CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION&&

THE SIX KINGDOMS THE SIX KINGDOMS OF ORGANISMSOF ORGANISMS

WHY DO SCIENTISTS WHY DO SCIENTISTS CLASSIFY ?CLASSIFY ?

Biologists Use Classification Biologists Use Classification To Organize Living Things To Organize Living Things

Into Groups So That Into Groups So That Organisms Are Easier To Organisms Are Easier To

StudyStudy

TAXONOMYTAXONOMY

The Scientific Study Of How The Scientific Study Of How Living Things Are ClassifiedLiving Things Are Classified

CAROLUS LINNAEU’S CAROLUS LINNAEU’S CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMCLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

BASED ON PHYSICAL & BASED ON PHYSICAL & STRUCTURAL SIMILARITIES STRUCTURAL SIMILARITIES

REFLECT THE EVOLUTIONARY REFLECT THE EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS OF SPECIESRELATIONSHIPS OF SPECIES

SCIENTIFIC NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME BINOMIAL BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURENOMENCLATURE

The Naming System For The Naming System For Organisms In Which Each Organisms In Which Each

Organism Is Given A Organism Is Given A Two-Part NameTwo-Part Name

SCIENTIFIC NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME BINOMIAL BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURENOMENCLATURE

11STST WORD = WORD = GENUSGENUS - - - CAPITALIZED - - - CAPITALIZED

22NDND WORD = WORD = SPECIESSPECIES - - - - - -

WRITTEN IN LATIN ; WRITTEN IN LATIN ;

IN ITALICS IN ITALICS

KINGDOM KINGDOM PHYLUM PHYLUM CLASS CLASS ORDER ORDER FAMILY FAMILY

GENUS GENUS SPECIES SPECIES

KINGDOM : BROADEST - KINGDOM : BROADEST - LARGEST NUMBER OF SPECIESLARGEST NUMBER OF SPECIES

SPECIES : NARROW - SPECIES : NARROW - SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONSPECIFIC DESCRIPTION

TAXA USED TO TAXA USED TO CLASSIFY CLASSIFY ORGANISMS:ORGANISMS:

KingKingPhilPhilCameCameOverOverForForGreatGreatSeafoodSeafood

KINGDOMKINGDOMPHYLUMPHYLUMCLASSCLASSORDERORDERFAMILYFAMILYGENUSGENUSSPECIESSPECIES

DICHOTOMOUS KEYDICHOTOMOUS KEY

A SERIES OF PAIRED A SERIES OF PAIRED STATEMENTS THAT DESCRIBE STATEMENTS THAT DESCRIBE

THE PHYSICAL THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF

DIFFERENT ORGANISMSDIFFERENT ORGANISMS

THETHESIX KINGDOMS SIX KINGDOMS OF ORGANISMSOF ORGANISMS

MAKE A TABLE THAT COMPARES THE

CHARACTERISTICS OF MEMBERS OF EACH OF THE

SIX KINGDOMS.

1) ARCHAEBACTERIA1) ARCHAEBACTERIA

UNICELLULAR PROKARYOTES WITH UNICELLULAR PROKARYOTES WITH STRONG CELL WALLS WHOSE CELLS STRONG CELL WALLS WHOSE CELLS

LACK A NUCLEUS LACK A NUCLEUS

LIVE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS.LIVE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS.

2) EUBACTERIA2) EUBACTERIA

UNICELLULAR PROKARYOTES UNICELLULAR PROKARYOTES

CELLS LACK DISTINCT NUCLEI BOUNDED BY CELLS LACK DISTINCT NUCLEI BOUNDED BY A MEMBRANE.A MEMBRANE.

3) PROTISTS3) PROTISTS

A DIVERSE GROUP A DIVERSE GROUP

A EUKARYOTE THAT LACKS A EUKARYOTE THAT LACKS COMPLEX ORGAN SYSTEMS AND COMPLEX ORGAN SYSTEMS AND LIVES IN MOIST ENVIRONMENTS.LIVES IN MOIST ENVIRONMENTS.

4) FUNGUS4) FUNGUS

EARTH’S DECOMPOSERS EARTH’S DECOMPOSERS

UNICELLULAR OR MULTICELLULAR UNICELLULAR OR MULTICELLULAR HETEROTROPHIC EUKARYOTES THAT HETEROTROPHIC EUKARYOTES THAT ABSORB NUTRIENTS FROM ORGANIC ABSORB NUTRIENTS FROM ORGANIC

MATERIALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT; DO MATERIALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT; DO NOT MOVE FROM PLACE TO PLACE.NOT MOVE FROM PLACE TO PLACE.

5) PLANTS5) PLANTS

MULTICELLULAR OXYGEN PRODUCERS MULTICELLULAR OXYGEN PRODUCERS

PHOTOSYNTHETIC AUTROPHIC PHOTOSYNTHETIC AUTROPHIC EUKARYOTES – EUKARYOTES –

CONTAIN CHLOROPLASTS AND HAVE CELL CONTAIN CHLOROPLASTS AND HAVE CELL WALLS COMPOSED OF CELLULOSE; WALLS COMPOSED OF CELLULOSE;

NONE MOVE FROM PLACE TO PLACE.NONE MOVE FROM PLACE TO PLACE.

6) ANIMALS6) ANIMALS

MULTICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR

CONSUMERS CONSUMERS

HETEROTROPHS – CELLS LACK CELL HETEROTROPHS – CELLS LACK CELL WALLS, NEARLY ALL ARE ABLE TO MOVE WALLS, NEARLY ALL ARE ABLE TO MOVE

FROM PLACE TO PLACE.FROM PLACE TO PLACE.

KEY TERMS KEY TERMS WORDS TO KNOWWORDS TO KNOW

1.1. CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION2.2. TAXONOMYTAXONOMY3.3. BINOMIAL NOMENCLATUREBINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE4.4. GENUSGENUS5.5. SPECIESSPECIES6.6. TAXONOMIC KEYTAXONOMIC KEY7.7. PROKARYOTEPROKARYOTE8.8. EUKARYOTEEUKARYOTE

CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION

THE PROCESS OF GROUPING THE PROCESS OF GROUPING THINGS BASED ON THEIR THINGS BASED ON THEIR

SIMILARITIES SIMILARITIES

(TO BETTER UNDERSTAND (TO BETTER UNDERSTAND ORGANISMS)ORGANISMS)

TAXONOMYTAXONOMY

THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HOW LIVING THINGS ARE HOW LIVING THINGS ARE

CLASSIFIEDCLASSIFIED

BINOMIAL BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURENOMENCLATURE

THE NAMING SYSTEM FOR THE NAMING SYSTEM FOR ORGANISMS IN WHICH EACH ORGANISMS IN WHICH EACH ORGANISM IS GIVEN A TWO-ORGANISM IS GIVEN A TWO-

PART NAMEPART NAME

GENUSGENUS

A CLASSIFICATION GROUPING A CLASSIFICATION GROUPING THAT CONSISTS OF A THAT CONSISTS OF A NUMBER OF SIMILAR, NUMBER OF SIMILAR,

CLOSELY RELATED SPECIESCLOSELY RELATED SPECIES

SPECIESSPECIES

A GROUP OF SIMILAR A GROUP OF SIMILAR ORGANISMS WHOSE ORGANISMS WHOSE

MEMBERS CAN MATE WITH MEMBERS CAN MATE WITH ONE ANOTHER AND PRODUCE ONE ANOTHER AND PRODUCE

FERTILE OFFSPRINGFERTILE OFFSPRING

TAXONOMIC KEYTAXONOMIC KEY

A SERIES OF PAIRED A SERIES OF PAIRED STATEMENTS THAT DESCRIBE STATEMENTS THAT DESCRIBE

THE PHYSICAL THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF

DIFFERENT ORGANISMSDIFFERENT ORGANISMS

PROKARYOTEPROKARYOTE

AN ORGANISM WHOSE CELLS AN ORGANISM WHOSE CELLS LACK A NUCLEUS AND SOME LACK A NUCLEUS AND SOME OTHER CELL STRUCTURESOTHER CELL STRUCTURES

EUKARYOTEEUKARYOTE

AN ORGANISM WITH CELLS THAT AN ORGANISM WITH CELLS THAT CONTAIN NUCLEI AND OTHER CONTAIN NUCLEI AND OTHER

CELL STRUCTURESCELL STRUCTURES

What did Linaeus What did Linaeus contribute to the field contribute to the field of of

taxonomy?taxonomy?

HE DEVELOPED BINOMIAL HE DEVELOPED BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE NOMENCLATURE A A TWO-WORD NAMING SYSTEM TWO-WORD NAMING SYSTEM

FOR ORGANISMS FOR ORGANISMS

For what reasons are biological For what reasons are biological classification systems needed?classification systems needed?

It is easier to study organisms It is easier to study organisms and their relationships.and their relationships.

List the seven groups used in List the seven groups used in biological classification. biological classification.

Which group contains the Which group contains the largest number of species? largest number of species?

Which group contains the Which group contains the fewest?fewest?

Make a list of a minimum Make a list of a minimum of five physical features of five physical features you could use to classify you could use to classify

trees.trees.

How have technological How have technological advances, such as improved advances, such as improved

microscopes and new microscopes and new biological tests, changed biological tests, changed biological classification.biological classification.

Improved microscopes allow scientists to Improved microscopes allow scientists to differentiate between prokaryotic and differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and among the cell eukaryotic cells and among the cell

organelles. Biochemical tests determine organelles. Biochemical tests determine the presence of specific molecules in the presence of specific molecules in

cells.cells.