بكم How long does it take? * تستغرق؟ كم How long will you stay?* تقضيها؟ سوف التى المدة كم How old are you? * سنك؟ كم Single or double?* مزدوجة؟ أم مفردة حجرة تريد هل

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Where do you live?* تسكن؟ أين Where are you from? / Where do you come from? * أنت؟ أين من Where would you like to stay? * تقيم؟ أن تود أين

LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS

Can you tell me ….* تخبرنى؟ ممكن Can you tell me the way to …, please? * الطريق تدلنى ممكن

إلى.. .؟Sure. Go along this way. Then take the first turning on your left. It’s on your left, next to the … . * الطريق وصف إسلوب Can I help you? * من هل مساعدة؟It’s nice of you. / No thanks. I can manage it myself. الخدمة عرض على الرد * . Can you give me some advice about … ? * بعض لى تسدى ممكن النصح.. .؟You should … . * نصح إسلوب Yes, you are right. * النصح قبول . May I … . * طلب إسلوب . Here you are. / Sorry I need it myself. * بحاجة / لألسف. أننى تفضل .اليها How about + gerund. * إقتراح إسلوب . That’s a great idea. / I’m not very keen. * االقتراح على الرد . I’m sorry, but iv (broken/lost) your …. I’ll get you another one, of

course. * إسلوب إعتذار

Never mind. / you’d better get me another one. Would you like to come to … . * ةودع إسلوب . Thanks. I’d love to come. / I’m sorry, I can’t because I have to (study) Congratulations. * التهانى أجمل . Thanks. I’m very pleased. Can I speak to … , please? * بشخص اإلتصال عند . Sorry, he’s out. Would you like to leave him a message? Can I leave a message?Sure, go a head. I hope you get well soon. * المريض زيارة عند

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QUESTION TAGS

من للتأكد الخبرية الجملة ع{قب كذلك" يستخدم "أليس المزيل السؤال من الجملة عكس يكون . لذلك ذsكر عما الموافقة لطلب أو معينة معلومة

. اإلثبات و النفى حيثالفاعل. مع المساعد الفعل بعكس ذلك يتم و

EX: You have seen Ali, haven’t you?EX: She hasn’t come, has she?

. ضمير إلى يحول إسم الجملة فاعل كان * إذاEX: Adel is here, isn’t he?

{ don’t / doesn’t / didn’t) نستخدم مساعد فعل وجود عدم حالة * فىEX: They earn a lot of money, don’t they?EX: She gets up early, doesn’t she?EX: He won the race, didn’t he?

TENSES

The Present Simple Tense Form- :

Active* الفعل ) مصدر +sأو +esمع He – It –She)

Passive * ( am – is – are + pp ) sضاف N كان إذاes للفعل * ي اآلتية:- النهايات بأحد مsنتهيا

( s – sh – ch – o – x ) It’s used with: -* Sometimes * N ... كل * …Every * أحيانا* Usually * Nعادة * Never * N مطلقا* Often * N فى مرة * … Once/Twice … a * غالبا ... * Always * N Rarely * N * دائما نادرا

:- المستقبل على ليد الزمنية الروابط مع يستخدم * كما * When * عندما * As soon as * أن بمجرد * After * بعد * Till / until * حتى * Before * قبل * If (unless) * إذا

ستخدمs .المضارع في حدثت أفعال عن السؤال في Does وDo تنستخدم و don’t و doesn’tو النفى في . never يظل لكن و الضمائر كل مع

N. الفعل مصرفا

The Past Simple Tense

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Form : - Active* ( للفعل الثاني التصريف من ) يتكون .

Passive * ( was – were + pp ) It’s used with: - * Yesterday * أمس * Once * ذات مرة * Last… * ... الماضى * One day *

يوم ذات * … ago * sمنذ... * In the past * الماضي في

نستخدم االستفهام في Did . نستخدم النفي في و didn’t .

The Future Simple Tense Form : -

(Will + infinitive ).Active* (Will + be + pp ) Passive *

It’s used with: - * Tomorrow * N غـدا * Next … * القـادم * In the future * المستقبـل في

The Present Continuous Form- :

(am – is – are + v + ing ) Active* (am – is – are + being + pp ) Passive *

It’s used with- : * Now * اآلن * Look * نـظرs أ * Listen * أستمع * At this moment * اللحـظة هذه في * At Present * الحالي الوقت في

The Past Continuous Form- :

(was – were + v + ing ) Passive* (was – were + being + pp )Active*

It’s used with:- * While = As = Just as * بينـما * When * عنـدمـا

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While + ماضي+ مستمر ماضي متوازية أحداث مستمر

While + بسيط ماضي+ مستمر ماضي متقاطعة أحداث .

While + gerund + حذف عند بسيط ماضي الفاعل During + n / gerund + بسيط ماضيمستمر ماضي + When + بسيط ماضي

The Present Perfect Continuous Form- :

(have – has been + v + ing ) Active *(have – has + been + pp) Passive *

It’s used with - : * For * Since * All .. *How long

The Present Perfect Tense. Form- :

( have – has + pp. ) Active * (have – has + been + pp ) Passive *

It’s used with: -* Just (v. to have) * N sستخدم )و الحـال / في تـوا في ت

بعد وتوضع اإلثبات * Already (v.to have) * ستخدم قبـل / من بالفعـلs في ) وت

بعد وتوضع اإلثبات * Ever * ستخدم مـرة ذاتs الثالث التصريف قبل وتوضع االستفهام في ) ت . * Never (v.to have * N مطلقا

بعد ) توضع * Yet * ليس /N والسؤال( النفى نهاية فى ) وتستخدم بعد مطلقا * For (a/an/many/several/years)* مدة ... )تليها لمدة

ب تبدأ زمنية * Since * sنذsفترة بداية ) تليها م

( تاريخ أو زمنية * Lately* N مؤخرا* Recently * N حديثا

The Past Perfect Form- :

( had + pp. ) Active * (had + been + pp) Passive *

It’s used with - :

After + تام ماضى + بسيط ماضى

Before + ماضى+ بسيط ماضى تامBy …/ By the time + بسيط ماضى +

تام ماضىAs soon as + ماضى+ تام ماضى بسيطWhen + تام ماضى +

بسيط ماضى When + ماضى+ بسيط ماضى تامبسيط ماضى + because +

تام ماضىN بسيط ماضى ( منفى ) غالبا + till / until +

تام ماضىNo sooner + تام ماضى + than +

بسيط ماضىHardly + تام ماضى + when + ماضي بسيطScarcely + تام ماضى + when +

بسيط ماضى

Expressing Future - : المستقبل من للتعبير ُطXرق ست هناك *

لها/التنبؤ مخطط غير مsستقبلية أحداث عن ) للتعبير :- البسيط المXستقبل -1 سريعة/تمنى/عروض/تهديدات( مستقبلية/قرارات بالمستقبل/حقائق

( will + inf. )EX: He will arrive next Friday.

.( المواصًالت وسائل مواعيد و الزمنية الجداول عن ) للتعبير البسيط الضارع - 2 EX: The train leaves at 8.30 tomorrow.

. ( مsستقبلية خ�طط من ) للتعبير المستمر المضارع 3EX: He is leaving for Paris tomorrow. Every ting is arranged.

أيها تشير أحداث و لها مخطط مsستقبلية أحداث عن ) للتعبير . القريب المستقبل 4 ( الدالئل بعض

( am – is – are + going to + inf. )EX: It’s cloudy and stormy. It’s going to rain.N يكون سوف حدث عن .) للتعبير المXستمر المستقبل 5 فى مsعين وقت عند لفترة مsستمرا

إلية( تشيران بكلمتين الزمن المsستقبل.( )يحدد( will be + v + ing )

EX: This time tomorrow, I’ll be flying to England.

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يستخدم . ( و مستقبلي موعد قبل يكتمل سوف حدث عن . ) للتعبير التام المستقبل6 ( +By زمن) مع

(Will have + pp.)EX: I’ll have finished my project by next week.

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UNIT 1The Present Simple Tense

He – It معes+ أوs+ الفعل ) مصدر من يتكون * –She )

sضاف N كان إذاes للفعل * ي اآلتية:- النهايات بأحد مsنتهيا( s – sh – ch – o – x )

sحول* :-الساكنة الحروف أحد يسبقها كان إذا الفعل نهاية من ies إلى y الــ تEX: Write I/You/We/They Write He/She/It writesEX: Study I/You/We/They Study He/She/It Studies

: عادة أو متكرر حدث عن للتعبير يستخدم Nurses look after patients in hospitals. Birds fly.

: حقيقة عن للتعبير يستخدم Water is a renewable form of energy.

: طويلة لفترة يتم حدث عن للتعبير يستخدم I have a bath every other day. I prefer coffee to tea.

: االتجاهات و التعليمات إعطاء أو طلب حالة في البسيط المضارع يستخدم How do I get to the station? You go straight on, then you turn left.

مع البسيط المضارع sستخدم ي* Sometimes * N ... كل * …Every * أحيانا* Usually * Nعادة * Never * N مطلقا* Often * غالبا * Once/Twice … a … * فى مرة ... * Always * N Rarely * N * دائما نادرا

التكرار علي الدالة الظروف بعد الرئيسية األفعال قبل تستخدم V.To Beو never / rarely = seldom / not often / sometimes / occasionally / often/

frequently /usually / always I always try to save energy. She's often late for work.

الزمن علي الدالة نهايتها adverbs of timeالظروف أو الجملة بداية في إما تأتي We watch TV every night. Every night we watch TV.

تستخدمdon't / doesn't و نفي الفي المصدر إلى الفعل ولكن neverويحول N فا مsصر= الفعل :يظل

I study hard. I don't study hard. I never study hard. He studies hard. He doesn't study hard. He never studies hard.

:- المستقبل على ليد الزمنية الروابط مع يستخدم * كما

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* When * عندما * As soon as * بمجرد أن * After * بعد * Till / until * حتى * Before * قبل * If (unless) * إذا EX: When he arrives tomorrow, I’ll meet him at the airport.

للمجهول المبنى صيغة فى البسيط المضارع

am / is / are + PP.

Somebody cleans this room every day. This room is cleaned every day.

EXERCISE* Choose the right answer : -1-My father always … to work on time. a) go b) going c) goes d) gone2-They … on time for meeting. a) are never b) never are c) never don’t d) never can3 -He … early. a) always is b) is always being c) is always d) was always being4 -Let us wait for him until he … . a) will arrive b) is arriving c) arrives d) would arrive5- When he …, he will stay with us. a) will come b) is coming c) came d) comes6-Mona always … the 8 o’clock train. a) catch b) catches c) caught d) is catching7- … you ride bikes? a)Do b)Is c)Are d)Have8- The sun … us heat and light. a)is giving b)gives c)give d)is going to give9- she … to the cinema very often. a)don’t go b)isn’t going c)doesn’t go d)hasn’t gone10- He … wastes his time. a)doesn’t b)didn’t c)never d)don’t* Find the mistakes and write the sentences correctly: -1- She usually is honest and polite.2- He never go to work by bus.3- We aren't go to school on Fridays.4- Are you speak English well?5- After I'm cleaning the flat, I'll go shopping.

Present Continuous Tense

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من:- يتكون Am / is / are + v + ing

EX: Write I’m writing. He is writing. They are writing.sستخدم الكًالم لحظة أثناء مستمر حدث عن للتعبير المستمر المضارع ي :

EX: Look, the children are playing in the street.sستخدم كما لها التخطيط تم مستقبلية أحداث عن للتعبير المستمر المضارع ي

N : مسبقاEX: I’m flying to London tomorrow. I’ve booked the ticket.

sستخدم كما المستمرمع المضارع ي : * Now * اآلن * Look * نـظرs أ * Listen * أستمع * At this moment * اللحـظة هذه في * At Present * الحالي الوقت فيShe is writing a letter now. I am reading an interesting book at the moment.

am / is / are + being + PP. للمجهول المبنى صيغة فى المستمر المضارع

Somebody is cleaning the room.=The room is being cleaned.

EXERCISE

* Choose the right answer: -1-He … twenty next July. a)was b)has been c)is d)will be2-I … for him until he comes. a)was waiting b)has waited c)had waited d)will wait3-After he saves enough money, he … a new car. a)has bought b)had bought c)will buy d)was buying4-I … him as soon as he arrives. a)’ll welcome b)was welcoming c)had welcomed d)welcome5-I promise I … in time. a)will arrive b)was arriving c)am arriving d)have arrived

* Find the mistakes and write the sentences correctly: -1- I supported you if you promise me.2- Before he starts his project, he drew a plan.3- I expect Egypt had won the match.4- Have you bought a new car next year?5- People is living on the moon in the future.

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Past Simple Tense

للفعل ي الثانى التصريف من البسيط الماضى <تكون. األفعال تصريفات من نوعين هناك بإضافة تكوينها ويتم منتظمة . d / edأفعال الفعل نهاية إلى

EX: help helped live lived شاذة أفعال

IRREGULAR VERBS

VERB PAST PP. VERB PAST PP.BeBeatBecomeBeginBiteBreakBringBuildBurnBuyCatchChooseCome cost CutDieDigDoDraw drink driveEat FeedFeel fight findFly forgetFreezeGetGive

was/werebeat becamebeganbitbrokebroughtbuiltburnt/burnedboughtcaughtchosecamecostcutdieddugdiddrewdrankdroveatefedfeltfoughtfoundflewforgotfrozegotgave

beenbeatenbecomebegunbittenbrokenbroughtbuiltburnt/burnedboughtcaughtchosencomecostcutdieddugdonedrawndrunkdriveneatenfedfeltfoughtfoundflownforgottenfrozengotgiven

Go GrowHaveKnowLearnLeaveLendLightLoseMakeMeetPayReadRideRunSaySeeSellSendShowSingSitSleepSmellSpeakSpendStealSwimTake TeachWrite

wentgrewhadknewlearnt /ed./leftlentlitlostmademetpaidreadroderansaidsawsoldsentshowedsangsatsleptsmelt/ed./spokespentstoleswamtooktaughtwrote

gonegrownhadknownlearnt/ed/leftlentlitlostmademetpaidreadriddenrunsaidseensoldsentshownsungsatsleptsmelt/ed./spokenspentstolenswumtakentaughtwritten

البسيط الماضي :يستخدم

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الماضي في معين وقت في انتهي حدث عن للتعبير -1 :I went to Cairo last week.

الماضي في عادة أو موقف عن للتعبير -2 :When I was young, We lived in Alex.

مثل كلمات مع يستخدم كما -3 : * Yesterday * أمس * Once *

مرة ذات * Last… * ... الماضى * One day *

يوم ذات * … ago * sمنذ... * In the past * الماضي في

نستخدم االستفهام في Did . نستخدم النفي في و didn’t . EX: Did you find your stolen wallet? No, I didn’t find it.

EXERCISE

* Choose the right answer: -1- Once I … a monkey carrying a child. a)was seen b)had seen c)saw d)used to see2 -Armstrong … on the moon in 1969. a)lands b) was landing c) was landed d) landed3-I … out last night. a)don’t go b) wasn’t go c) haven’t gone d) didn’t go4 - … Dr. Aisha Abdel Rahman write under a pen name? a)Was b) Did c) Had d) Has5 -My aunt visited me yesterday and … me a present. a)gives b) was giving c) gave d) had given6- They … Aswan last year. a)visit b)visited c)visiting d)visit7- He … to bed early yesterday. a)has gone b)goes c)went d)had gone8- He … in Alex for ten years, but he no longer lives there. a)live b)lives c)lived d)has lived

* Find the mistakes and write the sentences correctly: -1- They have left for London two days ago.2- We aren't go to Port Said last summer.3- Were you enjoy the film last night?4- I last slept two days before.5- The last time I sent Ali an e-mail, has been last January.

Past Continuous Tense المستمر الماضي

من تكوني : Was / Were + V + ing

المستمر الماضي يستخدم: الماضي في معين وقت أثناء مستمر حدث عن - للتعبير1

Between six and half past six this morning, I was having breakfast.: آخر حدث قطعه الماضى فى مستمر حدث عن - للتعبير2

I was having a shower when the phone rang.

مثل: كلمات مع غالبا المستمر الماضي يستخدم /when While / As / Just as

While + ماضي+ مستمر ماضي متوازية أحداث مستمر

While + بسيط ماضي+ مستمر ماضي متقاطعة أحداث .

While + gerund + حذف عند بسيط ماضي الفاعل During + n / gerund + بسيط ماضيمستمر ماضي + When + بسيط ماضي

While (When) we were doing the homework, it started to rain أن الحظ when بسيط ماضى بعدها يأتي أن يمكن :

We were doing the homework when it started to rain. مع الحدثين يكون أن يمكن while حالة فى المستمر الماضي في

: األحداث توازى While I was studying, my father was reading.

استخدام يمكن On من بدال when يعدها يأتي و :V + ing When he arrived , he found the door locked. (On …)On arriving, he found the door locked.

استخدام يمكن during من بدال while يعدها يأتي و noun / V+ing : * While he was playing the game, he got hurt. (during)

During the game, he got hurt. He got hurt during the game. استخدام عدم الحظ to Be المستمر: الماضي في

While I was at school, I worked to a plan.

EXERCISE

* Choose the right answer: -1- It suddenly began to rain when I … in the garden.

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a)sat b)sit c)was sitting d)am sitting2- He was reading the paper while the children … in the garden.

a)were played b)were playing c)are playing d)played3- He was watching TV when his father … .

a)is coming b)comes c)came d)was coming4- He was driving his car when he … the accident.

a)makes b)was making c)will make d)made5- He … the ladder when suddenly he fell down.

a)climbed b)was climbed c)was climbing d)climbs6- She … the table when the visitors came.

a)is laying b)was laying c)was laid d)were laying7- I was having a shower … the telephone rang.

a)when b)while c)as d)until8- As I was walking down the street, I … a friend of mine.

a)meet b)meets c)met d)had met9- While we … a party, the lights went out.

a)have b)had c)have had d)were having10- I fell into the river while … on the bridge.

a)was walking b)walking c)walked d)had walked

* Find the mistakes and write the sentences correctly: -1- They stopped to talk to us while they walk to school.2- What had you doing when I phoned you yesterday?3- They have studied all day yesterday.4- My brother watched TV while I was revising for the exam.5- He fell off his bike while he rode to school.

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The Present Perfect Tense التكوين :

Have / Has + PP.

He has just bought a new car. They have already done the shopping.

: عن للتعبير التام المضارع يستخدم: الحاضر في تأثير له يزال وال الماضي في تم حدث -1

My car has broken down. I have to go to the mechanic’s. : الحاضر في مستمر زال ما و الماضي في تم - حدث2

I have done this job for many years. = I’m still doing this job. مثـل كلمات مع التام المضـارع يستخدم :

* Just (v. to have) * N sستخدم )و الحـال / في تـوا في تبعد وتوضع اإلثبات

* Already (v.to have) * ستخدم قبـل / من بالفعـلs في ) وتبعد وتوضع اإلثبات

* Ever * ستخدم مـرة ذاتs الثالث التصريف قبل وتوضع االستفهام في ) ت . * Never (v.to have * N مطلقا

بعد ) توضع * Yet * ليس /N والسؤال( النفى نهاية فى ) وتستخدم بعد مطلقا * For (a/an/many/several/years)* مدة ... )تليها لمدة

ب تبدأ زمنية * Since * sنذsفترة بداية ) تليها م

( تاريخ أو زمنية * Lately* N مؤخرا* Recently * N حديثا

أن الحظ ever/never/just/ already بين تأتيhave/has الثالث والتصريف : I have just written the letter.

استخدام الحظ ever و السؤال في never بالنفى اإلجابة في : Have you ever travelled by plane? No, I have never travelled by plane.

استخدام الحظ since / for Since + / الحدث تاريخ بداية

Since last week / last summer / 1999 / five o’clock / October / this morning / yesterday / then / Monday / breakfast

For + زمنية عدد / فترة

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For a week / the last week / a year / five hours / three months / two days / a long time / an hour I haven’t cleaned the house for a week. She hasn’t phoned us since October.

مع واحــد فعـل وجـود حــالة في since التام المضارع نستخدم : بعد يأتي ، فعلين وجـود حـالة فيو since الثاني والفعل بسيط ماضي

: التام المضارع في I haven’t seen her since she graduated.

استخدام يمكن أنه الحظ ago مـع since: I haven't seen him since three years ago.

وجود حالة في ولكن ago نستخدم ، فقط past simple: I saw him three years ago.

Last / The last time / ago + past simple استخدام عند since / for تام مضارع نستخدم السابقة الكلمات من بدال

منفى: I last had my hair cut when I was in Cairo. (since) = I haven’t had my hair cut since I was in Cairo.

اآلتي: التركيب الحظIt’s + It’s + زمنية زمنية فترة بسيط + last + + last + + + فاعلفاعل + since + + since + فترة بسيط ماضي ماضي

He hasn’t visited his uncle for a long time. (since)It’s a long time since he last visited his uncle.

استخدام عند انه الحظ ever من بدال never تفضيل: صيغة نستخدم I have never done such a tiring job. (This is…) = This is the most tiring job I have ever done.

استخدام الحظ yet المنفيــة الجملة نهاية في I haven’t finished my homework yet.

استخدام حالة في yet من بدال still من بدال منفى تام مضارع نستخدم المستمر: المضارع

He is still writing the report. (yet) He hasn’t finished writing the report yet.

تستخدم yet بهـا جمــلة نفي في just / already : He has just arrived. He hasn’t arrived yet.

تستخدم have/has been to و وعاد ذهب بمعنى have / has gone to يعد. ولم ذهب بمعنى

EX: He has been to America. (He went there and came back) EX: He has gone to America. (He went there and didn’t come back)

EXERCISE

* Choose the right answer: -

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1- I … her since 8 o’clock. a)am b)was c)have been d)had been2- I haven’t met him … over a year. a)since b)for c)ago d)lately

3- It … very cold lately, but it’s just beginning to get warmer. a)was b)has been c)is d)had been4- He … to his village. He is still there. a)has been b)has gone c)would go d)had gone5- He has been telephoning continually … lunch time. a)in b)for c)yet d)since6- You can take it. I’ve … finished it. a)yet b)still c)already d)for7- No one … to see us since we bought the house. a)came b)had come c)has come d)comes8- Have you bought any CDs … ? a)lately b)hardly c)ago d)ever

* Find the mistakes and write the sentences correctly: -1- He has written a lot of novels for he started writing.2- He didn't change his old car yet.3- How long did you work in this firm?4- We don't see each others for a long time.5- He has been to Kuwait. He traveled last year and he is still there up till now.

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UNIT 2Conjunctions in Brief

( ) و تعنى * روابط *To express one idea:

* And + s + v* و * Both … (N)… and …(N)… * N sًال كمن* Besides + gerund *

إلى باإلضافة* In addition to + gerund *

إلى باإلضافة* IN addition + s +v *

إلى باإلضافة * As well as + gerund (n + as well as + n) * N - بالمثل وأيضا * Not only …….but also……. * بل فقط ليس ... N أيضا .

sقد=مNot onlyب الجملة بدأت * ) إذا . ( الفاعل على الفعل ي

( ) السبب عن تXعبر * روابط *.To show reason

/ Because. * أن - حيث أن - بما * ألنSince / As + s + v

+ Due to / Owing to / Through / Because of (n / adj. + n / being. * بسببadj )

( ) الغرض تXبين *روابط * .To show purpose.

* To / In order to / So as to + inf* لكي .* In order not to / So as not to + inf* ال لكي .

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ماضي/مXضارع + That/So that/In order that + s can / could + inf لكي * .

التناقض. توضح * روابط *To show contrast.

* But + s + v* ولكن * Although/Though/Even though + s + v* من الرغم على * In spite of / Despite + gerund / adj. + n * على

من الرغم* However + s + v* من الرغم على

(. صفة بعدها يأتى الجملة بها بدأت ) إذا* For all + gerund * على

من الرغم To* االختيار تبين * روابط

show optionوإال- * أو *Or / Otherwise + s + v.

* … or … …... أو * إماEither

* Neither … nor… …* وال ...وال

sستخدم الفاعل. على الفعل نقدم الجملة بها بدأت إذا و النفى فى * ت

To. * النتيجة تبين * روابطshow result .

* So / That’s why / Therefore / Consequently + s + v. * - نتيجة لذلكلذلك* So … that (so + adj…. that + s + v ) * ... لدرجة أن* Such … that (such + adj+n … that + s + v) * ... لدرجة أن

sقد=مadj / adj. + n) بعدهم يأتىsuch أوsoب الجملة بدأت * ) إذا الفعل ( وي. الفاعل على

* Too … to (Too + adj. + to + inf.) * ... أن لدرجة

To show* الشرط تبين * روابطcondition.

* If / Unless / Provided (that) / As long as + s + v.* In case of / But for / Without + n / adj. + n / gerund.

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* Besides * In addition to * As well as * Due to * owing to * Because of * In spite of * Despite * For all * In case of * But for * Without

إسم/إسم بعدها معناها( يأتى إختًالف )مع السابقة الروابط( صفة/ وgerundو ) إلى الفعل نحول و األولى الجملة فاعل نحذف فيه وgerund ال هو الحلول أسهل

.ing إليه نضيف ثم المصدرEX: She speaks English. She speaks French. (Besides) Besides speaking English, she speaks French.

اإلسم نضع ضمير الثانية و إسم األولى الجملة فاعل كان إذا أنه * الحظ N من بدالالتالى:- المثال الضمير. الحظ

EX: Dina works late. She goes to the office on holidays. (In addition to) In addition to working late, Dina goes to the office on holidays.

ب مختلفين فاعلين ربط عند انه الحظ as well asاألول:- الفاعل الفعل يتبعEX: I am rich. He is rich. (as well as) I as well as he am rich. He as well as I is rich.

تحل owing to / due to / because ofمحل because / since / as . يأتى و بعدهم

إسم/إسم( صفة/ وgerund) EX: He didn’t go to school because he was ill. (due to) He didn’t go to school due to being ill. He didn’t go to school due to his illness.

نستخدم مختلف الجملتين فاعل كان إذا (adj + nو ) نحذف بأن ذلك wasو اإلسم. وthe بين الصفة نضع

EX: He didn’t go to school because the weather was bad. (owing to) He didn’t go to school owing to the bad weather.

تحل as / since / because محل owing to / due to / because of، و فعل. و فاعل من جملة مبعده يأتى

EX: He didn’t come to the party due to being tired. /tiredness/ (because) He didn’t come to the party because he was tired.

من الصفة نأخذ ثم الربط أداة محل الربط أداة فنضع مختلف الجملتين فاعل كان إذا أماالتالى:- المثال . الحظwas ب نسبقها و الجملة نهاية فى نضعها و اإلسم وthe بين

EX: He didn’t visit me owing to the muddy road. (because) He didn’t visit me yesterday because the road was muddy.

ثم ، األولى الجملة فاعل بعدnot only نضع not only… but also إستخدام * عندbut also N نضع الربط. أداة أوfull stop ال من بدال

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EX: She passed the exam and she got two prizes. (not only) She not only passed the exam but also she got two prizes.

أو المساعد الفعل نقدم )أى الفاعل على الفعل نقدمNot only ب الجملة بدأت * إذاالجملة( فعل زمن حسبdo/does/did نقدم

EX: She passed the exam and she got two prizes. (Not only) Not only did she pass the exam, but also she got two prizes.

تحل so thatمحل to/in order to/so as to ثم فاعل بعدها يأتى و can/mayثم فاعل و ، المضارع ىف المصدر ثم could/mightفى المصدر ثم الماضى.

EX: He studies hard so as to join the university. (so that) He studies hard so that he can join the university.

EX: He ran fast to catch the bus. (so that) He ran fast so that he could catch the bus.

ب الجملة بدأت إذا Howeverوفعل فاعل ثم صفة يتبعها. نضع ثمHowever بهد نكتبها و الصفة منها نأخذ و بأكملها ألولى الجملة نحذف )أى

اإلسم يحل ضمير، الثانية و إسم األولى الجملة فاعل كان إذا و ، الثانية الجملة ثم فاصلةالضمير( محل

He is young. He is strong. He is young, however he is strong.

However young he is, he is strong.إستخدام عند either … or … نضع و ، الثانية الجملة فى المكرر نحذف either

حsذفت. التى الكلمات محلor و األولى الجملة فى مكرر الغير اإلسم قبلEX: You may find him at home. You may find him at school. (either) You may find him either at home or at school.

مًالحظة مع not/don’t/doesn’t/didn’t النفى أداة محل … neither … no * تحل didn’t حذف عند الماضى فى الفعل ووضع doesn’t حذف عند الفعل إلىs إضافة

الثانية:- الجملة فىnor قبل ما حذف ومًالحظةEX: He didn’t get the book. He didn’t study. (neither) He neither got the book nor studied.

مع كذلك و الفاعل عل المساعد الفعل نقدمNeither الربط بأداة الجملة بدأت إذا * أماor.

EX: He didn’t get the book. He didn’t study. (Neither) Neither did he get the book nor did he study.

إستخدام عند so… that / such … that / too … toبعد نضع so/tooالصفة N الصفة آن مًالحظة مع النقط فى الصفة نضع أى و األولى الجملة نهاية فى تكون غالبا

كما الثانية الجملة )أى فعل و فاعلthat بعد ياتى و ، الصفة سبقت إذاvery نحذف

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فى الفعل بعدة نضع و الثانية الجملة فاعل نحذف )أى المصدر بعدها فيأتىto هى( أما .المصدر

و صفة و إسم يليها الجملة بها بدأت إذا صفة( و و )اسم فيليها such إستخدام عند * أماالفاعل. على الفعل يقدم

EX: The exam was very easy, we all passed it. (so … that) The exam was so easy that we all passed it. (such … that)

exam كلمة نضع ثم it هو و The exam االسم من بالضمير ناتى such إستخدام * عند بين نضعها و ، صفة و إسم تصبح بذلك و an easy exam فتصبح an ب نسبقها و easy بعد

such … that الحل:- يكون بذلك و It was such an easy exam that we all passed it.

EX: The problem was very difficult. We couldn’t solve it. (too… to) نكتب ثمWe couldn't نحذف ثمto ثمdifficult الصفة ثمvery محلtoo نضع

.solve المصدر The problem was too difficult to solve it.

نقدم ثم ، إسم و صفة such و صفة so يتبعSuch أوSo ب الجملة بدأت * إذاالفاعل. على الفعل

EX: The exam was very easy. We all passe it. (So/Such … that) So easy was the exam that we all passed it. Such an easy exam was it that we all passed it.

/ can’t أو can/ could و بفاعل نأتى too … to محل so … that تحل * عندماcouldn't

حسب على منفى أو مثبت و ، األولى الجملة فى الفعل حسب ماضى أو مضارع الزمن* N:- معنى الصفة. فمثًال

EX: The exam was too difficult to pass it. (so … that) The exam was so difficult that we couldn’t pass it.

EX: The exam is too easy to pass it. (so … that) The exam is so easy that I can pass it.

EX: The exam was too difficult to pass it. (such … that) It was such a difficult exam that we couldn’t pass it.

First Conditional

If + Present simple will / may / can / must

األولي الحالة األولي تستخدم الحالة .تستخدم والوعود التبوء عن .للتعبير والوعود التبوء عن للتعبيرIf you study hard, you will get high marks.

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If we have enough time, we'll visit Ahmed. في أمر فعل استخدام يمكن انه في الحظ أمر فعل استخدام يمكن انه الشرط الحظ الشرط جواب ::جواب

If you see Frank, give him a message for me, please. تستخدم تستخدمunlessunless بمعني بمعنيIf notIf not

If you don't study hard, you can't pass the exam. Unless you study hard you can't pass the exam.

EXERCISE

* Choose the right answer: -1- I went to work … I wasn’t feeling well.a)because of b)although c)despite d)besides2- He failed the exam … his intelligence.a)although b)however c)despite d)even though 3- I don’t like playing tennis; … , I don’t mind watching it on TV.a)as well as b)in addition to c)however d)despite4- They couldn’t continue the race … the bad storm.a)owing to b)because c)as d)since5- … we were too late, we had to take a taxi.a)Because of b)As c)Besides d)In spite of 6- … he was in debt, we decided to help him.a)Since b)Because of c)Owing to d)In spite of7- Magdy took a loan from the bank … start a new business.a)so that b)because c)in order to d)so8- I wrote down your telephone number … I could contact you.a)so that b)in order to c)to d)due to

9- … cleaning the house, she did the shopping.a)In addition b)Although c)Besides d)Because10- He ran quickly … he caught the train.a)owing to b)so that c)consequently d)due to11 - I, as well as my friend, … to leave at once. a) is b)am c)are d) were12- No one was watching TV, …I switched it off. a) because b) so that c) in order that d)so13 - … his cleverness, he was unable to answer the question. a) Although b)Even though c)Besides d)In spite of14 - Not only my brother, but also my sister … going to Alex.a) are b)were c)is d)have been

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15 - … you work hard, you won’t succeed.a) Due to d)Because c)Provide d)Unless16 - She trained hard … win the tennis match. a) so that b)in order that c) to d)because17 - He had a fever. … he sent for a doctor. a) However b)Even though c)That’s why d)Although18- He will forgive you … you apologize to him.a)unless b)provided that c)so that d)despite 19- I’ll go to the cinema … you come with me.a)due to b)without c)as long as d)so that20- I’ll only let you drive my car … you get your driving licence.a)unless b)so c)if d)without

* Find the mistakes and write the sentences correctly: -1. They were arrested as breaking the law. 2. He had to apologize owing to he made a shameful mistake.3. As well as she studied hard, she played tennis regularly.4. If he reads the questions carefully, he answers them.5. There were no accidents though the dangerous roads.6. I like most school subjects because I don't like physics.7. As soon as seeing the accident, I called the police.8. However the box was heavy, he could carry it.9. In addition to he wrote the letter, he saw the film.10. Because they played very well, they lost the match.

UNIT 3The Past Perfect Tense

:had + PP من : يتكونالماضي -1 في آخر حدث قبل وقع حدث ليصف التام الماضي :يستخدم

When I got home, my mother had washed and ironed my clothes.2-: مثل كلمات مع غالبا التام الماضي يستخدم

after / before / by the time / when / as soon as / till / untilno sooner … than / hardly … when / scarcely … when

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ماعدا بسيط ماضى ثم تام ماضى السابقة الربط أدوات كل بعد ياتى before / by the time . تام ماضى ثم بسيط ماضى بعدهما يأتى

After تام G / ماضي

●After he did the homework, he went to bed. After he had done the homework, he went to bed. After doing the homework, he went to bed.

Before بسيطماضي / G

Before he does the shopping, he had cleaned the room. Before he did the shopping, he had cleaned the room. Before doing the shopping, he had cleaned the room.

After + تام + فاعل ماضي = Having + PP

● He went to bed after he had done the homework. (Having …) Having done the homework, he went to bed.

● As soon as they had arrived, we phoned them. (Having …) Having arrived, we phoned them.

بعد اسم استخدام : after / before يمكن● After his father's death, he left the country. = After his father had died, he left the country.

مع التام الماضي أوال when استخدام وقع الحدثين أي علي يتوقف● When she arrived, we had finished our lunch.

= We had finished before she arrived.

● When I had finished work, I went home. = After I had finished work, I went home.

تستخدم من on أحيانا بعدها when بدال G الـ ويأتي● When she saw the robber, she called the police. On seeing the robber, she called the police.

منفى بسيط تام till / until + ماضي ماضي

تأتي till/ until ( الماضي ( بعدها و منفي البسيط الماضي قبلها و الجملة وسط فيالتام:

He won't leave until I had given him permission. He didn’t leave until I had given him permission.

She didn’t post the letter until she has typed it

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She didn’t post the letter until she had typed it. قبل البسيط الماضي يكون أحيانا till/until ال الجملة تكون قد بل منفي دائما

:مثبتةHe waited for her until she had arrived.

التام الماضي يستخدم الماضي because بعد أحيانا في الجملة تكون أن بشرطبعد أوال because والحدث حدث الذي ) هو التام( : الماضى

The teacher was pleased because all his students had passed the test.

التام الماضي التام يستخدم المضارع علي الدالة الكلمات الجملة مع في كان إذا: بسيط ماضي

for / ever / never / already / yet / just The film had already started when I arrived. (past perfect)

توضعno sooner / hardly / scarcely بينhad وتوضع الثالث التصريف / Than وwhen بعدهم يوضع بهم الجملة بدأت وإذا البسيط الماضى ثم hadقبل

الثالث التصريف ثم القاعل

EX:EX: We arrived at the cinema and the film started. (no sooner / No sooner) We arrived at the cinema and the film started. (no sooner / No sooner) We had no sooner arrived at the cinema than the film started. We had no sooner arrived at the cinema than the film started. No sooner had we arrived at the cinema than the film started. No sooner had we arrived at the cinema than the film started.

بعد التام الماضي : wish ويستخدم الماضي في التمني عن للتعبيرI wish I had seen my friends yesterday.

بعد أيضا التام الماضي : if ويستخدم الثالثة الحالة فيIf I had known he was ill, I would have visited him.

نستخدم للمجهول المبني حالة .Had been + PP :وفي

He said that he had cleaned the room. He said that the room had been cleaned.

EXERCISE

* Choose the right answer1. He wasn’t allowed to leave until he … his work.

a)finished b)has finished c)had finished d)was finishing2. I had phoned him before I … him.

a)had visited b)have visited c)was visiting d)visited3. When he … the story, he wrote its summary.

a)read b)was reading c)had read d)has read4. After having the bath, he … his supper.

a)ate b)eaten c)has eaten d)will have eaten

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5. No sooner … the chain than the car stopped.a)she had pulled b)had she pulled c)has she pulled d)pulled

6. He … a reporter before he became a businessman.a)has been b)would be c)was being d)had been

7. They … their dinner until their father had come.a)didn’t take b)haven’t taken c)hadn’t taken d)weren’t taking

8. I wasn’t hungry because I … a lot of fruits.a)ate b)have eaten c)have been eaten d)had eaten

9. Hardly … the snake when they killed it with their sticks.a)they saw b)they had seen c)have they seen d)had they seen

10. When the students … the experiment, they wrote a report on it.a)did b)had done c)were doing d)were done

* Find the mistakes and write the sentences correctly: -1- Find the mistake in each of the following sentences and write it correctly:2- He started writing in his mid twenties. By then, he travels all over the world.3- Before he went back to America, he has been living with a group of

primitive people for 4 months.4- As soon as he received the phone call, he has gone to the airport.5- He looked very tired. He works so hard all weekend.6- She seemed to be very happy. Perhaps she is receiving some good news.7- I am seeing a good film last night.8- He sounded very angry when I spoke to him this morning. Perhaps he loses

his job.9- She wasn't helping her mother until she had done the homework.10- She was excited about going to London. She has never been there before.11- Nobody leaves until the meeting had ended.

UNIT 4Expressing The Future

: المستقبل من للتعبير ُطXرق ست هناك *. (will + inf ) :- البسيط المXستقبل- 1

مستقبلية/قرارات بالمستقبل/حقائق لها/التنبؤ مخطط غير مsستقبلية أحداث عن للتعبير ) (سريعة/تمنى/عروض/تهديدات

1- To express a true fact حقيقة عن التعبير I'll be 18 next week.

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2- To predict event باألحداث التنبؤ The plane will land in half an hour.

3- To decide something quickly. شيء بعمل قرار اتخاذ I'll have coffee, please.

4- To offer to do something العرض حالة في I'll clean the car for you.

5- To ask someone to do something شخص من شيء عمل ُطلب Will you look at my homework tonight?

6- To make an arrangement شيء لعمل الترتيب I'll see you this evening.

7- To make a threat التهديد I'll resign if I don't get a pay rise.

Shall

To make suggestions: االقتراح تكوين في Shall I meet you on Friday? Shall we have a party?To make offers: العرض في Shall I help you with your homework?

.( المواصًالت وسائل مواعيد و الزمنية الجداول عن ) للتعبير البسيط الضارع - 2EX: The train leaves at 8.30 tomorrow.

:- المستقبل على ليد الزمنية الروابط مع يستخدم * كما * When * عندما * As soon as * بمجرد أن * After * بعد * Till / until * حتى * Before * قبل * If (unless) * إذا EX: When he arrives tomorrow, I’ll meet him at the airport.

. ( مsستقبلية خ�طط من ) للتعبير المستمر المضارع 3EX: He is leaving for Paris tomorrow. Every thing is arranged.

. ( am – is – are + going to + inf) . القريب المستقبل4الدالئل بعض أيها تشير أحداث و لها مخطط مsستقبلية أحداث عن للتعبير ) )

EX: It’s cloudy and stormy. It’s going to rain.

( will be + v + ing ) . المXستمر المستقبل5N يكون سوف حدث عن للتعبير ) المsستقبل فى مsعين وقت عند لفترة مsستمرا .) ( الزمن يحدد

إلية تشيران بكلمتين )EX: This time tomorrow, I’ll be flying to England.

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.( Will have + pp). التام المستقبل6 ( +By زمن) مع يستخدم . ( و مستقبلي موعد قبل يكتمل سوف حدث عن ) للتعبير

EX: I’ll have finished my project by next week.

EXERCISE

* Choose the right answer1- Unless aid arrives within the next few days, thousands … .

a)are starving b)starve c)have starved d)are going to starve2- I … on a picnic tomorrow. Would you like to join us?

a)will go b)will be going c)am going d)have gone3 - I am tired to go on working. I … some rest.

a)’ll have b)am going to have c)have got d)’ll be having3- We hope the problem … be solved soon.

a)is going to b)will c)would d)is gone to4- Do you think we … the match.

a)are winning b)will win c)will be won d)would win5- We are saving up because we … buy a car. a)will b)are going to c)shall d)would6- My son … 10 tomorrow. a)will be b)is going to be c)can be d)may be7- The plane … at Cairo Airport at 9:30 tomorrow. a)arrives b)will arrive c)is arriving d)is going to arrive8- I … to Aswan next summer. I have arranged it with my boss. a)will travel b)am travelling c)I will be travelling d)have been travelled9-From 8 to 9 tomorrow, I … my homework. a)I’ll do b)am doing c)will be doing d)will have done10-He … his studies by next month. a)will finish b)will be finishing c)is going to finish d)will have finished

* Find the mistakes and write the sentences correctly: -1- Don't worry; I am answering the phone at once.2- My father has saved enough money. He will buy a new car.3- The government will built this hospital by the end of next june.4- The sky is clear, it will be fine.5- His flight will arrive tomorrow morning at 7.6- I will sleep tomorrow night at 1am.

UNIT 5

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Definite and Indefinite Articles

تستخدم a السانكة. الحروف بأحد يبدأ الذى النكرة يعد الذي المفرد االسم قبلEX: a book a car a tree

تستخدم an الحروف بأحد يبدأ الذى النكرة يعد الذي المفرد االسم قبل السانكة.

EX: an apple a old man an hour نقول: اننا الحظ

university / a unit / a uniform / a European country / a useful bookتستخدم ال a / anتأتي الحالة هذه وفي صفة سبقها إذا إال الوجبات أسماء قبل

الصفة: قبل األداة I usually have lunch at 2 p.m. He gave us a good breakfast.

تستخدم the : اآلتية الحاالت فى عامة كفكرة الشيء نقصد كنا إذا أو نوعه من الوحيد هو الشيء كان - إذا1

The sun/ the moon/ the worldالعالم / the Earthاألرض The country الريف/ the countrysideالريف/ the town المدينة/ the sea / the skyالسماء / the ground /األرض

التفضيل: صفات - قبل2the best / the most difficult / the least expensive / the smallest / the biggest

واإلختراعات العامة األماكن قبل - 3go to the cinema /go to the theatre /listen to the radio /use the internet

مثل أفعال مع جاءت اذا الموسيقية األدوات أسماء قبل play / practiseplay the piano, the violin ن .etc ,العودthe lute ,الجيتارthe guitar ,الكما

جمــع: أسماء إلى لتحويلها الصفات بعض قبلthe poor الفقراء the young الصغار the rich األغنياء

البحار: و المحيطات و الصحاري و األنهار و الجبال و البًالد بعض أسماء مع - 7 the U.A.E/the U.K. /the U.S.A / the Sudan / The Nile / the Himalayas / the Atlantic / the Red Sea / the Mediterranean / the Alps / the Middle East etc.

قبل: من الجملة في ذكر اسم قبل - 8I saw a film last night. The film was about the Second World War.

المقارنة: علي الدالة العبارات - مع9The more you practise, the better you get.

الحيوانات: من فصيلة أو نوع إلى اإلشارة - عند10The Giraffe is found in Africa.

اختراع: أو اكتشاف إلى اإلشارة - عند11When was the telephone invented?

خاص: بوجه شيء نعني - عندما13 I like your garden. The flowers are beautiful. (the flowers in your garden)

أداة تستخدم اآلتية : ال الحاالت في

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عام. بشكل أسم أو العلم اإلسم قبل Women usually live longer than men do. Scientists العلماءdo research. Beans الفول are good for you. Money does not grow on trees. Food and drink المشروبات و .milk, water etc :المأكوالت Activities:األنشطة smoking / reading / writing / shopping Sports الرياضات: football / basketball / volleyballAbstract nouns : المعنوية ,democracy, beauty, love األسماء

happiness ,sadness, School subjects الدراسية .History, Math, Science, etc : الموادLanguages اللغات : English, Arabic etc.

Choose the correct answer:1- After … (a – an – the – no article) sun went down, (a – an – the – no article) moon came up.

2- (A – An – The – no article) policeman usually wears (a – an – the – no article) uniform.

3- (A – An – The – no article) intelligence is important for (a – an – the – no article) success.

4- (A – An – The – no article) hard work which John did was the reason for (a – an – the – no article) success that he enjoyed.

5- The interviewer asked (a – an – the – no article) Professor Zewail about his work.

6- I think he plays (a – an – the – no article) guitar very well.7- It was (a – an – the – no article) happy party, but we could only stay for half (a – an – the – no article) hour.

8- (a – an – the – no article) Chemistry is a difficult subject.9- Vegetarians don’t eat (a – an – the – no article) meat.10- My uncle plays (a – an – the – no article) tennis well.

* Find the mistakes and write the sentences correctly: -1- Paris a capital of France.2- The earth orbits a sun.3- We study the history at school.4- I had a egg sandwich for breakfast.5- We had lunch in the very nice restaurant.

UNIT 6Adjectives الصفات

( as + adj + as ) Pos.

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1- – Similarity: - ( not as + adj + as ) Neg. ( adj + er + than ) Short adj.2- Comparative: - ( more + adj + than) Long adj.

( the + adj + est ) Short adj.3 – Superlative: - ( the most + adj. ) Long adj.

Comparative adjectives: المقارنة صفات

نضيف er : القصيرة الصفات حالة في*cheap cheaper *large larger *quiet quieter* narrow narrower * simple simpler * clever cleverer

ب المنتهية ال y الصفات ier إلى y تحول* lucky luckier * funny funnier * happy happier* easy easier * pretty prettier * heavy heavier

األخير الحرف نضاعف ساكن يليه متحرك بحرف القصيرة الصفة انتهت إذا* big bigger * hot hotter * fat fatter

استخدام القصيرة less يمكن الصفات فبل He is less tall than his friend. = He is not as tall as his friend

: نستخدم الطويلة الصفات حالة فيmore / less …. than

* more / less expensive than * more / less terrifying than EX: Football is more exciting than basketball.

EX: Swimming is less popular than volleyball.

حالة : التشبية في نستخدم

as + adj./adv. + asJohn is as tall as Peter

: نستخدم النفي حالة فيnot as / so + adj./ adv. + as

Hassan isn’t as old as Peter. (older/younger)

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Peter is older than Hassan Hassan is younger than Peter.

/ استخدام صفات slightly / even / a bit / much /a lot / a little / far يمكن قبلالمقارنة:

Going by bus is a lot cheaper than going by plane. Going by plane is much more expensive. You have to move a bit faster.

من المقارنة صيغة أن من worse هي ill الحظ هي good والمقارنةbetter

She feels much better today. He was so ill yesterday. He's even worse today.

Superlative adjectives: التفضيل صفات

: من التفضيل صيغة تتكون القصيرة الصفات حالة فى

the ……. est

* deep the deepest * old the oldest * high the highest * short the shortest

من التفضيل صيغة تتكون الطويلة الصفات حالة :فى

the most / the least ….

* interesting the most / the least interesting * expensive the most / the least expensive

Irregular adjectivesGood Bad LittleMuchFar

Better thanWorse thanLess thanMore thanFarther than

The best The worstThe leastThe mostThe farthest

الكلمات مع الصفة من التفضيل استخدام first / second / third,..etc الحظ Alexandria is the second largest city in Egypt.

تستخدم : the ال الصفة قبل ملكية ضمير وجود حالة في التفضيل صفة قبل It was his biggest achievement in Chemistry.

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بعد إسم يأتى the same . NOUN ADJECTIVE NOUN ADJECTIVE

HeightWeight

High /low Heavy/light

Age Price

Old/young Expensive/cheap

EX: Your house is as high as mine. (height) Your house is the same height as mine.

EX: The red shirt is as expensive as the white shirt. (price) The red shirt is the same price as the white shirt.

the ……. the…….. ---- كلما كلما

the less the less the more the more the + adj.-er the + adj.-er

The harder you study, the higher marks you get. The more you eat the fatter you become.

استخدام األماكن in الحظ األشخاص of و مع صفة مع بعد التفضيل

EX: He is the best student in the class.EX: He is the best boy of his brothers.

التفضيل صفة بعد التام المضارع استخدام الحظ This is the loveliest card I’ve ever received. It’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen.

بعد الضمير شكل ضمير ( than الحظ و فعل بعده كان إذا فاعل ضمير يستخدم( فعل وجود عدم حالة في :مفعول

He is taller than me/him/her. But: He is taller than I am / he is/ she is.

بـ المنتهية بـ ed الصفات المنتهية الصفات و للعاقل لغير ing تستخدم تستخدمالعاقل

Jane is bored because her job is boring. Tom is interested in the job. Tom finds the job interesting.

EXERCISE

* Choose the right answer1- he has got … money than his brother.

a)few b)fewer c)little d)less2- The River Nile is … river in the world.

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a)long b)longer c)longest d)the longest3- He has slightly improved; he has got … better mark than last month’s

mark.a)a bit b)much c)a lot d)most

4- This shop is the nearest one … My house.a)of b)from c)to d)in

5- She is the nicest person … our family.a)in b)of c)at d)with

6- This question is … of all.a)difficult b)more difficult than c)the most difficult d)as difficult as

7- Book two is not … difficult as book one.a)very b)too c)as d)much

8- The exam was quiet easy. It was … we expected.a)more easy b)easier than c)easier as d)the easiest as

9- Samir is … student in our school.a)good b)better c)best d)the best

10- A chair is … comfortable than an armchair.a)less b)least c)the least d)little

11- The more he eats, … he gets.a)fat b)the fatter c)fattest d)the fattest

12- That day was … day in my life.a)horrible b)more horrible c)most horrible d)the most horrible

13- It is … colder here than in Aswan.a)very b)much c)more d)most

14- Your coat is … cheaper than mine.a)least b)most c)more d)a bit

15- Going by car is … more tiring than by train.a)more b)least c)much d)less

16- Mountain climbing is … adventurous than parachuting.a)much b)more c)least d)most

17- He was … than he was last week.a)healthier b)healthiest c)the healthiest d)healthy

18- This summer is … than last year.a)more hot b)much hotter c)more hotter d)hottest

19- My house is the … one in the area.a)old b)older c)elder d)oldest

20- It’s … difficult exercise I’ve ever done.a)more b)less c)the least d)most

21- The food isn’t so … as it was in the past.a)good b)better c)worse d)best

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22- Hazem is much … than Ramy. a)more intelligent b)most intelligent c)intelligent d)least intelligent23- Perhaps he looked bad this morning, but he looked … .

a)badly b)worse c)the worst d)more badly24- Weight lifting is … exciting game.

a)less b)least c)the least d)little25- Amira’s handwriting is … .

a)worse b)the worst c)better d)best

* Find the mistake in each sentence and write it correctly:1- The much food you eat, the fatter you become.2-The place was more farther than I thought.3-No student in our class is as cleverer as John.4-This is the more higher building in our city.5-Tokyo is the more busier city in the world.6-She is more hard-working of all the students in this class.7- The blue vase is the same price than the yellow one.8-The weather is many colder than normal for this time of year.9-That’s the funny joke I have ever heard.10-Eating fruit is most fattening than eating chocolate

UNIT 7

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Relative Clauses الوصل عبارات

في غالبا موجود ضمير أو اسم محل يحل و جملتين لربط الوصل ضمير يستخدم : الثانية الجملة

تستخدمwho الفاعل محل . لتحل أما المفعول المفعول whomأو محل فتحلمكانها تستخدم غالبا و :whoفقط

The boy looks very tired. He ran a long way. (who)The boy who ran a long way looks very tired.

The woman was put in jail. The police charged her with murder.The woman who (whom) the police charged with murder was put in jail.

تستخدم which العاقل غير المفعول و الفاعل محل : لتحل The job was very tiring. He applied for it a week ago.

The job which (that) he applied for was very tiring.

تستخدم whose للملكية . The man felt very sad. His wife died in the accident. The man whose wife died in the accident felt very sad.

أن : ال that / who الحظ جر حرف يسبقهماThe man for whom he works is German.The man that he works for is German.The man who / whom he works for is German.

استخدام : that الحظ العاقل غير إلي لإلشارة التفضيل صفات بعد نستخدم أن يمكن التفضيل صفات مع عاقل وجود حالة : who أو that وفي

This is the best book that I have ever read.He was the best king that / who ever sat on the throne.

تستخدم : that عادة اآلتية الكلمات بعدAll / much / little

All the apples that fall are eaten by the goats. استخدام يمكن ال أنه اآلتية الجملة في من that الحظ حرف which بدال وضعنا إذا إال

الفعل : بعد الجر The house cost him a lot of money. He lived in it.

The house in which he lived cost him a lot of money.The house that he lived in cost him a lot of money.

What = the thing that / the things thatThe things that we saw astonished us. = What we saw astonished us.The thing that annoys him is that his friend always comes late.

= What annoys him is that his friend always comes late.

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استخدام في .to + infيمكن الوصل ضمير كان اذا الوصل عبارة من بداليلي : ما وجود حالة وفي الفاعل محل يحل الجملة

The first / second / last / only Ali was the first student who arrived at school. = Ali was the first student to arrive at school.

تستخدمwhom جر حرف يسبقها عندما أو العاقل بة المفعول إلى .لإلشارةEX: That’s the man whom you are talking about.EX: That’s the man about whom you are talking a.

ستخدمs وصف whichت عند أو جر عرف يسبقها عندما المكان إلى لإلشارة : -المكان

EX: This is the house in which we live now.EX: Tanta, which is Egypt's fifth largest city, has many mosques.

نستخدم أننا الحظ It is … that و This is … that تأكيد كإسلوب It is Ahmed Zewail that discovered the femto second. This is Ali that broke the window.

EXERCISE

* Choose the right answer1- This is the train … made the accident.

a)who b)whom c)whose d)that2- I know a man … wealth is great.

a)who b)whose c)which d)where3- Where is the boy … father came to see the headmaster.

a)who b)which c)that d)whose4- This is the writer … book was made into a film.

a)who b)that c)which d)whose5- Air … we breathe is made up of many gases.

a)which b)who c)when d)whose6- This is the best thing … I can do for you.

a)who b)that c)when d)where7- I don’t like the area … he lives.

a)when b)where c)whose d)who8- Cheating is a crime … nobody can accuse me of.

a)who b)that c)what d)when9- The red sea cost is one of the places … many tourists like to spend their

time.a)when b)whose c)who d)where

10- The man next door, … is 55, comes from El-Arish.a)which b)where c)who d)when

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11- It was Ali … broke the window.a)hat b)which c)whose d)where

12- Eight o’clock is … I usually go to work.a)what b)when c)where d)who

13- The driver about … we were talking had an accident.a)who b)whom c)whose d)that

14- He is the professor … lectures I never miss.a)who b)whose c)which d)that

15- The street … he lives is free from pollution.a)where b)when c)what d)why

* Find the mistake in each sentence and write it correctly:

1) My cousin, where is a research chemist, works in the food industry.2) My brother went to Oxford University which he studied economics.3) John, which grew up in London, has lived in Egypt for 1 5 years.4) The university which my uncle works is in Cairo.5) The university where I want to go to is near my uncle.6) My uncle Ahmed, where is a businessman , lives in Cairo.7) Tanta, whose is Egypt's fifth largest city, has many mosques.8) Ahmed, when has many customers in India, often goes there for holidays.9) Ahmed's clothes company, where he started in 1950, exports all over the

world.10) The clothes, what are made of Egyptian cotton, are very good

quality.

UNIT 8 Used to – Be used to

* Used to + inf. * في أعتاد اآلن وليس الماضي

EX: He used to be naughty when he was young.

* Didn’t use to + inf. * في . النفيEX: He didn’t use to go to school by car.

* am/is/are + used to + n / gerund .EX: He is used to watching TV. EX: He is used to TV.

تستخدم used toقد و الماضى فى موجودة كانت عادة عن للتعبير ، اآلن إنتهت

EX: When I was young, I used to went to school on foot. When I was young, I used to go to school on foot.

اإلسلوب. بنفس didn’t use to + inf نستخدم منفية الجملة كانت * إذاEX: When I was in Alex, I didn’t used to swim in the sea. When I was in Alex, I didn’t use to swim in the sea.

ثم ، الفاعل حسبam/is/are نستخدم المضارع فى الجملة كانت * إذاused toالفعل ثم N التالى:- المثال اإلسم. الحظ أوing إليه مضافا

EX: He is used to watches TV a lot. He is used to watching TV. He is used to TV.

EXERCISE

* Choose the right answer1-When I was on holiday, I used to … a lot.

a)swim b)swam c)swimming d)swimmer2-He didn’t … to working hard.

a)used b)use c)using d)is used3-they are used to … their work day by day.

a)finish b)finished c)finishing d)will finish4-He … driving in crowded streets; he lives in Cairo.

a)used b)used to c)is used to d)is using

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5-He … smoke, but now he doesn’t. a) used b)used to c)is used to d)is using

6-He used to work in a factory, but now he … his own business. a)runs b)has run c)had run d)ran

7-She is used to … under stress. a)work b)working c)works d)worked

8-She … use to live in crowded cities. a)doesn’t b)hasn’t c)isn’t d)didn’t

9-She used to … early when she was young. a)get up b)gets up c)getting up d)got up

10- I … used to driving long distances. a)didn’t b)don’t c)am not d)won’t

* Find the mistakes and write the sentences correctly: -1. John is used to driving a ten-year-old small car, but now he drives a big new

one.2. When I was young, I am used to have a phobia of spiders, but now I don't.3. I don't use to play computer games, but now I play them occasionally.4. When I was in Alexandria, I am used to going swimming every day.5. Where did you used to go for holiday when you were a child?6. He isn't used to having any guests, but now he has parties every weekend.7. They don't use to go camping for a holiday, but now they stay in the best

hotels.8. People used to work very long hours, but now they work so many hours.9. Cities are used to being smaller, but now they are much bigger.10. People are used to travelling by horse and cart, but now they travel by

cars.

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UNIT 9

The present perfect Tense

: اآلتية الحاالت في التام المضارع يستخدم1 : مستمرا- زال وما الماضي في بدأ حدث

►She has lived here She has lived here forfor 10 years. 10 years.قريبة :-2 فترة منذ أو مؤخرا تم حدث

►He has He has justjust passed the exam. passed the exam.►She has She has alreadyalready done the homework. done the homework.

معين : -3 شيء في شخص خبرة عن للتعبير►He has always enjoyed fishing.He has always enjoyed fishing.

بالحاضر :-4 صلة وله الماضي في تم حدث عن للتعبير►Charles has written a number of short stories.Charles has written a number of short stories.

: مثل معينة بعبارات الجملة بدأت اذا التام المضارع ويستخدمThis / It / That is the first / second / third / only / best / worst, etc.This / It / That is the first / second / third / only / best / worst, etc.

►This is the first time I have seen this man.This is the first time I have seen this man.►This is the fifth time you have asked me this question.This is the fifth time you have asked me this question.►It is the worst film I've (ever) seen.It is the worst film I've (ever) seen.

: يلي ما بين الفرق الحظ Have / has gone to بعد منه يعد ولم مكان إلي ذهب Have / has been to منه وعاد مكان إلي ذهب►She has been to Myanmar. She came back two days ago.She has been to Myanmar. She came back two days ago.►He has gone to Turkey. He will be back in a few days.He has gone to Turkey. He will be back in a few days.

الحظ : مع يستخدم التام المضارع أن *just * already * ever

*never * yet * for *since * yet * lately

*recently

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Present Perfect ContinuousPresent Perfect Continuous

: من المستمر التام المضارع يتكون

Have been / has been + V+ing.Have been / has been + V+ing.

: الكلمات مع عادة المستمر التام المضارع ويستخدمsince / ever since / for / all day / all weeksince / ever since / for / all day / all week

مستمرا مازال و الماضي في بدأ حدث علي ليدل المستمر التام المضارع يستخدماآلن حتى

: عن ويعبرالحاضر :- 1 الوقت حتي مستمر حدث

I've been studying I've been studying all dayall day..اآلن :-2 حتي واستمر الماضي في بدأ حدث

I've been running a lot I've been running a lot recentlyrecently..I've been learning Spanish I've been learning Spanish forfor the last few months. the last few months.It has been raining heavily It has been raining heavily forfor the past three days. the past three days.

الحاضر :-3 في لموقف تفسيرI've been running – that's why I'm so tired.I've been running – that's why I'm so tired.I'm sorry about this mess. I've been painting my room.I'm sorry about this mess. I've been painting my room.

االستمرار علي تدل كلمات الجملة في تكون ما : وغالبا

since…….stillsince…….still for……..nowfor……..nowfor……….stillfor……….still for………yetfor………yetsincesince …….yet …….yet all day/ night … all day/ night …

He has been working there He has been working there ever sinceever since he passed his exams. he passed his exams.He has been working there He has been working there forfor a long time / for 3 years. a long time / for 3 years.It has been raining It has been raining forfor three days three days nownow..

مع المستمر التام المضارع يستخدم : How long أحياناHow long have you been smoking?How long have you been smoking?

استخدام الحظ : When بمعني How long ago ولكن البسيط الماضي في How long ago How long ago diddid you you dodo the job? = When did you do the job? the job? = When did you do the job?

التام المضارع يستخدم الفعل حدوث مرات عدد ذكر : present perfect إذاHe has written three letters.He has written three letters.

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EXERCISE

* Choose the right answer1-1- We have been building a new house … last month. We have been building a new house … last month.

a)a) since b) for c) ago d) insince b) for c) ago d) in2-2- He has been learning French … the age of six. He has been learning French … the age of six.

A)A) for b) since c) while d) when for b) since c) while d) when3-3- We have been waiting here … two hours. We have been waiting here … two hours.

a) since b) for c) ago d) whilea) since b) for c) ago d) while4-4- He has been playing football … 16 years. He has been playing football … 16 years.

a)a) since b) for c) while d) whensince b) for c) while d) when5-5- I … hard since the morning.I … hard since the morning.

a) work b) have to work c) have been working d) will worka) work b) have to work c) have been working d) will work6-6- She … for the test for three hours now. She … for the test for three hours now.

a)a) has to revise b) has been revising c) had revised d) reviseshas to revise b) has been revising c) had revised d) revises7-7- She … the driving test. She … the driving test.

a)a) passes b) is passing c) has just been passing d) has just passedpasses b) is passing c) has just been passing d) has just passed8-8- I … to phone you since yesterday afternoon.I … to phone you since yesterday afternoon.

a) tried b) was trying c) have been trying d) have to trya) tried b) was trying c) have been trying d) have to try9-9- … you watched that film yet? … you watched that film yet?

a)a) Do b) Did c) Have d) HadDo b) Did c) Have d) Had10-10- Where's Hala? I can't see her. – She … to the shops. Where's Hala? I can't see her. – She … to the shops.

a)a) goes b) has gone c) has been d) had been)goes b) has gone c) has been d) had been)11-11- She … hard all day.She … hard all day.a) has been studying b) has been studied c) had to be studied d) will be studieda) has been studying b) has been studied c) had to be studied d) will be studied12-12- They … Spanish for the last few months. They … Spanish for the last few months.

a)a) have to learn b) had learnt c) have been learning d) are learninghave to learn b) had learnt c) have been learning d) are learning

* Find the mistakes and write the sentences correctly: -

1-1- My father has been travelling abroad six times in the last two months.My father has been travelling abroad six times in the last two months.2-2- My brother has just been passing his university exams – that's why he My brother has just been passing his university exams – that's why he

looks so happy.looks so happy.3-3- He lives in London for 20 years now and he doesn't intend to move.He lives in London for 20 years now and he doesn't intend to move.4-4- I'm sorry my clothes are dirty. I clean my garage.I'm sorry my clothes are dirty. I clean my garage.5-5- I phone my uncle since 8 o'clock this morning. I wonder what the matter is.I phone my uncle since 8 o'clock this morning. I wonder what the matter is. 6-6- I didn't see my cousin since the last school holiday.I didn't see my cousin since the last school holiday.7-7- That’s the worst place I’ve never visit.That’s the worst place I’ve never visit.

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8-8- I haven’t talked to him since he leaves school.I haven’t talked to him since he leaves school.9-9- It’s the first time he is flying in a helicopter.It’s the first time he is flying in a helicopter.10-10- How long is it since you are meeting him?How long is it since you are meeting him?

UNIT 10

QUESTION TAGS

معينة معلومة من للتأكد الخبرية الجملة ع{قب كذلك" يستخدم "أليس المزيل السؤال . اإلثبات و النفى حيث من الجملة عكس يكون . لذلك ذsكر عما الموافقة لطلب أو

الفاعل. مع المساعد الفعل بعكس ذلك يتم و EX: You have seen Ali, haven’t you?EX: She hasn’t come, has she?

. ضمير إلى يحول إسم الجملة فاعل كان * إذاEX: Adel is here, isn’t he?

{ don’t / doesn’t / didn’t) نستخدم مساعد فعل وجود عدم حالة * فىEX: They earn a lot of money, don’t they?EX: She gets up early, doesn’t she?EX: He won the race, didn’t he?

فاصلة وضع احظل Commaاألفعال تكون أن وضرورة الجملة نهاية فى . يل المز السؤال تكوين عند النفى حالة فى مختصرة صيغة فى مكتوبة

EX: You will like swimming, won’t you? الشاذة: - الحاالت بعض * إليك

. مثبت السؤال يكون التالية التكرار ظروف أحد بالجملة كان -إذا1{* never * hardly * rarely * scarcely * seldom }

EX: I’ve never seen such a sight, have I?EX: she rarely goes there, does she?

.(I am) ب تبدأ التى للجملة مزيل كسؤال?( aren't I) -تستخدم2EX: I am right, aren’t I?

.( I am not) ب تبدأ التى للجملة مزيل كسؤال?( am I) تستخدم * ولكنEX: I’m not happy, am I?

ب يبدأ التى للجملة المزيل السؤال فى( they) الضمير -نستخدم3{Every …/ some …/ No … / Any… body / one}

EX: Everybody liked the idea, didn’t they?EX: Somebody must write the letter, mustn’t they?

.(These / Those) ب تبدأ التى الجملة مع( they) الضمير كذلك -نستخدم4EX: These aren’t yours, are they?EX: Those are our parents, aren’t they?

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ب تبدأ التى للجملة المزيل السؤال فىit) ( الضمير -نستخدم5{Everything / Something / Nothing / Anything}

EX: Everything is all right, isn’t it?EX: Nothing is wrong, is it?

this) – (that بـ تبدأ التى الجمل مع كذلك(it) الضمير -نستخدم6EX: This (That) is an interesting film, isn’t it?

won’t) نستخدم المثبت واألمر( will you) نستخدم المنفى األمر حالة -في7you) ?

EX: Don’t make any noise, will you?EX: Study hard, won’t you?

مزيل كسؤال?( shall we) نستخدم واالقتراحات العرض حالة -فى8EX: Let’s go swimming, shall we?

( اإلختصارات ) He’s clever, isn’t he? He’s written his homework, hasn’t he? You’re doing your best, aren’t you? I’ve done it well, haven’t I? You’d like to go alone, wouldn’t you? You’d better study hard, hadn’t you? You’ll come with us, won’t you?

EXERCISE

* Choose the right answer1- This car is very expensive, …?

a)isn’t it b)isn’t this car c)doesn’t it d)is it2- She can’t read, … ?

a)isn’t she b)doesn’t she c)can she d)can’t she3- They arrived late, … ?

a)don’t they b)didn’t they c)weren’t they d)won’t they4- Amgad will visit us tomorrow, … ?

a)won’t he b)will he c)wasn’t he d)doesn’t he5- He’s gone abroad, … ?

a)isn’t he b)hasn’t he c)doesn’t he d)won’t he6- He won’t come to the party, … ?

a)will he b)doesn’t he c)isn’t he d)won’t he7- You’d better meet me tomorrow, … ?

a)wouldn’t you b)hadn’t I c)hadn’t you d)wouldn’t I8- Let us go, … ?

a)shall we b)shan’t we c)won’t you d)do you9- He never gets up early, … ?

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a)doesn’t he b)does he c)isn’t he d)is he10- I’m playing the piano, … ?

a)don’t I b)don’t you c)aren’t I d)aren’t you11- No one came early … ?

a)didn’t he b)didn’t they c)did he d)did they12- You know who Saad Zaghlul was, …?

a)wasn’t he b)weren’t you c)don’t you d)didn’t you13- Bring your books tomorrow, … ?

a)don’t you b)do you c)will you d)won’t you14- Don’t waste your time, … ?

a)won’t you b)will you c)don’t you d)do you15- Everything is all right, … ?

a)aren’t they b)is it c)isn’t it d)are they

* Find the mistakes and write the sentences correctly: -1- He told us the truth, wasn’t he?2- I never get up early, don’t I?3- I’m reading, am not I?4- He will come back, doesn’t he?5- Let’s go home, will we? 6- They behaved badly, don’t they?7- He’s sold his car, isn’t he?8- Everything is ready for the party, aren’t it?9- No one got into the lap, did he?10- Don’t touch the paint, do you?

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UNIT 11.

The Past Perfect Tense

:Unit: 3 مراجعة : برجاء( had + pp. ) Active *

(had + been + pp) Passive * It’s used with - :

After + تام ماضى + بسيط ماضى

Before + ماضى+ بسيط ماضى تامBy …/ By the time + بسيط ماضى +

تام ماضىAs soon as + ماضى+ تام ماضى بسيطWhen + تام ماضى +

بسيط ماضى When + ماضى+ بسيط ماضى تامبسيط ماضى + because +

تام ماضىN بسيط ماضى ( منفى ) غالبا + till / until +

تام ماضىNo sooner + تام ماضى + than +

بسيط ماضىHardly + تام ماضى + when + ماضي بسيطScarcely + تام ماضى + when +

بسيط ماضى

التام الماضي التام يستخدم المضارع علي الدالة الكلمات الجملة مع في كان إذا: بسيط ماضي

for / ever / never / already / yet / just

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The film had already started when I arrived.

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

: من ويتكونHad been + V + ing

قبل الماضي في لفترة استمر حدث عن ليعبر المستمر التام الماضي ويستخدمحدث مع ماضى وقوع عادة ويستخدم : … when/since / for/ all day / allآخر

When I arrived home, he had been cleaning the room for two hoursWhen I arrived home, he had been cleaning the room for two hours.They had been waiting for an hour before the train arrived.They had been waiting for an hour before the train arrived.

EXERCISE

* Choose the right answer1. When Ali went to university, he … English for ten years. a) had been studying b) has been studying c) studies d) was studying2. I was tired yesterday morning because I … until late the night before.

a) was reading b) had been reading c) have been reading d) read3. By the time I went to sleep, I … a hundred pages.

a) have read b) had been reading c) had read d) reading4. Unfortunately, even though he … for six months, Ali didn't win the race.a) had been training b) has been training c) has trained d) was training5. My friend and I … for more than an hour before I put the phone down.

a) had been talking b) talk c) will be talking d) are talking

6. Ali wasn't feeling well yesterday. He … hard all weekend. He had been trying to finish an essay the teacher had given him last week. a) studies b) has studied c) had been studying d) has been studying

7. By the time he arrived at the station, the train …, so he missed it. a) had left b) leaves c) was leaving d)was left

8. When I met her, she … two short stories. a) already reads b) has already read c) had already read d) was being read

9. When his novel Moby Dick came out in 1851, Melville … for five years. a) had written b) had been writing c) wrote d) has written

10. When I arrived at the airport, my plane ….a) had just taken off b)has just taken off c)will just take off d)just takes off

11. He felt ill because he … too much junk food. a) has eaten b) had eaten c) is eating d) will eat

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12. After … the instructions, I was able to use the machine. a) read b) had read c) reading d) reads

* Find the mistakes and write the sentences correctly: -1- He started writing in his mid twenties. By then, he travels all over the world.2- Before he went back to America, he has been living with a group of

primitive people for 4 months.3- As soon as he received the phone call, he has gone to the airport.4- He looked very tired. He works so hard all weekend.5- She seemed to be very happy. Perhaps she is receiving some good news.6- I am seeing a good film last night.7- He sounded very angry when I spoke to him this morning. Perhaps he loses

his job.8- She wasn't helping her mother until she had done the homework.9- She was excited about going to London. She has never been there before.

UNIT 12The Pronoun

Subjectفاعل

Objectمفعول

Possessive Reflexiveباسم منعكسة ضمائر متبوعة باسم متبوعة غير

IHeSheItYouYouWeThey

MeHimHerItYouYouUsThem

MyHisHerItsYourYour OurTheir

MineHisHersItsYoursYoursOursTheirs

MyselfHimselfHerselfItselfYourselfYourselvesOurselvesThemselves

الفاعل : ضمائر للجملة كفاعل تستخدم ● She studies hard. ● I visited my friend.

الجر حروف بعد أيضا وتأتي للجملة كمفعول تستخدم المفعول ضمائر

● I saw him yesterday. ● I gave a present to him. اسم بعدها يأتي الملكية صفات

● My brother is a doctor. ● This is her bag. بعدها اسم بدون وتستخدم الملكية ضمائر

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● This book is mine. ● This house is theirs.

: الضمائر استخدام علي عامة مًالحظات

أن -1 اسم its الحظ بعدها يأتي و : للملكية ●The dog moved its tail. ●The cat ate its food.

أن حين اختصار it'sفي منتهي it isتكون فعل أو صفة أو اسم بعدها جاء إذاingبـ

●It's beautiful. * It's raining. * It's a new car. وتكونit's اختصارIt has : الثالث التصريف بعدها جاء إذا

●It's rained for two days.نستخدم it الضمير -2 الجمع حالة وفي المفرد العاقل لغير / theyيستخدم

them●I bought 4 books. They are very useful.

الضمير- 3 استخدام : itالحظ الطقس و المسافة و الزمن عن للتعبير●It is hot in this room. * What time is it?

الضمير- 4 استخدام oneيستخدم ويمكن عامة بصفة الناس علي وتدل المرء بمعنيyou منها :بدال

●One/You must be careful when driving a car. نستخدم الملكية حالة استخدام one'sوفي : yourويمكن منها بدال

●It is easy to lose one's / your way in New York.

استخدام نستخدم oneويمكن الجمع حالة وفي يعد مفرد اسم تكرار من بدالones :

●I'm looking for a flat. I'd like a small one.●Green apples often taste better than red ones.●I've got two books. Which one would you like?

Reflexive Pronouns

المنعكسة sالضمائر واحد ستخدمت الفاعل و المفعول يكون : عندما He hurt himself. He bought himself a mew shirt. Hala cut herself when she was peeling the potatoes.

: المفعول بعد أو الفاعل بعد إما ويأتي للتأكيد المنعكس الضمير يستخدم I myself did the job. / I did the job myself. ‘Who mended your bike?’ * Nobody. I repaired it myself. I am not going to do your homework. You’ll have to do it yourself.

بعد المنعكس الضمير " : byيستخدم مساعدة " " " بدون أو بمفرده بمعني

on my own / alone / without any help

Did you paint that picture by yourself? = on your own = without any help I learned to use this computer by myself. = without any help

: االتجاه أو المكان أو بالموقع الخاصة الجر حروف بعد المنعكسة الضمائر تستخدم ال

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She put her bag next to her. The car was coming fast towards him. She took her dog with her.

للضمير المنعكس الضمير أن oneselfهو one الحظ One hopes that one’s children will be more successful than oneself.

المنعكسة الضمائر فيها تستخدم معينة تعبيرات

Enjoy yourself = have a good time Help yourself = take what you want Make yourself at home. = behave freely as if it were your own home He made a name for himself. = He became famous مشهورا أصبح Behave yourself = be polite /behave well مهذبا كن

EXERCISE

* Choose the right answer1- Did you both hurt …?

a) yourself b) yourselves c) herself d) themselves2- The dog barked on seeing … in a mirror.

a) it b) its c) itself d) herself3- This book isn't …. It's ours.

a) they b) them c) there's d) theirs4- Make … a cup of tea.

a) themselves b) yourself c) you d) your5- The girl is feeling faint. Take … to hospital.

a) herself b) yourself c) hers d) her6- The house … is nice, but the garden is very small.

a) themselves b) itself c) yourself d) myself7- We wanted to buy the table, but … surface was damaged.

a) it's b) it c) itself d) its8- We got out of the water and dried ….

a) us b) we c) ourselves d) themselves9- Our house is not as modern as ….

a) her b) your c) their d) hers10- Is this your brother's bike? No, it's ….

a) his b) him c) me d) mine

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11- If you see Ali, can you tell … to phone me tomorrow. a) he b) his c) him d)them

12- The woman looked surprised when she saw … in the mirror. a) herself b) itself c) himself d) ourselves

* Find the mistakes and write the sentences correctly: -1- We designed our house by itself.2- This car belongs to our neighbors. It's them.3- People live in houses to protect ourselves from the weather.4- This machine is automatic. It works by himself.5- This is not your camera. It's him.6- There house is so big.7- The dog moved it's tail when it saw me.8- The job herself is good but the boss is unkind.9- Can you introduce your, please?10- Please help myself to more tea.

UNIT 13IF CLAUSE

* IF + present simple present simple. )Facts(* IF I were you, I’d + inf. )Advice(* IF + present simple will + inf. ) التنبؤ و الوعود (* IF + past simple would + inf. ) إحتمال ضعيف (* IF + past perfect would have + pp. ) إستحالة (

sمكن أن تحل محل N بأن هsناك العديد من الكلمات التى ي . If* علما *Unless * As long as * Provided ( that )

*In case of * Without * But for بعد يأتى without / in case of / but for أو أسم gerund .

EX: Without your help (helping me), I wouldn’t have passed the test.Unless عكس if النفى و اإلثبات حيث من N ( الشرط جواب فى ) غالبا

EX: Unless he studies hard, he won’t get high marks. أمر. الشرط جواب يكون أن يجوز األول الشرط فى

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EX: If you meet Ali, give him my regards. حذف يجوز الثانى الشرط فى If إستخدام و were N . منها بدال

EX: Were he to study hard, he would get high marks. حذف يجوز الثالث الشرط فى If إستخدام و Had N . منها بدال

EX: Had he studied hard, he wouldn’t have got bad marks.الصفر حالة نستخدم علمية حقيقة الجملة تكون عندما - :

If you boil water, it turns into steam.األول. الشرط نستخدم الوعود أو التنبؤ معنى الجملة تحمل عندما

If you study hard, you will get high marks. If I finish my work early, I can help you.

إسلوب نستخدم ، النصح معنى الجمله تحمل عندما If I were you, I'd. If I were you, I’d make a timetable.

واإلستحالة الندم عن للتعبير يتخدم الثالث الشرط -: If I had studied hard, I wouldn’t have got bad marks. If he hadn’t been careless, he wouldn’t have made an accident.

بعد يأتى without /in case of / But forأو إسم gerund . In case of getting the best mark, he would have got the prize.

Zero Conditional

If + present simple present simple

قائحقال عن تعبر If water freezes, it turns into ice. If a volcano erupts, it sends dust into the atmosphere.

The First Conditional

If + Present simple will / may / can /should / must + inf.

والوعود التنبوء في األولي الحالة تستخدم If you study hard, you will get high marks. If I win the prize, I’ll help you.

المضارع: في حقيقي يكون ربما موقف عن الحالة هذه تعبر وقد If you are hot, I'll buy you a cool drink.

الشرط جواب في أمر فعل استخدام يمكن انه الحظ : If you see my uncle, give him a message for me, please.

استخدام يمكن انه الحظ It is + adj. + to + inf .الشرط جواب في : If you go to Mozambique, it is possible to find work there.

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مع السؤال صيغة الحظ :if What will you do if you find yourself in a dangerous situation? What will happen if you lose all your money?

Second Conditional

If + Past simple would/could/might + inf.

للواقع مناقض شيء أو محتمل غير موقف عن الثانية الحالة تعبر : If I saw a snake, I’d cry.

مع الثانية الحالة تعبر أن يمكن If I were مستحيل: شيء عن If I were a bird, I'd fly.

تحل أن يمكن were محل If بـ الجملة تبدأ عندما و were بعدها يأتي . to + inf: ثم فاعل

Were he to please his boss, he would get a rise. كانت وإذا were مكان تأتي الجملة في أصًال موجودة if:

If I were rich, I would buy a big house. Were I rich, I would buy a big house.

من بدال نستخدم أن يمكن If الثانية الحالة في : Without / But for / If it weren’t for + n. / v + ing

would + inf

Without his help, I would fail. If it weren’t for his help, I would fail.

السؤال صيغة الحظ What would you do if you won a lot of money? If you won a lot of money, what would you do?

تستخدم If I were you, I’d + inf النصيح: عن للتعبير You should work hard. )If…( If I were you, I’d work hard.

3 Third Conditional

If + Past perfect )had + PP.( )would/could/might( have + PP

تحدث لم ألنها مستحيلة مواقف عن تعبر الثالثة الحالة

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If had reported the police, he wouldn’t have been killed.

تحل أن يمكن Had محل if : If he had followed the instructions, the machine wouldn't have stopped. )Had……( Had he followed the instructions, the machine wouldn't have stopped.

من بدال نستخدم أن يمكن If : Without / But for / In case of / If it hadn’t been for + n /

G would have + PP.But for his help, I would have failed.

أن الحظ unless حاالت نفس عليها تنطبق ifمعناها أن إال if not : If you study hard, you will get high marks. (Unless…)

Unless you study hard, you won’t get high marks

أن الحظ as long as / provided / provided that نفس عليها تنطبق : if حاالت

I’ll lend you my car if you drive carefully. I’ll lend you my car as long as / provided / provided

that you drive carefully.

EXERCISE

* Choose the right answer1- if I had known his address, I … him a letter.

a)would send b)would be sending c)will send d)would have sent2- He would have got high marks if he … my advice

a)takes b)took c)had taken d)is taking3- If I … the newspapers, I wouldn’t know what is happening in the world.

a)don’t read b)hadn’t read c)won’t read d)didn’t read4- If you … the time of his arrival, please tell me.

a)know b)knew c)had known d)will know5- He would have travelled provided that he … a flight.

a)books b)had booked c)will book d)would have booked6- If I … rich, I’d have changed my job.

a)were b)have been c)will be d)had been7- If I had known he was here, I … to see him.

a)will come b)would come c)would have come d)had come8- If your grandfather were alive, he … pleased with your work.

a)will be b)would be c)had been d)would have been9- If he doesn’t hurry, he … the train.

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a)will miss b)would miss c)would miss d)missed10- If I … you, I would punish her.

a)am b)were c)had been d)will be11- … he passes the final exam, he won’t get a present from his parents.

a)If b)In case of c)Unless d)Without12- … I been to France. I’d have spoken French well.

a)If b)Had c)Unless d)In case of13 - If you … them, I’ll come with you.

a) visit b)should visit c)have visited d)would visit14 - If I … a million pounds, I would probably buy a yacht.

a)have b)had c)have had d)had had15- In case we have a calculator, we … this out a lot quicker.

a)can work b)could work c)would work d)will have worked16- … today, he would get there by Sunday.

a)Were he to leave b)If he leaves c)Had he left d)Will he leave17- … danger, call the police.

a)If b)Unless c)Without d)In case of18- I’ll go to see her … you come too.

a)so that b)as long c)such as d)provided that19-My father promised to support me … he lived.

a)unless b)provided c)as long as d)without20-I won’t forgive him … he apologizes to me.

a)unless b)as long as c)provided d)without21-You can borrow my camera … you use it carefully.

a)unless b)as long as c)because d)so that

22-The man said he would hit me … I didn’t tell him where the money was. a)unless b)in case of c)without d)if23- The sea will be polluted … we stop dumping oil and rubbish into it. a)as long as b)if c)so that d) unless

* Find the mistakes and write the sentences correctly: -1- If I found any money at school, I'll take it to one of the

teachers.2- If you haven't taken those photos, I wouldn't have

remembered our holiday.3- I'll tell you if I saw anything unusual.4- If there hadn't been a doctor on the train, the man would

die.5- If his wife hadn't been rich, he doesn't marry her.

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6- Unless she makes that phone call, she wouldn't have known about his illness.

7-Unless he arrives early, he will have missed the lecture.8- If he were a lawyer, he helps me.9-Had he seen the signal, he wouldn't make that accident.10- Were he won the prize, he would help me.

UNIT 14

Prepositions after nouns, verbs and adjectives

Prepositions after nouns

reason for لـ سبب cause of لـ سببapology for عن اعتذار the problem of الـ مشكلةdamage to في تلف the aim of الـ هدفan answer to لـ حل a supply of امداد / مؤن

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a solution to لـ حل increase in فى زيادةan obstacle to لـ عائق decrease in في نقصa reply to على رد the matter with فى الخطأan effect on على تأثير wrong with فى الخطأ

Prepositions after adjectives

brilliant at في رائع terrified of من مرتعبbad at في سيء ashamed of من خجًالنterrible at في / فظيع سيء responsible for عن مسئولwonderful at في رائع famous for بـ مشهورgood at في ماهر good for لـ مفيدclever at في ماهر ready for لـ مستعدhopeless at منه ميئوس qualified for لـ مؤهلannoyed with من متضايق

( شخص(bad for لـ ضار

furious with من بشدة غاضب sorry about/for بشأن آسفbored with من بالملل يشعر mad about بـ مهووسfamiliar with لـ مألوف sad about بشأن حزينangry with ( شخص ( من غاضب excited about من مثارdisappointed with

في ( أمله خابشخص)

worried about بشأن قلق

pleased with من مسرور happy about بـ سعيدdelighted with من مسرور crazy about بـ مهووسcrowded with بـ مزدحم curious about بشأن فضوليsatisfied with عن راضي dependent on علي معتمدproud of بـ فخور keen on بـ مهتمfrightened of من خائف involved in في متورطfull of بـ مليء rich in بـ غنيscared of من خائف interested in بـ مهتم

Prepositions after verbs

find out about عن يعرف prevent from من يمنعwonder about بشأن يتساءل differ from عن يختلفtell someone about شخص يخبر

عنcomplain to لشخص يشكو

think about / of في يفكر belong to يخصdream about/of بـ يحلم apply to بطلب يتقدمhear about / of عن يسمع object to علي يعترض

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complain about من يشكو intend to ينويknow about عن يعرف apologise to لشخص يعتذرtalk about عن يتحدث accuse of بـ يتهمread about عن يقرأ consist of من يتكونwarn about من يحذر die of بسبب يموتsearch for عن يبحث result in الي يؤديapologise for شيء عن يعتذر succeed in في ينجحhope for في يأمل believe in بـ يؤمنblame .. for علي يلوم help in/with في يساعدapply for (a job) بطلب يتقدم

لوظيفةdeal with يتعامل / يتناول

معwork for لدي يعمل do without عن يستغنيhear from أخبارا يتلقي

منcharge with بـ يتهم

protect ..from / against من يحمي rely on = depend on علي يعتمدsuffer from من يعاني concentrate on علي يركزrecover from من يشفي congratulate on بـ بهنيءresult from من ينتج crash into بـ يصطدم

له مضاف فعل نستخدم الجر حروف : ing بعد ضمير أو اسم أوHe is worried about losing his job.He is worried about the exam.He's worried about it.

EXERCISE

* Choose the right answer1. What was the reason (about – for – to – in) the accident?2. There has been an increase (about – for – to – in) the number of tourists

going to Luxor.3. Many people are worried (about – for – to – in) the problem of climate

change.4. The earthquake caused damage (about – for – to – in) many houses.5. I hope they gave him an apology (for – in – at – about) their bad

behaviour.6. He is brilliant (for – in – at – about) writing exciting stories. 7. Shakespeare was most famous (for – in – at – about) his plays. 8. He was keen (for – in – on – about) writing, even as a boy. 9. I'd be interested (for – in – at – about) learning more about Rider Haggard.

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10. I'm proud (for – in – of – about) my brother - he has done so well at school.

11. Are you excited (for – in – at – about) going to China? 12. My brother is going to apply (for – in – at – about) a job at the

university.13. I think that car belongs (for – in – at – to) one of our teachers.14. The explorers were looking (for – in – with – about) diamonds.15. My uncle worked (for – in – at – about) the Egyptian government.16. He helped in the reform (for – in – of – about) education.

Find the mistake in each of the following sentences and write it correctly: 1- We must find an answer for the problem of climate change.2- The main cause for global warming is the pollution from factories.3- I'd like to find out more with studying in a different country.4- Egypt is most famous at its beautiful Pyramids.5- My brother isn't very good for playing basketball.6- Smoking may result from cancer.7- She recovered about her illness.8- We should protect the environment with pollution.9- He complained with hotel manager about the food he had for breakfast.10- She was ashamed about herself when she made a mistake.

UNIT 15Active And Passive Voice

From active into passive

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Tense Active Passive1-Present simple1-Past simple3-Future simple4-Present Cont.5-Past Cont.6-Pres. Perfect7-Past Perfect

Inf. + s /es He-She-It2nd form of v.

Will + inf.Am-is-are + v + ingWas-were + v + ing

Have-has + pp.Had + pp.

Am – is – are + pp.Was – were + pp.Will + be + pp.

Am-is-are + being + pp.Was-were + being + pp.Have-has + been + pp.

Had + been + pp.

المجهول* إلى المعلوم من الجملة تحويا : - عند1 -. به بالمفعول نبدأبإستخدام ( -2 المجهول إلى الفعل )v. to beنحول الثالث التصريف ثم3-. الفاعل بـ نحذف نسبقة . byأو ذكره عند

EX: The boy broke the window The boy / broke / the window The window was broken.

( مكانها* ( فى هى كما تظل التكملة sسمى ت ، كلمات الجملة مفعول بعد كان إذا-: . التالى المثال الحظ التحويل عند

EX: The government is building new cities in the western desert. The government / is building / new cities / in the western desert.

New cities are being built in the western desert.

* - : للمجهول والمبنى للمعلوم المبنى على المالحظات بعضنستخدم- 1 أننا يلية to be + ppالحظ فعل وكل الناقصة األفعال : - toمع

EX: I shall finish the exercise tomorrow. The exercise shall be finished tomorrow.

EX: He has to rewrite the lesson again. The lesson has to be rewritten again.

ب- 2 منفية الجملة كانت am not / isn’t / aren’tنستخدم don’t / doesn’tإذاب منفية كانت wasn’t / weren’t نستخدم didn’tوإذا

They don't speak Arabic in Peru. Arabic is not spoken in Peru.

They didn’t see the robbers. The robbers weren’t seen.

مثل -3 بكلمات بدأت إذا أيضا منفية الجملة تكون Nothing / Neither / No وone / Nobody

Neither of them did the job. The job wasn’t done.

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لكن -4 و للمجهول المبنى في منهما بأي نبدأ أن يمكن مفعولين وجود حالة فىجر حرف استخدام ال الحظ بالمفعول نبدأ .ثانىعندما

She gave me a gift. I was given a gift. A gift was given to me.

الفعل -5 يستخدم ال الفعل . letعادة منه بدال نستخدم و للمجهول المبنى فىallow:

She let me drive her car. I was allowed to drive her car.

التعبيرات : - الحظ-6 هذه من للمجهول المبنى It is possible = can be + PP It’s impossible = can’t be + PP It’s necessary = must be + PP It’s unnecessary = needn’t be + PP It’s probable = may be + PP It’s improbable = might be + PP It’s advisable = should be + PP It’s inadvisable = shouldn’t be + PP

It’s necessary to wash vegetables before eating. Vegetables must be washed before eating

نستخدم شائع قول تحويل عند (It is said thatبمعنى ) قالs أن( ) ي المجهول إلىthat يسبق الذى الفعل نحول ثمIt ب الجملة نبدأ الحل عند و

اآلتى:- المثال . الحظthat بعد من الجملة نكمل زمنه( ثم )حسب EX: People believe that Ali won the race. (It) It is believed that Ali won the race.

that يسبق الذى الفعل فنحولthat تلى التى بالكلمة الجملة بدأت * إذاtoN نضع ثم المجهول إلى نضع الماضى )وفى المصدر ثم that من بدال

have + pp ) التالى:- المثال . الحظEX: People believe that Ali won the race. (Ali) Ali is believed to have won the race.

EX: People thought that he suffered a heart attack. (It/He) It was thought that he suffered a heart attack. He was thought to have suffered a heart attack.

وجود حالة نستخدم ماضيفي -to have been +Vأو to be +V- ingمستمرing

EX: I think he was making a plan.)It…( )He…(

It is thought that he was making a plan. He is thought to be making a plan / to have been making a plan.

Need to be + pp ./need + Gerund

WX: He needs to repair his car. (His car) His car needs to be repaired. His car needs repairing.

From Passive into Active

ACTIVE V. TO. BE PASSIVEsحذف فى الفعل نضع و ت

المصدر.Be كل و الناقصة األفعال مع

. To يليه فعل

sحذف فى الفعل نضع و تالبسيط. المضارع

AmIs

Areالمضارع. مع

sحذف فى الفعل نضع و تالبسيط. الماضى

WasWere

الماضى. مع

sحذف مصدر إلى نضيف و ت .ing الفعل

Being المستمر مع .

sحذف تغيير. دون ت Been التام مع .

اآلتية عند الخطوات نتبع للمعلوم الجملة :إعادة)1 (. مناسب بفاعل األصلي )2(نبدأ زمنه إلي الثالث التصريف إعادة

زمن . Beحسب)3(. الجملة آخر في مكانه إلى المفعول يعود

I think we are being followed.: هي تحويلها المراد الجملة أن .We are being followed الحظ زمن المستمر في Beالحظ المضارع هو الجملة ولذلك .)Present Cont(هذه

التصريف . followed الثالث فان فاعل ونستخدم المستمر المضارع إلى يعود:مناسب

I think someone is following us .

The garden has just been watered. )They …( They have just watered the garden.

What she had said wasn’t believed. )We… ( We didn’t believe what she had said.

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EXERCISE

* Choose the right answer1- Fifty people … to his wedding.a)invited b)were invited c)were inviting d)would invite2- The garden … before sunset.a)will have watered b)will water c)will be watering d)will have been watered3- Those artificial flowers … of silk.a)make b)are making c)are made d)made4- The students …. how to make the experiment.a)were shown b)showed c)were showing d)would show5- I tried to get into the house, but the door … .a)locked b)was locked c)would lock d)has locked6- His new novel … into five languages.a)will translate b)will be translating c)will be translated d)will have translated7- Don’t sit on that seat. It has just … .a)painted b)been painted c)painting d)painter8- Ploughs … for turning up the soil.a)used b)using c)will use d)are used9- It … that he will win the next election.a)thought b)thinks c)is thought d)has thought10 - The dog must … to the vet. a)take b)be take c)be taken d)to take 11 - … to have a large fortune. a)He is believed b)It’s believed c)It believed d)He believed 13- It … that he will visit the school that next day. a)said b)is said c)saying d)are saying14- … that he got the gold medal. a)It reported b)It was reported c)He reported d)He was reported15- … to commit suicide. a)It reported b)It was reported c)He reported d)He was reported16- He was declared to … from the government. a)resigning b)resigned c)resigns d)resign

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17- More oil fields … in the desert in the next few years.a)may find b)were found c)have been found d)will be found18- That bridge … ten years ago.a)built b)will be built c)have been built d)was built19- The pupils … the exercise now.a)will write b)are being written c)are writing d)were writing

20- Tea … with cakes for them. a)always is served b)is always served c)always serves d)always served21- When … the thief arrested? a)was b)will c)has d)does22- Naguib Mahfouz … the Noble Prize for literature.a)is awarded b)will be awarded c)was awarded d)has awarded23- Who … you the news before you left?a)was told b)told c)is told d)had been told24- He … by the police once already.a)is warned b)has warned c)has been warned d)had warned25- I saw Ali when he … the window.a)was broken b)will be broken c)broke d)had been broken

Find the mistake in each of the following sentences and write it correctly:1- Before roads were building across the desert, hardly any

visitors came to Dakhla.2- You may persuade to think again if you visit this oasis.3- The job is doing at the moment.4- The injured man couldn't walk and his friends had to be carried him.5- A new hospital has built near the airport.6- Dangerous driving are caused a lot of accidents.7- A decision won't be making before the end of the month.8- It is saying that many people are homeless after the floods.9- People are not allowing to park here.10- All the questions must answer in order.11- Our products export to many countries.12- She got hurting while cleaning the kitchen.13- This painting is going to exhibit at the art gallery.

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14- The man is questioning at the police station at the moment.15- This problem should solve soon.

UNIT 16

Expressing Necessity

T Affirmative

Question Negation

Pre

sen

t

MustHave (got)toHas toNeed to

Do > s + have to/need toDoes

don’t > have to/need todoesn’tneedn’t toP

ast

Had to Did + s + have to didn’t have tofu

tur

e Will have to Will + s + have to Won’t have to

EX: You must come and see us at the weekends.EX: When you were on holiday, you don’t need to go to bed early.EX: I had to go to the dentist last night.EX: The flight is at six in the morning, so we’ll have to get up very early.

والحظر Mustn’tتستخدم النهى عن :للتعبيرEX: You mustn’t park here. = You aren’t allowed to park here.

: Mustتستخدم السؤال بداية في وتأتي مساعد فعل بدون السؤال في Must he send the e-mail now?

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استخدام حالة مساعد have to / need toفي فعل معهما نستخدم السؤال :فيdo/does/did

Do you have to do the job now? Does she need to go now? Did she have to borrow that money?

تستخدمhave got to : مساعد فعل بدون السؤال في Have you got to be at the office every day? Has that man got to carry all the boxes by himself?

sستخدمneed to أن * الحظ need to و المضارع فى الضرورة عن للتعبير تhave + pp الماضى. فى

I need to finish the job early. I needn’t have answered question two because it was optional.

EXERCISE

* Choose the right answer1- I … leave the party early last night.

a)have to b)must c)had to d)will have to2- The children are happy because they … do any homework today.

a)have to b)don’t have to c)must d)will have to3- You … get up early tomorrow if you want to catch the bus.

a)had to b)must c)have to d)will have to4- I go on a typing course when I started this job.

a)don’t have to b)didn’t have to c)won’t have to d)mustn’t5- It was a very bad accident. You … be careful in the future.

a)will have to b)must c)had to d)have to6- Yesterday was a holiday, so I … get up early.

a)don’t have to b)won’t have to c)didn’t have to d)don’t have to7- Leila is a secretary, so she … meet tourists at the airport. That’s not a part

of her duty.a)will have to b)has to c)didn’t have to d)doesn’t have to

8- … all the other colleagues be present?a)Must b)Will have c)Had d)does

9- Tomorrow is a holiday, so he … go to bed early.a)mustn’t b)doesn’t have to c)won’t have to d)don’t have to

10- He … take this medicine because he is very ill.a)must b)may c)might d)could

* Find the mistakes and write the sentences correctly: -

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1- You have to take any more pills. You are quite well now.2- You must drink this liquid. It's poisonous.3- You need to bring any food with you tomorrow. I'll have enough for us all.4- You have to clean the kitchen today. I'll do it in a few hours.5- We didn't have waited long. A bus came at once.6- I needn't pay the telephone bill last year. My brother was here then and he

paid it.7- I got to finish this work at 7 p.m.8- I'll needn't to go in a few minutes. I don't want to miss my plane.9- Should you have to clean the house yourself? – No, someone did it for me.10- Does she got to send the e-mail today?

Deduction

Present PastMust beCan’t be

May / Could beMight be

Must have + pp.Can’t have + pp.

May / Could have + pp.Might have + pp.

الثقة:- درجة عن تعبر * :كلماتMUST / CAN’T MAY / COULD MIGHT* I’m sure* I’m certain* Absolutely* Definitely* Certainly

* I’m not sure* I’m not certain* I think* perhaps* probable

* I don’t think so.* I’ve no idea.* I don’t believe that.* I don’t know.* possible

He is absent. He must be ill. He was absent. He must have been ill.

EXERCISE

* Choose the right answer1- He gets the best marks, he … intelligent.

a)must be b)must have been c)can’t be d)can’t have been 2- I don’t know where he lives, he … in Zamalik.

a)may be b)might be c)must be d)will be3- He was shivering, he … cold.

a)may have been b)might have been c)must have been d)must be

REVISION

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4- He … a lawyer; I don’t think so.a)must b)might have been c)is d)might be

5- He didn’t find his pen. He … it.a)must lose b)must have lost c)may lose d)might have lost

6- A week ago, he was coughing and blowing his nose, he … ill.a)may be b)must be c)can’t have been d)must have been

7- He was smiling, he … unhappy.a)must be b)must have been c)may be d)can’t have been

* Find the mistakes and write the sentences correctly: -1- I saw Ahmed standing at the bus stop. He must be waiting for the bus.2- Sami can’t be at school because he was in Alexandria.3- He must be a doctor. I don’t think so.4- She must have won the prize. I’m not sure.5- He looks sad. He must lose the match.

UNIT 17Passive Questions

يلي: ما نتبع للمجهول المبني إلي السؤال تحويل عند خبرية. جملة إلى السؤال نحول (1) للمجهول. المبنى إلى الخبرية الجملة نحول (2) تقديم طريق عن سؤال صيغة إلى للمجهول بنائها تم التي الجملة نحول ثم ( 3)

الفاعل. على الناقص أو المساعد الفعل Did she send the letter? )1( She sent the letter.

)2( The letter was sent. )3( Was the letter sent?

الخطوات: نفس نتبع ثم هى كما تظل إستفهام كلمة بالجملة كان إذاWhen had Peter done the exercise? )1( Peter had done the experiment. )2( The experiment had been done. )3( Had the experiment been done? )4( When had the experiment been done?

وجود حالة في Who ، تستخدم By whom N منها: بدال Who invented the radio? By whom was the radio invented?

The infinitive form of passive verbs

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المجهول في نستخدم ، الناقصة األفعال بعد المصدر حالة في be + PP .ناقص + فعل

We can see the Great Wall of China from space. The Great Wall of China can be seen from space.

وجود حالة في to + inf.المجهول في نستخدم to be + PP.: He wanted us to tell him the truth. He wanted to be told the truth.

I'd like you to introduce me to the new manager. I'd like to be introduced to the new manager.

وجود حالة في to have + PP.المجهول في نستخدم to have been + PP.

He seems to have done the job. The job seems to have been done.

The man was believed to have forged the papers. The papers were believed to have been forged.

الـ حالة في G للمجهول المبني في نستخدم being + PP.I remember my friends inviting me to their parties. I remember being invited by my friends to their parties.

I don't like people telling me what to do. I don't like being told what to do.

للمجهول: المبني علي المالحظات بعض آخر بفعل للمجهول المبني في يXستبدل have فعل أن الحظالمعني: في يساويه

She had an exam yesterday. = An exam was taken yesterday.

I have two cups of tea every morning. = Two cups of tea are drunk…

I had a letter from my friend. = A letter was received from …

EXERCISE

* Choose the right answer1- He avoided … by the policeman.

a) seeing b) being seen c) to see d) to be seen2- She would like … as a secretary.

a) to be employed b) employing c) employ d) to employ

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3- … for murder, he was sentenced to life imprisonment. a) Having arrested b) Having to arrest c) Having arresting d) Having been arrested

4- This actor seems … by everyone. a) to admire b) to have been admired c) admiring d) to admiring

5- The man asked … a chance to prove his innocence. a) to give b) to giving c) to be given d) be given

6- Where … the two new hospitals built? a) do b) does c) did d) were

7- How much … for the dress? a) paid b) will pay c) was paid d) is paying

8- … the applicants being interviewed at the moment? a) Is b) Are c) Have d) Do

9- Information about genetic engineering … on the internet. a) can find b) could find c) can be found d) are found

10- He wrote about global warming in a way that … by ordinary people. a)can understand b)could be understood c)could understand d)will understand

11- Many people … to the dangers of genetic engineering. a) introduce b) are introducing c) were introduced d) is introduced

12- Nuclear radiation … to serious diseases. a) can lead b) can be led c) are leading d) will be led

1-* Find the mistakes and write the sentences correctly: - 2- In what ways can human affected by science?3- He awarded a prize for one of his novels.4- He writes about humans be infected by germs.5- This island inhabits only by birds.6- This scientific report can understand by ordinary people.7- What must done to solve this problem?8- Where have the jewels kept?9- When were they held the conference?10-He hopes to promote to general manager.11-Has been given the first prize, he invited all his friends to lunch.

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UNIT 18

EXPRESSING ABILITY

PRESENT PAST FUTURE Can + inf. (am/is/are) able to +inf.

Could + inf.(was/were) able to + inf.

Will be able to + inf.

تستخدم can المضارع: في شيء عمل علي المقدرة عن للتعبير I can see very well without glasses.

= I have the ability to see very well without glasses. = I am capable of seeing very well without glasses. = I am able to see very well without glasses.

غير أو به مسموح شيء أن عن للتعبير can / can't تستخدمالمضارع: في به مسموح

You can use my computer. = You are allowed to use my computer. = You are permitted to use my computer.

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In some cities, people can't use their cars every day.

عمل علي عامة قدرة عن للتعبير could / couldn't تستخدمالماضي في شيء

EX: I could solve the problem. I was able to solve the problem I managed to solve the problem I succeeded in solving the problem.

أو به مسموح كان شيء أن عن للتعبير could / couldn't تستخدمالماضي: في به مسموح غير

In the past, people could drive a car without passing a driving test.

In the past women couldn't vote in elections.

تستخدم could / can واالقتراح: الطلب حالة في What shall we do tonight? – We can / could go to the

cinema. Can / Could you open that door, please?

: المستقبل فى المقدرة عن للتعبير will be able to تستخدمEX: He will be able to pay you next week.

EXERCISE

* Choose the right answer1- He … speak English. a)able b) is able c) can d) succeeded in2- Mona is … to drive the car. a) able b) could c) can d) capable of3- The kids … to climb the tree. a) able b) could c) managed d) succeeded4- They … to win the match. a)succeeded b)were able c) managed to d) can5- I ride … a horse when I was twelve. a) manage b) succeeded in c) was able d) could6- The prisoner … escaping. a) could b) was able c) can d) capable of

* Find the mistakes and write the sentences correctly: -

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1- She can to swim.2- Are you able of reading English?3- I managed to helped you.4- She succeeded to sleeping early.5- When I was young, I can ride a bike.

EXPRESSING ADVICE

PRESENT PASTShould (not) + inf.Ought to /oughtn’t to + inf.Need to (needn’t) + inf.Had better + inf. If I were you, I’d + inf.

Should (not) have + pp.Ought (not) to have + pp.Need to (needn’t) have + pp.

-: المضارع : فى النصح إسلوب N أوال EX: You should make a time table. You’d better make a time table. You ought to make a time table. If I were you, I’d make a time table.

الماضى : * فى النصح إسلوب N ثانياEX: She should have come to the party, but she didn’t You shouldn’t have parked here. You have to pay a fine.

REVISION

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EXERCISE

* Choose the right answer1- She … to get a job. She is short of money.a)should b)needs c)better d)shouldn’t2- You’d … revise your lessons day by day.a)better b)should c)ought d)need3- I really think you … go and see a doctor.a)ought b)need c)should d)would4- If I were you, I … that again.a)wouldn’t do b)won’t do c)wouldn’t have done d)will do5- I didn’t do well on the test. I … last night.a) ought to study b)should have studied c)should study d)might study6- Hala didn’t go to the doctor’s yesterday although she … .a) must go b)should go c)need to go d)ought to have gone7- Stop! You will be punished. You … here.

a)shouldn’t park b)shouldn’t have parked c)needn’t park d)’d better not park

* Find the mistakes and write the sentences correctly: -1- You will better do lave your job.2- I hurt my back. I shouldn’t carry that heavy box.3- If I’m you, I’d help people in trouble.4- You ought to speak to your teacher about that yesterday. 5- You were wrong to insult your friend. you shouldn’t do that.