CHAPTER – IIII RESEARCH METHODOLOGYshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/89851/14... · the...
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CHAPTER – IIII
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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The research is a careful investigation to find and to analyze facts in the
respective field of study. Research is made up of two words ‘Re’ and
‘Search’ re means again and search means to examine closely and carefully
or to test and try or to probe to draw conclusions. It is an organized, careful
and systematic process of collecting and analyzing the data to increase the
understanding of the phenomenon under study to establish facts and
principles. Research is a scientific method that consists of observation,
classification and interpretation of data in a systematic manner (Lundberg,
1942). Research is a structured inquiry that uses scientific methodology to
solve problems, to create new knowledge that is generally acceptable
(Grinnell 2001). Research is systematic because one has to follow a definite
set of procedures and steps to get accurate and precise results. The research in
the social sciences is concerned with the human beings and the organizational
behavior is an important part of focus and must be considered carefully before
drawing the conclusions. Research is an organized inquiry designed and
carried out to provide information to solve the problem (Upagade and Shinde,
2012).
The research process consists of various steps that are necessary to be
followed before drawing conclusions. These steps include defining the
research problem; review of literature (review of concepts, things and
previous findings); formulation of hypothesis; research design (including
sample design); collecting data; analyzing data using statistical methods
(testing hypothesis) and finally interpretation and reporting (Kothari, 2013).
The researcher must be aware of the information that is required to answer the
various research questions; the sources of data collection and the means by
which researcher will collect the information for analysis of data to draw
conclusion. Research methods provide a base for investigation by which
relationship between variables can be established. The research methodology
is a study to solve the research problem scientifically in a systematic way. The
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researcher has to be careful while selecting the methodology to be adopted to
solve the problem as the research methodology adopted have no value unless
it is used properly (Singh 2007). The research methodology deals not only
with the methods used to solve the problem but also takes into consideration
the logic behind the methods used in the context of a research study and
explains why a particular method or technique has been used to draw research
results.
3.1 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of the present study is to know the availability of various Digital
Information Resources in the Central Libraries of IIT’s under study and the
Digital Information Services provided by these libraries using modern
techniques to its users. The purpose of conducting the present study is to
know, how much the Undergraduate Students, Post Graduate Students and
Research Scholars of these premier institutes of technology are aware of
various Digital Information Resources and Services rendered by their
respective institutes. Apart from this the purpose of the study is to know the
frequently used Digital Information Resources and Services and to know how
much these digital information resources and services are important for the
users in their study and research.
3.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study is confined to the IIT’s of India. There are 16 IITs in India, but only
07 IITs have been taken for the study. The users from the following IIT’s
have been taken up for study:
1. IIT Bombay
2. IIT Delhi
3. IIT Guwahati
4. IIT Kanpur
5. IIT Kharagpur
6. IIT Madras
7. IIT Roorkee
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The users under study include: Undergraduate Students, Post Graduate
Students and Researcher Scholars of the IITs’.
3.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The present study is limited to the statement of the problem, objectives of the
study and the sample selected for the study. Apart from these, the other
limitations of the study are:
1. There are diversified people in the IITs, but only students have been
taken up in the study. Only the Undergraduate students; Postgraduate
students and Research Scholars have been taken for the study.
2. The faculty members of the IITs have been excluded from the study as
the faculty members in the IITs are having busy schedule so it is difficult
to get the duly completed questionnaires from them.
3. The study is limited to the 07 IIT’s of India. There are 16 IITs in India
but only 07 IITs have been taken for the study ( i.e. IIT, Delhi; IIT,
Mumbai; IIT, Chennai; IIT, Guwahati; IIT, Kharagpur; IIT, Kanpur and
IIT Roorkee). The 09 IITs have been excluded from the study as all these
IITs are established during 2008 and 2009. It is supposed that these may
not have developed digital infrastructure, facilities and services at par
with the already established IITs.
3.4 POPULATION OF THE STUDY
The population taken for study includes Undergraduate Students; Post
Graduate Students and Research Scholars enrolled in the IIT’s and still
pursuing their respective course of study. The total strength of users under
study is 50000 enrolled in the IIT’s in various courses of study and research.
Table 3.1 shows the total strength of Undergraduate Students; Postgraduate
Students and Research Scholars enrolled in various courses in respective IIT
and fig. 3.1 is the graphical presentation of the population from a different
category of users under study in the respective IIT.
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Table 3.1: Population under Study
IIT
User
IITB IITD IITG IITK IITKGP IITM IITR
Total
UG 4025 4300 2518 2621 6189 3667 4472 27792
PG 2940 2200 1062 1208 2311 1668 2093 13482
RS 1225 1200 1224 1169 1944 1999 1471 10232
Total 8190 7700 4804 4998 10444 7334 8036 51506
Figure 3.1: Population under Study
3.5 POPULATION SAMPLE TAKEN
The stratified random sampling method is used while selecting the sample.
Solvin’s formula is used to find an appropriate size when nothing about the
behavior of the population is not known at all (Ariola, 2006).
Solvin’s formula is n =
Where n = sample size, N= total Population, e = error tolerance
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The population under study comprises of three types of users, i.e.
Undergraduate Students (UG); Postgraduate Students (PG) and Research
Scholars (RS). The sample has been taken from each type of user group
randomly and proportionately. A total of 3000 questionnaires are distributed
amongst the population under study and total 2885 questionnaires had been
received back by the investigator. Out of 2885 questionnaires received from
respondents all the responses are critically examined and evaluated. Only
2713 responses as detailed in The table 3.2 show the status wise
questionnaires distributed, received and found in order for the analysis
amongst various categories of users. The table 3.3 shows the institute wise
questionnaires distributed received and found in order for analysis.
Table 3.2: Status wise Distribution of Questionnaires
Users Questionnaire
Distributed
Questionnaire
Received
Questionnaire
Analyzed
UG 1110 1074 1004
PG 1050 975 901
RS 840 836 808
Total 3000 2885 2713
Figure 3.2: Status wise distribution of Questionnaires
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Table 3.3: Institute wise Response
IIT Questionnaire
Distributed
Questionnaire
Received
Questionnaire
Analyzed
Bombay 375 349 334
Delhi 475 461 423
Guwahati 375 363 340
Kanpur 375 359 354
Kharagpur 500 483 451
Madras 450 433 408
Roorkee 450 437 403
Total 3000 2885 2713
Figure 3.3: Institute wise Response
3.6 DATA COLLECTION TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
The data collection is an important task in the research methodology. For
making the data useful, observations need to be organized in such a manner
that same pattern and logical conclusions can be drawn. There are various
methods and procedures to collect the data, but the investigator must be aware
of the method and procedures adopted to carry out the research work. In the
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present study the following tools and techniques were adopted by the
investigator to collect data:
3.6.1 Observation Method
The observation method of data collection deals with the recording of the
behavior of respondents. It is a systematic plan and considered as a scientific
tool to collect primary data. The investigator collect the information by own
observation instead of collecting information from the respondents. In the
present study the observation method was adopted to check whether the
information provided by the librarian in the questionnaire was objective or
not. The investigator visited the library during different working hours during
the visit to IIT to observe the functioning of the library, to know the various
available resources and services provided in the library to its users.
3.6.2 Interview Method
Interview method is an important method to collect primary data. In the
present study, investigator met the librarian and users during the visit to the
library. The investigator talked to the users about their awareness of different
resources and services provided by the library, how frequently the resources
and services are being used by them and how these resources and services are
helpful in their study and research.
3.6.3 Survey Method
The survey is a fact finding technique to discover the facts. The method is
used to collect detailed descriptions of existing phenomena with the intent of
employing data to justify current conditions and practices. The present study
was carried out using the survey method. The investigator prepared two types
of questionnaires, one meant for librarians and second for the users (i.e.
Research Scholars; Postgraduate Students and Undergraduate Students) of the
Central Libraries. The questionnaire meant for librarian was designed to
collect data about library collections, various Digital Information Resources,
Digital Information Services available in the Central Library and the user’s
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attitude towards the modern techniques adopted by the library. The user’s
questionnaire was prepared to collect information about their awareness,
frequency and importance of various digital information resources and
services. All the information has been collected personally by the investigator
by visiting the respective institutes. The questionnaire was administered
amongst user randomly by visiting libraries, hostels and academic
departments.
3.6.4 Pilot Study
The pilot study helps the investigator to have an idea that whether the
respondents are comfortable in completing the questionnaire or not. The
investigator designed a tentative questionnaire before conducting the main
survey. The pilot study was conducted only in IIT Delhi. A total of 90
questionnaires were administered personally by the investigator to different
categories of users. On the basis of the response received, personal
observation and interview with some respondent’s, minor changes have been
incorporated in the questionnaire for the main study.
3.6.5 Main Study
The investigator personally visited the libraries, hostels and academic
departments of the IITs under study to collect response from the users
(Undergraduate Students, Postgraduate Students and Research Scholars). The
questionnaires were randomly distributed amongst the users under study. A
total of 3000 questionnaires were randomly distributed amongst different
categories of users from 7 IITs under study. A total of 2885 respondents had
returned the filled questionnaire. After critically examining and evaluating the
responses received back, only 2713 questionnaires were found in order for
analysis.
3.6.6 Sources of Data Collection
The following sources have been used to collect the data:
1. IIT home page
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2. Library Web Site
3. Annual Reports
4. Questionnaire filled by librarians and users
3.7 DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
The survey method was adopted by the investigator to collect the data. The
duly filled questionnaires found in order after critically examine and
evaluation has been coded in Microsoft Excel 2010 and recorded in the SPSS-
20 (Statistical Package for Social Science). The data has been analyzed using
suitable statistical methods viz. Percentage, Mean Value, Standard Deviation,
Chi-square (χ2) Test. The data have been analyzed Institute wise and Status
wise respondents using statistical methods. The analyzed data has been
presented in the tabular and graphical forms. The detailed analysis of the data
is presented in the Chapter-4.
3.7.1 Institute wise Respondents
The institute wise questionnaire received from different categories of
respondents under study is shown in Table 3.4 and the graphical
representation of the responses is shown in fig. 3.4.
Table 3.4: Institute wise Respondents
IIT Frequency Percentage
Bombay 334 12.3
Delhi 423 15.6
Guwahati 340 12.5
Kanpur 354 13.0
Kharagpur 451 16.6
Madras 408 15.0
Roorkee 403 14.9
Total 2713 100.0
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Figure 3.4: Institute wise respondents
3.7.2 Gender wise Respondents
The population under study comprises of respondents from both genders i.e.
male and female respondents. The total respondents gender wise and status
wise is as per table 3.5 and the respondents gender wise from different IIT’s is
shown in table 3.5.
Table 3.5: Gender wise Respondents
Gender Frequency Percentage
Male 1899 70.0
Female 814 30.0
Total 2713 100.0
Figure 3.5: Gender wise Respondents
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3.7.3 Institute wise Gender wise respondents
The gender wise respondents from different institutes under study are shown
in table 3.6 and pictorially shown in figure 3.6.
Table 3.6: Gender wise Respondents across the Institutes
IIT Male Female Total
229 105 334 Bombay
68.56% 31.44% 100.00%
273 150 423 Delhi
64.54% 35.46% 100.00%
271 69 340 Guwahati
79.71% 20.29% 100.00%
227 127 354 Kanpur
64.12% 35.88% 100.00%
349 102 451 Kharagpur
77.38% 22.62% 100.00%
262 146 408 Madras
64.22% 35.78% 100.00%
288 115 403 Roorkee
71.46% 28.54% 100.00%
1899 814 2713 Total
70.0% 30.0% 100.0%
Figure 3.6: Gender wise Respondents across the Institutes
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3.7.4 Status wise Respondents
The users under study are of three types of respondents i.e. Undergraduate
Students (UG), Postgraduate Students (PG) and Research Scholars (RS). The
status wise respondents are shown in table 3.7 and figure 3.7 shows the Status
wise respondents graphically. Status wise respondents from different
institutes is shown in table 3.8 and pictorially shown in figure 3.8. The status
wise, gender wise respondents are given in table 3.9 and pictorially shown in
figure 3.9.
Table 3.7: Status wise Respondents
Status Frequency Percentage
RS 808 29.8
PG 901 33.2
UG 1004 37.0
Total 2713 100.0
Figure 3.7: Status wise Respondents
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Table 3.8: Status wise Respondents across the Institutes
Status
Bo
mb
ay
Del
hi
Gu
wah
ati
Ka
np
ur
Kh
ara
gp
ur
Ma
dra
s
Ro
ork
ee
To
tal
UG 124 153 125 132 164 157 149 1004
PG 111 141 116 115 151 132 135 901
RS 99 129 99 107 136 119 119 808
Total 334 423 340 354 451 408 403 2713
Figure 3.8: Status wise Respondents across the Institutes
Table 3.9: Status wise, Gender wise Respondents
Gender Status
Male Female Total
RS 565
69.9% 243
30.1% 808
100.0%
PG 600
66.6% 301
33.4% 901
100.0%
UG 734
73.1% 270
26.9% 1004
100.0%
Total 1899
70.0% 814
30.0% 2713
100.0%
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Figure 3.9: Status wise, Gender wise Respondents
3.8 Brief description of Tests and Analysis: The brief description of scales
used and tests used for analysis of data is presented below:
Scales Used and their Scores: The different scales have been used for the
purpose of analyzing the data and each point of scale has been given a score.
The various scales and the assigned score are detailed below:
To measure the frequency of using Digital Information
Resources and Services
Scale 1
A score of 5 has been assigned to “Most Frequently”, 4 to
“Frequently”, 3 to “Sometimes” 2 to “Rarely” and 1 to “Never”
Scale 2 To measure the importance of using Digital Information
Resources and Services
A score of 4 has been assigned to “Essential”, 3 to “Very
Important”, 2 to “Somewhat Important” 1 to “Not Important”
and 0 to “No Opinion”
Scale 3 A score of 5 has been assigned to “Strongly Agree”, 4 to
“Agree”, 3 to “Somewhat Agree” 2 to “Disagree” and 1 to
“Strongly Disagree”
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Percentage (%): The percentage is denoted by the symbol %. It is the ratio
expressed as a fraction of 100.
Mean ( ): Mean is the most important measure of central tendency. The
arithmetic mean is used by the investigator for the analysis of the data. The
arithmetic mean is simply the mean value obtained by dividing the sum of
values of a variable by the total number of values and is represented by .
=
Where = Sum of total values in the distribution; N= Total number of
cases
Standard Deviation (σ): The measure of dispersion for the purpose of
comparison was devised by Karl Pearson. It is the measure of the dispersion
of a set of data from its mean. It is used to determine the reliability of the
average and to compare two or more series with respect to their variability.
Chi-Square (χχχχ2): Chi-Square test is also known as test of association;
goodness fit test. The test is used to judge the significance of population
variance. The test is based on the assumption of normality. The test is used to
test null hypothesis.
χχχχ2 = df= (r-1)(c-1)
is frequency of occurrence of observed facts
is expected frequency of occurrence
df = degree of freedom; r = no. of rows and c = no. of columns
3.9 Citation Style
Every researcher uses the material from other sources also for their research
work. It is the sole responsibility of the researcher to give proper citations of
the documents from where the material has been cited. All the references used
in the work should be properly acknowledged. In the present work the
Chicago style has been followed for writing references and bibliography.
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REFERENCES
Ariola, Mariano M. Principles and Methods of Research. Philippines: REX
Book Store, 2006.
Grinnell, R. M. Social Work Research and Evaluation: qualitative and
quantitative approaches. New York: F F Peacock Publisher, 2001.
Kothari, C. R. Research methodology: Methods and techniques, 3rd ed. New
Delhi: New Age International, 2014.
Lundberg, G. A. Social research; a study in methods of gathering data. New
York: Longmans, Green, 1942.
Singh, Y. K. Fundamental of research methodology and statistics. New
Delhi: New Age International, 2006.
Upagade, Vijay, and Arvind Shende. Research methodology For MBA, M
Phil, B Ed, M Ed, according to the latest UGC syllabus, Also for
MCA, CA, CS. New Delhi: S Chand, 2012.