President: George Washington (no party affiliation)

Main Opponent: John Adams (no party affiliation)

Electoral Vote: Winner: 132 Main Opponent: 77 Total/Majority: 132/67

Popular Vote: no record

Votes for Others: George Clinton (50), Thomas Jefferson (4), Aaron Burr (1)

Vice President: John Adams

For all intents and purposes, Washington was unopposed for election as President. Under the system then in place, votes for Vice President were not differentiated from votes for President.

George Washington

Henry Knox

Edmund Randolph

Thomas Jefferson

Alexander HamiltonTHE CABINET

THE WHISKEY REBELLION (1794)

THE WHISKEY REBELLION (1794)

THE WHISKEY REBELLION (1794)

George Washington – 1st President (1789 – 1797)

Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson

[Finance] [Diplomacy]

Secretary of War: Henry Knox Attorney General: Edmund Randolph

[Defense] [Justice]

PrecedentsCabinet System: Group of department heads that advise the President

Proclamation of Neutrality: Established U.S. neutrality in European affairs

Whiskey Rebellion: Legitimacy of the power of the President to enforce laws

Jay’s Treaty: Executive privilege was set when Washington refused a request by Congress

Farewell Address: Final advice to the nation to maintain commercial, but not political ties to other nations (no alliances)

Some Famous Things They Didn’t Say!

• A phrase often incorrectly said to come from George Washington’s Farewell Address. Washington warned not against “entangling” alliances but against both “passionate attachments” and “inveterate antipathies” to particular foreign countries.

• It was Thomas Jefferson who said, in his first Inaugural, “peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none.”

“Entangling alliances”

Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson• Federalist • (Democratic) Republican

• Concentrating power in the federal government • Sharing power with state & local governments

• Fear of mob rule • Fear of absolute power

• Strong national government • Limited national government

• Republic of a wise elite • Democracy of virtuous farmers & tradespeople

• Loose interpretation of the Constitution • Strict interpretation of the Constitution

• National Bank constitutional • National Bank unconstitutional

• Economy based on shipping & manufacturing • Economy based on farming

• Payment of national & state debts (favoring creditors)

• Payment of only the national debt (favoring debtors)

• Supporters: merchants, manufacturers, landowners, investors, lawyers, clergy

• Supporters: the “plain people” (farmers, tradespeople)

Contrasting Views of the Federal GovernmentConflicting Views of Government (2:44) Jefferson’s Agrarian Dream (1:51)

George Washington’s Farewell Address

1796

GW warned Americans GW warned Americans regarding the regarding the

dangers of sectional jealousy dangers of sectional jealousy and excessive party spiritand excessive party spirit

George Washington’s Farewell Address

1796

George Washington’s Farewell Address

1796

GW stressed the importance of GW stressed the importance of maintaining a firm maintaining a firm unionunion of of

States, and a States, and a strong central gov’tstrong central gov’t

GW advised the U.S. to steer GW advised the U.S. to steer clear of permanent foreign clear of permanent foreign

alliances (political alliances (political entanglements), but urged the entanglements), but urged the

development of commercialdevelopment of commercial

George Washington’s Farewell Address

1796

STAYSTAY AW

AY

AWAY

FOREIGNFOREIGN

Entanglements

Entanglements

GW advised the U.S. to steer GW advised the U.S. to steer clear of permanent foreign clear of permanent foreign

alliances (political alliances (political entanglements), but urged the entanglements), but urged the

development of commercialdevelopment of commercial

George Washington’s Farewell Address

1796

STAYSTAY AW

AY

AWAY

FOREIGNFOREIGN

Entanglements

Entanglements

1. lacked military and naval power2. could lose independence in a war3. internally divided on foreign policy issues4. U.S. should devote energies to developing their economy and solving domestic issues

George Washington’s Farewell Address

1796

We……

President: John Adams, (Federalist)

Vice President Thomas Jefferson

Main Opponent: Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican)

Electoral Vote: Winner: 71 Main Opponent: 68 Total/Majority: 138/69

Popular Vote: no record

Votes for Others: Thomas Pinckney (59), Aaron Burr (30), Samuel Adams (15), Oliver Ellsworth (11), George Clinton (7), John Jay (5), James Iredell (3), Samuel Johnston (2), George Washington (2), John Henry (2), Charles C. Pinckney (1)

Federalists: John Adams, Thomas Pinckney

Republicans: Thomas Jefferson, Aaron Burr

#1 You are a Virginian, and a Virginian ought to appear at the head of this business.

#2 I am obnoxious, suspected, and unpopular, you are very much otherwise.

#3 You can write ten times better than I can.

John Adams on why Thomas Jefferson should write the Declaration of Independence

                           

The Constitution in 1796 required presidential electors to place the names of two individuals on their ballots; the candidate with the highest vote count, if a majority, became the president and the runner up the vice president.

The results were not anticipated by anyone.The results were not anticipated by anyone. Adams won with 71 electoral votes, but was followed by Thomas Jefferson with 68 votes; Thomas Pinckney trailed the leaders with 59. The president was a Federalist, but the vice president was the leader of the Democratic Republicans opposition – an untidy situation.

ELECTION of 1796ELECTION of 1796

John Adams

2nd President

Terms: 1797-1801

Party: Federalist

State: Massachusetts

Sectionalism

Placing the interests of one region over those of the nation as a whole. The Election of 1796 illustrated this > the North voted for Adams; the South voted for Jefferson.

XYZ Affair (1797)

Requests of bribes in exchange for negotiations by France. French ships were seizing U.S. vessels carrying British goods since the two countries were at war.

Alien & Sedition Acts

A series of 4 laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants to the U.S., who tended to favor the anti-British Democratic Republican Party.

Nullification

Principle that states had the right to nullify, or consider void, any act of Congress that they deemed unconstitutional. A major factor in the march toward Civil War.

Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions

These states viewed the Alien & Sedition Acts as unconstitutional because they violated the 1st Amendment and deprived citizens of their rights . Showed the balance of power between the states & the federal government remained a controversial issue.

John Adams – 2nd President (1797 – 1801)

Foreign Problems + Federal & State Conflicts:

Sectionalism

Placing the interests of one region over those of the nation as a whole. The Election of 1796 illustrated this > the North voted for Adams; the South voted for Jefferson.

John Adams – 2nd President (1797 – 1801)

Foreign Problems + Federal & State Conflicts:

Sectionalism

Placing the interests of one region over those of the nation as a whole. The Election of 1796 illustrated this > the North voted for Adams; the South voted for Jefferson.

XYZ Affair (1797)

Requests of bribes in exchange for negotiations by France. French ships were seizing U.S. vessels carrying British goods since the two countries were at war.

John Adams – 2nd President (1797 – 1801)

Foreign Problems + Federal & State Conflicts:

1797  President Adams sent a delegation to Paris in 1797 (including John Marshall). The U.S. delegates secretly approached by three French agents- XYZ . They demanded a large loan and a bribe of $250.000 for the  privilege of talking to French foreign minister Talleyrand. Negotiations broke down and Marshall came home—seen as

a hero  War hysteria swept the U.S.

Some Famous Things They Didn’t Say!

• Charles Pinckney was supposed to have said this in 1797 when he and two other American diplomats who were trying to negotiate a treaty with the French were asked for a bribe by agents of the foreign minister Talleyrand (The XYZ Affair.) What Pinckney did say was, “No! No! Not a sixpence, sir!”

• The famous words, however, were spoken a year later by Congressman Robert Goodloe Harper of South Carolina at a banquet for another of these diplomats, John Marshall (the future Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.)

“Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute”

Sectionalism

Placing the interests of one region over those of the nation as a whole. The Election of 1796 illustrated this > the North voted for Adams; the South voted for Jefferson.

XYZ Affair (1797)

Requests of bribes in exchange for negotiations by France. French ships were seizing U.S. vessels carrying British goods since the two countries were at war.

Alien & Sedition Acts

A series of 4 laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants to the U.S., who tended to favor the anti-British Democratic Republican Party.

John Adams – 2nd President (1797 – 1801)

Foreign Problems + Federal & State Conflicts:

Alien & Sedition Acts (2:30)

The USA Patriot Act -- the nation's main anti-terrorism tool -- was enacted by Congress and signed into law by President Bush in October 2001.

In July 2005, the House voted 257-171 to extend the act's key provisions, making permanent 14 of the 16 provisions that were to expire at the end of the year. Two other provisions -- on business records and

"roving wiretaps" -- were renewed for 10 years.

Here is an overview of the law.

Information sharing

The Patriot Act allows information from criminal probes to be shared with intelligence agencies and other parts of the government.

The act authorizes U.S. law enforcement and intelligence officers to share information about suspected terrorists with a broad range of

federal agencies and governmental departments.

Roving wiretap

Section 206 of the act authorizes "multi-point," also known as "roving," wiretaps to intercept wire, oral and electronic communications without separate court approvals for each instance. It allows law enforcement

officials to get court orders to wiretap a suspect's phone conversations, seize electronic and voice messages, and intercept Internet traffic without

limiting it to a specific phone or identifying the suspect.

Detention and jail

The federal government is allowed to detain non-U.S. citizens suspected of terrorism for up to seven days without specific charges. The

administration originally wanted to hold them indefinitely.

One of the amendments sets a 20-year jail term for an attack against a rail or mass-transit vehicle; a 30-year sentence if the vehicle carries nuclear

material; and life imprisonment -- with the possibility of the death penalty

-- if anyone is killed in such an attack.

Records access

Section 215 allows officials to demand access to business, medical, library and tax records without judicial approval

In July 2005, the Senate Intelligence Committee approved giving the FBI expanded powers to subpoena records without the approval of a judge or grand jury, but the amendment requires the FBI director to approve any

request for library or bookstore records.

"Sneak & Peek"

Section 213 authorizes officials to search a home or business on a "delayed notice," meaning they don't have to notify the suspect

immediately.

Money laundering

Title III of the act expands measures against money laundering by requiring additional record keeping and reports for certain transactions

and requiring identification of account holders.

Statute of limitations

The Patriot Act eliminates the statute of limitations for prosecuting the most egregious terrorist acts, but maintains the statute of limitation on

most crimes at five to eight years.

Sectionalism

Placing the interests of one region over those of the nation as a whole. The Election of 1796 illustrated this > the North voted for Adams; the South voted for Jefferson.

XYZ Affair (1797)

Requests of bribes in exchange for negotiations by France. French ships were seizing U.S. vessels carrying British goods since the two countries were at war.

Alien & Sedition Acts

A series of 4 laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants to the U.S., who tended to favor the anti-British Democratic Republican Party.

Nullification

Principle that states had the right to nullify, or consider void, any act of Congress that they deemed unconstitutional. A major factor in the march toward Civil War.

Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions

These states viewed the Alien & Sedition Acts as unconstitutional because they violated the 1st Amendment and deprived citizens of their rights . Showed the balance of power between the states & the federal government remained a controversial issue.

John Adams – 2nd President (1797 – 1801)

Foreign Problems + Federal & State Conflicts: