EINIRAS 2004

Open Access – The New Internet Enabled Business Model for

Scientific Publishing

Professor Bo-Christer Björk

Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration

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The evolution of scientific publishing

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Two interconnected paradigm shifts

• From printed to electronic delivery• From subscription to a variety of business

models

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The price/citation diagrams

Bergstrom C. Et al 2001

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What is Open Access

• Making scientific content available for free on the WWW

• Free means free of charge and access restrictions for the readers

• But not necessarily that there isn’t a price tag involved (new revenue models)

• Either as primary or secondary outlet

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Business models for scientific journal publishing

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Open Access Journals

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Subject based e-print servers

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Institutional repositories

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Self-publishing

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How important is OA today?

• Open Access Journals around 1 %• E-print servers important in some areas• Institutional repositories just starting• Self-publishing the most common method

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New refereed scientific journals founded in the years 1993-2002 categorised according to type

New refereed scientific journals in the period 1993-2002 categorised according to type

0

200

400

600

Nu

mb

er

of

titl

es

all new 523 509 499 426 426 420 369 349 296 250

online 283 272 290 283 270 252 249 247 222 192

OA 17 16 31 45 48 50 49 72 72 80

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

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Number of OA journals as a percentage of all newly founded scientific journals 1993-2002

New OA journals as a percentage of all new refereed scientific journals

3,3 3,16,2

10,6 11,3 11,9 13,314,9

10,8

22,0

3,3 3,16,2

10,6 11,3 11,9 13,3

20,624,3

32,0

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Per

cen

tag

e

All new OA, Biomed Central excluded All new OA

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Biomed Central

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What are the main barriers?

Journals Subject repositories

Institutional repositories

Legal framework - * **

IT-infrastructure ** ** **

Business models *** ** *

Institutional behaviour

*** ** *

Standards ** * ***

Awareness, critical mass

*** ** ***

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Means to overcome the barriers

Legal framework New types of copyright agreements allowing parallel OA publishing

IT-infrastructure Open source applications such as D-space

Business models Author or institutional author charge financed journals

Institutional Behaviour More emphasis on availability and readership of publications in Academia

Standards Widespread use of the Open Archives Initiative standard

Awareness Services such as the DOAJ

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Useful links

• Finnish Open Access working group http://www.lib.helsinki.fi/finnoa/

• OACS research project http://www.oacs.shh.fi/

• Swedish Resource Centre for Scientific Communication http://www.sciecom.org/

• Directory of Open Access Journals http://www.doaj.org/

• EPrints.org - Self-Archiving and Open Archives http://www.eprints.org/

• Budapest Open Access Initiative http://www.soros.org/openaccess/

• Open Archives Initiative (OAI) http://www.openarchives.org/

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The End

End