How to Generate Electricity

Hydro-Electric Power

Hydropower is an important renewable energy source world wide...

we can experience new, renewable technologies with the power of water!

Even in a desert home,

Hydroelectric power (often called hydropower) is considered a renewable energy source. A renewable energy source is one that is not depleted (used up) in the production of energy. Through hydropower, the energy in falling water is converted into electricity without “using up” the water.

Hydropower energy is ultimately derived from the sun, which drives the water cycle. In the water cycle, rivers are recharged in a continuous cycle. Because of the force of gravity, water flows from high points to low points. There is kinetic energy embodied in the flow of water.

Because the water cycle is continuous, hydropower is a renewable energy source.

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Any moving object has kinetic energy.

Harnessing Water Power

The NEED Project 2014

Humans first learned to harness the kinetic energy in water by using waterwheels.A waterwheel is a revolving wheel fitted with blades, buckets, or vanes.Waterwheels convert the kinetic energy of flowing water to mechanical energy.

Mechanical energy is a form of kinetic energy, such as in a machine. Mechanical energy has the ability to do work. Any object that is able to do work has mechanical energy.

Early waterwheels used mechanical energy to grind grains and to drive machinery such as sawmills and blacksmith equipment.

Waterwheel technology advanced over time. Turbines are advanced, very efficient waterwheels. They are often enclosed to further capture water’s energy.

Not long after the discovery of electricity, it was realized that a turbine’s mechanical energy could be used to activate a generator and produce electricity. The first hydroelectric power plant was constructed in 1882 in Appleton, Wisconsin. It produced 12.5 kilowatts of electricity which was used to light two paper mills and one home.

Hydroelectric power (hydropower) systems convert the kinetic energy in flowing water into electric energy.

How a Hydroelectric Power System Works

Flowing water is directed at a turbine (remember turbines are just advanced waterwheels). The flowing water causes the turbine to rotate, converting the water’s kinetic energy into mechanical energy.

The mechanical energy produced by the turbine is converted into electric energy using a turbine generator. Inside the generator, the shaft of the turbine spins a magnet inside coils of copper wire. It is a fact of nature that moving a magnet near a conductor causes an electric current.

How a Hydroelectric Power System Works

Environmental Considerations

High-head hydropower systems can produce a tremendous amount of power. However, large hydropower facilities, while essentially pollution-free to operate, still have undesirable effects on the environment.

Installation of new large hydropower projects today is very controversial because of their negative environmental impacts. These include:

upstream floodingdeclining fish populationsdecreased water quality and flowreduced quality of upstream and downstream environments

Glen Canyon June 1962 Glen Canyon June 1964

Colorado River Hydroelectric Dams

Height: 710 ft.Head: 583 ft.Flow: 33,200 cfs combinedCapacity: 1.3 million kW(total from 8 generators)

Height: 726 ft.Head: 576 ft.Flow: NACapacity: 2.1 million kW (total from 19 generators)

Hoover Dam

Glen Canyon Dam

Davis Dam

Parker Dam

Height: 320 feetHead: 80 feet Flow: 22,000 cfs totalCapacity: 120,000 kW(total capacity from 4 generators)

Height: 200 feetHead: 140 feet Flow: 31,000 cfs totalCapacity: 240,000 kW (total capacity from 5 generators)

Lower Colorado River Hydroelectric Dams

Horse MesaMormon Flat

Stewart Mountain

Theodore Roosevelt

Height: 305 ft.Head: 260 ft.Flow: Units 1-3 - 600 cfs ea. Unit 4 - 6500 cfsCapacity: Units 1-3 – 10,000 kW ea. Unit 4 - 115,000 kW

Height: 224 ft.Head: 130 ft.Flow: Unit 1 - 1200 cfs Unit 2 - 6500 cfsCapacity: Unit 1 - 10,000 kW Unit 2 - 60,000 kW

Height: 212 ft.Head: 110 ft.Flow: 2200 cfsCapacity: 13,000 kW

Height: 357 ft.Head: 235 ft.Flow: 2200 cfsCapacity: 36,000 kW

Salt River Hydroelectric Dams

Billion kilowatt-hoursHydroelectric Generation by Country

Data: EIA

Solar Energy

oDrying Agricultural ProductsoHeating WateroSpace HeatingoGenerating Electrical EnergyMAJOR USES OF SOLAR ENERGY

Solar Technologies

o Daylightingo Passive Solar Heatingo Active Solar HeatingoConcentrating Solar ThermaloPhotovoltaics (PV)

Power Tower

How a Power Tower Works

PHOTOVOLTAICS

PV Array Components

oPV CellsoModulesoArrays

PV System Components

PV Array Fields

Source: Solarbuzz, a part of The NPD Group

oCleanoSustainableoFreeoProvide Electricity to Remote Places

ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY

Disadvantages of Solar Energy

oInefficient and costly equipmentoPart TimeoReliability Depends On LocationoEnvironmental Impact of PV Cell

Production

Wind Power

Wind Generator

Generator

Generator

From unproductive agricultural farm to a wind farmFrom unproductive agricultural farm to a wind farm

Specifications of NorthWind Power SystemSpecifications of NorthWind Power System

Turbine’s hub height - 70 metersBlade length - 41 metersRotor diameter - 82 metersWindswept area - 5,281 sq. m.*** Ground level to center of nacelle

The turbine are oriented facing the sea, effectively eliminating windbreaks and achieving terrain roughness of class 0.

Annual generation capacity - 74,482 MWhWind turbine arrangement - Single rowSpacing - 326 meters Orientation - NorthPrevailing wind direction - Northeast

Philippine renewable energy resourcesPhilippine renewable energy resourcesA US-NREL study shows the following:

- Wind resources – over 10,000 km2 with 76,000 MW of potential installed capacity.

- Micro-hydro applications – potential capacity of at least 500 KW in Luzon and Mindanao islands

- Solar radiation nationwide – an annual potential average of 5.0 – 5.1 KWh/m2/day

- Mini-hydro potential capacity of 1,784 MW capacity for 888 sites

- Ocean energy resources – potential CAPACITY OF ABOUT 170,000 MW

- Biomass ( Bagasse ) total potential of 235 MMBFOE

Source: New and Renewable Energy Laboratory (USA) – E. Karunungan ( Department of Energy, Philippines

Renewable energy development projects status

Resource Existing capacity

(MW)

Number of plants in operation

On-going projects

Geothermal 2,027.07 14 geothermal plants 10 projects offered to private investor ( 300 – 500 MW )thru Contracting Round

Hydro 3,367.07 21 large hydro, 52 mini-hydro, 61 micro hydro

4 mini-hydros, 14 large hydro under evaluation

Wind 33.2 33 MW In Ilocos Norte, 5 KW Camarines in 180 KW in Batanes, 6 KW in Boracay

NPDC wind farm, 7 sites on resource assessment

Solar 5.161 960 KW – CEPALCO, Cagayan e Oro729 KW Camarines Sur

Sunpower Phil Solar Plant/rural electrification projects

Biomass 20.93 1 MW Isabela

Ocean R & D activities – Demo projects in Leyte/Mindanao

Source: E. Karunungan ( Department of Energy )/Philippine Daily Inquirer

2x300 MW Coal-Fired GN Power (600 MW)2012

Private Sector Initiated Power ProjectsPrivate Sector Initiated Power Projects

Legend:

Geothermal

Coal-Fired

HEP

Natural Gas

CCGT

Luzon GridLuzon Grid

First Gen San Gabriel (550 MW)-2011Ilijan Expansion (300 MW)

Kalayaan CBK Expansion (360 MW)-2013

Tanawon Geo (40 MW)-2011Rangas Geo (40 MW)-2015Manito-Kayabon Geo (40MW)-2016

Pagbilao Exp. (400 MW)Quezon Power Exp.(500 MW)

Energy World CCGT (2x150 MW) = 2011

Green PowerNueva Ecija Biomass (18 MW)=2011Pangasinan Biomass 1 (18 MW)=2011Pangasinan Biomass 2 (18 MW)=2013

Pantabangan Expansion (78 MW)

Balintingon River (44 MW)-2015

Pagudpud Wind (40 MW) Burgos Wind (86 MW) – 6 MW=2009 40 MW=2010 40 MW=2011Northwind pamplona (30 MW)=2015

CFB Phase II (50 MW)-2010Redondo Coal Fired (2x150 MW)-2012

Source: Department of Energy

Aklan HEP (41 MW)-2012Villasiga HEP (8MW)-2013

N E G

R O

S

P A N A YP A N A Y

Global Business Power Corp (164 MW)Phase I-2010Phase II-2011

Dauin Geo (40 MW)2010

Private Sector Initiated Power ProjectsPrivate Sector Initiated Power Projects

Green Power Panay (36 MW)-2010

Toledo Expansion (246 MW)Phase I-2010Phase II-2011

Southern Leyte Geo (80 MW)2016

Legend:

Geothermal

Coal-Fired

Hydroelectri

Biomass

Visayas Visayas GridGrid

KEPCO SPC Power (200 MW)2011EDC Nasulo

Geothermal(20 MW)2011

DMCI Concepcion Power Corporation(100 MW)2012

Source: Department of Energy

Green Power Biomass(18 MW)-2010

HEDCOR Tamugan.(34.5 MW)-2010

AGUS 3 HEP(225 MW)2011

Private sector initiated power projectsPrivate sector initiated power projects

Legend:

Biomass

Coal-Fired

Hydroelectri

Oil-based

Minergy Bunker Fired(20 MW)-2010

Conal Holding CFTPP(200 MW)-2011Sultan Kudarat Coal(200 MW)-2012

Mindanao GridMindanao GridCEPALCO Cabulig HEP (8 MW)2011 Tagoloan HEP(68 MW)

2012

HEDCOR Sibulan Inc.(42.5 MW)Oct 2009

EDC Mindanao Geothermal 3(50 MW)2014

Source: Department of Energy