Chapter 8 The Presidencies of

Washington and Adams

Warm UpWhat facts do you know about

George Washington?

Warm up

What were the four precedents that Washington

set as President?

In 1789 we have…

-New Constitution-New Congress (Leg)-President (Exec)

-U.S. is ¼ of its size today-All 13 states were in the east

8.1 Washington Take s 8.1 Washington Take s OfficeOffice

Interesting fact: Interesting fact: No one ran for No one ran for president president

General Washington was the only candidate for President in 1789. However,

all 69 electors voted for 2 choices.

Washington was reluctant to take the position of Washington was reluctant to take the position of president. On his trip to New York (capital) his president. On his trip to New York (capital) his

victory was celebrated from town to town for 8 days. victory was celebrated from town to town for 8 days. While he had much wealth in industry, he used his While he had much wealth in industry, he used his own money for the trip and was broke by the time own money for the trip and was broke by the time

he got to New York. he got to New York. He was completely unsure of what to do as He was completely unsure of what to do as

president.president.

Hesitant to take the job-Hesitant to take the job-Why?Why?

InaugurationInauguration::

On April 30, 1789 in NYCOn April 30, 1789 in NYC

First Address

Today, the Federal Hall National Memorial, as it is now known, is operated by the National Park Service as a museum commemorating the historic events that happened there.

Federal Hall was our nations Federal Hall was our nations first capitol where he was first capitol where he was inaugurated. It was torn inaugurated. It was torn down in the 1900’s and down in the 1900’s and

replaced with a memorial!replaced with a memorial!

-John John Adams Adams became became Vice Vice PresidentPresident(2(2ndnd most votes) most votes)

#1)President’s Title

How should we address the President?

-Vice President suggested “His Highness the President of the United States,” but Washington decided “Mr. President” would be appropriate

#2) Creation of a Cabinet

One of the first jobs of the President and the Congress, was to put a working government in place. Congress passed laws to set up 3 departments for the Executive Branch:

1) Treasury2) State3) WarEach department was to

be headed by a secretary nominated by the President

•Secretary of Secretary of State :State :Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

Today-Jon KerryToday-Jon Kerry

Dealt with Dealt with Foreign Foreign Affairs Affairs

#2) Creation of a Cabinet

Secretary of Secretary of Treasury :Treasury : Alexander Alexander HamiltonHamilton

Dealt with the Dealt with the Nation’sNation’sFinancesFinances

……Today-Jack LewToday-Jack Lew

#2) Creation of a Cabinet

Secretary of War Secretary of War (Defense) : Henry (Defense) : Henry KnoxKnox

Today-Chuck HagelToday-Chuck Hagel

Dealt with Dealt with Protecting our Protecting our

CountryCountry

#2) Creation of a Cabinet

Attorney Attorney General: General: Edmund RandolphEdmund Randolph

Dealt with legal Dealt with legal advice and law advice and law

enforcement:enforcement:Or… top Or… top

cop/lawyer !cop/lawyer !

Today…Eric Holder Jr.Today…Eric Holder Jr.

#2) Creation of a Cabinet

#3) Gave the State of the Union

Address

Annually discusses national plans for Annually discusses national plans for the upcoming year with Congress. the upcoming year with Congress.

(Amend 22; 1951) (Amend 22; 1951)

#4) Stepping down after 2 terms

-Organized the -Organized the Supreme Court of 6 Supreme Court of 6 justicesjustices--

JUDICIARY ACT of JUDICIARY ACT of 17891789

Main JOB of the Federal Courts was

to hear appeals from the state courts

JUDICIARY ACT of JUDICIARY ACT of 17891789

John Jay John Jay Today this is John G. Roberts Today this is John G. Roberts . .

Chief Chief Justice Justice Of the Of the

SupremeSupremeCourtCourt

Interesting Facts About Washington

Only President that did not live in the White House. He was involved in the planning of the Capitol.

Washington did his own bookkeeping and recorded every penny of expense or profit. His ledgers still exist today.

Five states were added to the Union during Washington's presidency - North Carolina (1789), Rhode Island (1790), Vermont (1791), Kentucky (1792), and Tennessee (1796).

8.1 Washington Takes Office

(Continued)

Early ChallengesThe Nation’s First Economic Crisis

I.NATIONAL DEBT -

the amount the national government

owes ($52 million)

-The debt was mainly in the form of bonds that the government had sold to pay for the American Revolution.-A bond is a certificate issued by a government for an amount of money that the government promises to pay back with interest.-The issues were complicated because most people who had originally bought the bonds had sold them for less than they were worth.-The buyers of the bonds were called speculators- people who invest in a risky venture in the hope of making a large profit-It seemed unfair to many Americans that speculators would make more profit after the original bondholders had lost money

Hamilton’s 3 Idea’s :

Alexander Hamilton was responsible for developing a plan to solve the country’s financial crisis. Remember…he was the Secretary of Treasury

1) Old Govt. Bonds get Paid off He knew that paying the

debt would be a huge burden to the U.S. government but he wanted to prove to people here and abroad that the U.S. would honor its debts in full. Then, people would be willing to invest again in the future.

Congress agreed with his plan .

Southerners would support Hamilton’s plan to repay the wartime debt.

In return, the government would build its NEW capital city in the south.

Impact: Brings faith for the National Govt./makes the south happy

A view of the countryside where the nation’s capital was

to be built

2) Establish a National Bank

Washington approves

Hamilton’s proposal

This called for the creation of a privately owned bank of the U.S. It would provide a safe place to deposit government funds. This bank would be able to issue paper money that would serve as a national currency.

Washington approves Hamilton’s proposal despite Jefferson’s thought that it was unconstitutional , and would only benefit the rich! He argued that nowhere in the Constitution was there a provision allowing Congress to set up a national bank.

Do we have a National Bank Today?

Sort of…the Federal Reserve is the central bank of the United

States. However, many banks have “national bank” in their name, but

that doesn’t mean they are part of the “head” bank of the United States.

The Federal Reserve-The “REAL” National Bank!

3) Raise Tariffs and Taxes This called for a high tariff- a tax on imports (non-U.S. products)

It would raise money for the federal govt.

It would also protect U.S. manufactures from foreign competition by making imported goods more expensive

The tariff was the only part of Hamilton’s plan that Congress did NOT pass, and that was because

southerners opposed it. They argued that a high tariff would help the

North, where most industries were located, while making the

southerners pay more for the goods they bought

In 1791, Congress imposed a tax on all whiskey made and sold in the U.S. Hamilton hoped this tax would raise funds for the Treasury. Instead, it led to a revolt!

Many farmers made extra money by turning corn they grew into whiskey. Therefore, they disliked the new whiskey tax.

(Remember the British taxes?)

Whiskey was taxed!

1. THE WHISKEY REBELLION

Farmers from Western Pennsylvania revolted over taxes on Whiskey?

Farmers tarred and feather tax collectors and refused to pay!

2. Farmers would tar and feather tax collectors.

3. Washington lead an army of 13,000 to crush the

challenge.

4. Sent the message…IF YOU DISAGREE with the government, YOU NEED TO DO SO

PEACEFULLY, AND THROUGH CONSTITUTIONAL MEANS!!

8.2 The Birth of Political Parties

Federalists

What did they

believe in or want?

What was their view on the

Constitution?

What foreign country did they support?

Whose ideas did

they follow?

Who did they want to

involve in government?

What industries did they support?

What social

classes followed them?

The wealthy

and educated

A Strong Federal

Government Alexander Hamilton

Britain

They had a loose

interpretation of the

Constitution

The educated and the wealthy

Banking, shipping and

manufacturing

Democratic -Republicans

What did they

believe in or want?

What was their view on

the Constitution?

What foreign country did they support?

Whose ideas did

they follow?

Who did they want to

involve in government?

What industries did they support?

What social

classes followed them?

Urban workers

and small

farmers

A Strong State

GovernmentThomas

Jefferson

France

They had a strict

interpretation of the Constitution

The People

Farming

Federalists

What did they

believe in or want?

What was their view on the

Constitution?

What foreign country did they support?

Whose ideas did

they follow?

Who did they want to

involve in government?

What industries did they support?

What social

classes followed them?

The wealthy

and educated

A Strong Federal

Government Alexander Hamilton

Britain

They had a loose

interpretation of the

Constitution

The educated and the wealthy

Banking, shipping and

manufacturing

Answers

Democratic -Republicans

What did they

believe in or want?

What was their view on

the Constitution?

What foreign country did they support?

Whose ideas did

they follow?

Who did they want to

involve in government?

What industries did they support?

What social

classes followed them?

Urban workers

and small

farmers

A Strong State

GovernmentThomas

Jefferson

France

They had a strict

interpretation of the Constitution

The People

Farming

Answers

Events of TodayA. Congress passes the Affordable Care Act.

This act increases national regulation of the health insurance industry.

B. Certain states have decided to adapt a Common core Curriculum in education.

C. In his last state of the union address, President Obama vowed to use the “greatest extent” of his executive power to force Congress to pass budgets and laws.

Evolution of Political Parties 1792 Federalist Democratic-Reps

1816 End of the Federalist Party

1820 One Political Party! (D-R) (Era of Good Feelings)

1825 National-Reps Democratic Reps

1834 Whigs Democrats

1854 Republicans

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

French overthrow the Bastille King Louis was beheaded

The French citizens used the American Revolution as an example…they also wanted to overthrow their tyrant leader. Originally most Americans supported the revolution.

• However the revolution soon became controversial in the U.S. for two reasons.

1. As the revolution became more violent people started to disagree with the fight. Federalists disagreed with the violence

Dem-Reps supported the lower class rebelling, no matter how violent it became

2. France and Britain were at war and the U.S. wanted to remain neutral

(The U.S. wanted to trade with both sides, but since they feared each other they started to seize U.S. ships and stop them from trading)

-Eventually the revolution ended and France created a democracy. Only after 17,000 were murdered.

Similarities between the French and American Revolutions:1.Both overthrew a monarch2.Both created a democracy

Napoleon Bonaparte; Ruler 1804 - 1814

The British are still a problem

• British soldiers are still on land in the northwest territory, even though it technically surrendered this land in the Treaty of Paris.

• British troops are harassing settlers as they move west.

- The British continued to make matters worse by impressing sailors (capturing American sailors and forcing them to serve in the British navy)

TREATIES Washington’s “Proclamation of Neutrality” keeps U.S. out of war

Washington decided to

send John Jay to Britain to

smooth things over.

TREATIES

Jay’s Treaty – removes British from American soil, and settles debts pre- 1776

(doesn’t address trade, or impressments)

Washington Retires From Public Life

In 1796, Washington published a letter to fellow Americans-Farewell Address

2 major points– He warned against political parties at home– He warned about foreign policy,

neutrality(isolationism)

He took pride in his accomplishments as he left office…– The United States now had a functioning federal

government– The economy was improving– Washington had avoided war– The British had been forced to leave their forts in the

Northwest Territory

8.4 The Presidency of John Adams

• Second PresidentSecond President • Elected on March 4, 1797Elected on March 4, 1797

• Great intelligence and Great intelligence and ability(political philosopher)ability(political philosopher)

• FederalistFederalist- First president to live in - First president to live in Washington DCWashington DC

• Vice President-Thomas Jefferson Vice President-Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican)(Democratic-Republican)

PRESIDENT JOHN ADAMSPRESIDENT JOHN ADAMS

John Adams: Painting by Gilbert Stuart

(1797-1801)

Abigail Adams used the East Room to dry the laundry - Painting by

Gordon Phillips, 1966

The French The French regarded regarded Jay’s Treaty as an Jay’s Treaty as an attempt to help the attempt to help the British in their war British in their war with France.with France.

FRENCH Think: FRENCH Think: “ “THE U.S. IS HELPING BRITAIN !!!!” THE U.S. IS HELPING BRITAIN !!!!”

1. 1. CRISIS WITH FRANCECRISIS WITH FRANCE

2. THE XYZ AFFAIR:2. THE XYZ AFFAIR:

•Adams wanted to avoid Adams wanted to avoid war with France and sent war with France and sent a delegation to resolve a delegation to resolve the dispute.the dispute.

•French seized US shipsFrench seized US ships

3. THE XYZ AFFAIR:3. THE XYZ AFFAIR:

• Charles de Talleyrand Charles de Talleyrand (French foreign Minister) (French foreign Minister) sent 3 agents who sent 3 agents who demanded a bribe and a demanded a bribe and a loan for France from the loan for France from the Americans. Americans.

•Adam’s referred to the 3 French agents as X, Y, and Z

•The event became known as the XYZ Affair • U.S. responded by adding the navy

4. THE XYZ AFFAIR:4. THE XYZ AFFAIR:•Adams sets up a Navy.•U.S. fights an undeclared war at sea with France•Americans seized more than 90 French ships

ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS

1. The threat of war with France made Americans more suspicious.

2. about aliens , and anarchy. (foreigners)

• Americans feared French citizens moving into the U.S.

• Federalists in Congress responded with strict laws to protect the nation’s security

• In 1789, Congress passed a

FOUR laws known as the Alien and Sedition Acts

3. ALIEN ACT3. ALIEN ACT

James Hoban's exterior drawing,

or "elevation," 1793

•Gave the president the power to deport aliens he considered dangerous. (Gone)

•Made it difficult for white aliens to become citizens. They had to live in the country for 14 years before applying for citizenship. (Gone)

•Gave the power to the president to deport aliens living in the U.S. if we were at war with their home nation. (Still here)

•Nobody was deported!

4. SEDITION ACT

Is this fair?What Amendment is in

question?

•Made it a crime to speak, write, or publish “false, scandalous and malicious” criticisms of the government, Congress or the President.

•Used to prosecute a number of people-25 were arrested. (Gone)

•Adams refused to rush into war and in 1800 the French agreed to a treaty and stopped attacks on American ships

•Many Federalists were upset by this decision

•It caused the Federalists to split (Pro & Anti Adams).

•With the Federalists split, the Republican prospects for capturing the presidency improved and was prepared for Jefferson in the election of 1800.

Jefferson

What IS Next?