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Ch. 13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy

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Election of 1824 & the Corrupt Bargain 1. Clay supports Adams 2. Clay = Sec. of State = 3. Stepping stone to presidency 1. Jackson won popular vote 2.Felt Clay/Adam move was planned

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John Q. Adams 6 th President 1825-1829 Democratic Republican

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Adams Presidency Many Americans saw Adams vision of a might nation led by a strong president as a threat to individual liberties and issue of slavery. Some believed he allowed too much political control to be held by elites. Some objected to his support of national economic development on constitutional grounds; via tariffs Adams believed a strong, active central government was necessary. A national university. An astronomical observatory. A naval academy.

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Adams Presidency He supported the land rights of Native Americans against white settlers. 1825 govt. officials negotiated a treaty with a group of Creek Indians to cede their land rights to GA. The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to renounce the treaty. Congress sided with the governor of GA. His land policies gave westerners another reason to dislike him. He attempted to curb speculation for public lands his opponent accused him of denying their individual rights and freedoms to expand westward

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The New Popular Democratic Culture 1.Recognition name of the game 2.Parades and dirty tricks 3.Politicians out in communities 4.Party loyalties 5.Newspaper helped the process 6.Serious mudslinging!

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Voting Requirements in the Early 19c

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Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860

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Campaigning on the Stump

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Election of 1828 - Popular democracy at its finest -Man of the people vs. the aristocracy - All regions unite to support him

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Old Hickory Age of the Common Man Old Hickory Age of the Common Man Democrat 1828-1836

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Jacksons Inauguration!

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Jackson: Anything but Common Democrat 1.Rags to riches 2.Military hero a. Revolutionary War b. War of 1812 3. Undemocratic Old Hickory a. Hated natives b. Slave owner 4. Little political experience

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To the victor belong the spoils Jacksons Kitchen Cabinet

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Issue with Tariffs Tariff of 1816 on imports of cheap textiles. Tariff of 1824 on iron goods and more expensive woolen and cotton imports. Tariff of 1828 higher tariffs on imported raw materials [like wool & hemp]. Aka Tariff of Abominations Supported by Jacksonians to gain votes from farmers in NY, OH, KY. The South alone was adamantly against it. As producers of the worlds cheapest cotton, it did not need a protective tariff. They were negatively impacted American textiles and iron goods [or the taxed English goods] were more expensive! South doesnt manufacture; therefore, they have to buy those needed products at a higher price. No bueno!

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The Nullification Crisis 1. Tariffs & Sectionalism: Whos for? Whos against? 2. North a. Supported by merchants b. Increases sales of American made goods 3. South a. Feared tariff retaliation on cotton b. Luxury goods prices would increase 4. Tariff of Abomination (1828) a. Supported by North & Jackson b. South unconstitutional; hardest hit c. May pass other unconstitutional laws

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The Nullification Crisis 5.Nullification Doctrine a. Protects rights of minority (south) b. Is a threat to national unity (AJ) c. The S.C. Exposition: Pamphlet proposing states nullify tariff of 1828; Written by VP J.C. Calhoun 6.Force Bill Allowed govt to collect taxes at gun point since S.C. refused 7.Tariff of 1833, proposed by Henry Clay, gradually lowers tariffs

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Sectional Leaders Daniel Webster Henry Clay North West John Calhoun South

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House Vote on Tariff of 1828 ] ForAgainst New England1623 Middle States (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware) 566 West (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky) 291 South464 Total10594 Free States8829 Slave States1765

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Tariff of Abominations

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Indian Removal (1830) 1.Policy of assimilation and relocation, by force if necessary. 2.treaties: mostly underhanded 3.Cherokee a. Most assimilated b. Cherokee Nation v. Ga & Worcester v. Ga. i. as dependent nations, states cannot make natives give up there lands ii. Jackson ignores the verdict and supports the states c. Trail of Tears (1838) Demonstrated the unfairness of majority rule

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Indian Removal Act 1830

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Trail of Tears (1838-1839)

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The Bank War (1832) 1.Function of Second Bank of the U.S : a. Held govts money b. Sold bonds c. Gave commercial loans d. Controlled state banks; i. repaid by state banks w/ hard currency 2.Problem? a. No national currency = b. Too many different currencies at different values c. Too much power d. Still a private institution

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The Bank War 3.Opponents to banks a. Farmers/urban worker i.restrict loans ii.Call in loans (the loans need to be repaid sooner) = recession b. Pres. Jackson i.Unconstitutional ii.Banks harmful to states rights iii.Banks worked for the elites iv.Vetoed bank charter v.Helped in election 1832 vi.Favored pet banks= state banks Jackson removes govt money from US bank = death of the National bank.

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The Bank War 4.LTC of nonrenewal of bank charter a.Ended Clays American system b.Laissez-faire economics: govt does not get involved with business; let supply and demand control the economy c.Permanent two party system opposition d.Banks at state level = too much speculation and credit

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Opposition to the 2 nd B.U.S. Soft (paper) $ Hard (specie) $ state bankers felt it restrained their banks from issuing bank notes freely. supported rapid economic growth & speculation. felt that coin was the only safe currency. didnt like any bank that issued bank notes. suspicious of expansion & speculation.

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The Bank & the 1832 Election Jackson saw Biddles pushing forward a bill to renew the Banks charter earlier as an attempt to block his re- election! Biddle & his associates preferred Clay. Jackson refused to sign the bill to re-charter. The Bank is trying to destroy me, but I will destroy it! Jackson drops Calhoun and runs with Martin Van Buren. BUT, both parties [Democrats & Whigs] had contradictory positions regarding their party principles, to many of the issues of the day!

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Positions on the Key Issues of 1832 National Republicans DEMOCRATSDEMOCRATS Less concerned about the widening gap between rich and poor. Opposed liberal capitalism because they believed it would lead to economic chaos. Strong national govt. to coordinate the expanding economy was critical. Opposes Indian removal. Favored tariffs. Supported a National Bank. Felt the widening gap between rich and poor was alarming. Believed that bankers, merchants, and speculators were non-producers who used their govt. connections to line their own pockets. Govt. should have a hands- off approach to the economy to allow the little guy a chance to prosper. For Indian removal. Oppose tariffs. States rights. Oppose federal support for internal improvements. Opposed the National Bank.

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1832 Election Results

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The Specie Circular (1836) Speculators created wildcat banks that fueled runaway inflation. So, buy future federal land only with gold or silver. This move shocked the system. Jacksons goal to curb land speculation.

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Results of the Specie Circular $ Banknotes loose their value. $ Land sales plummeted. $ Credit not available. $ Businesses began to fail. $ Unemployment rose. The Panic of 1837! The Panic of 1837!

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The Panic of 1837 Hits Everyone!

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The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!

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The 1836 Election Results

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The Whigs & the Election of 1836 William Harrison Whig Martin Van Buren Democrat

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Democrats 1. Democrats a.Think TJ & Democratic- Republicans b.Small farmers c.South and west d.Expansion? James Polk Van Buren Jackson

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Whigs a.Think Hamilton and Federalists b.Clays American System i.Banks ii.Transportation systems iii.Tariffs c.Strong govt; intervention d.Religion and self-discipline important Henry Clay Zachary Taylor William H. Harrison

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Panic of 1837 1.Causes a. End of 2nd national bank b. Speculative boom esp. by foreign investors c. Too many new loans at state level not backed by specie (gold/silver) d. Contraction of credit by foreign investors; called in loans e. Price of cotton and grains increases f. Too much paper money g. Implementation of the specie circular 2. Trickle effect of any recession? UNEMPLOYMENT! 3.Van Buren passes Independent Treasury Bill; a banking system independent of the federal government = what will become of the Federal Reserve System

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Americans in Texas! 1.Legal settlement by Amer. (conditional)Stephen Austin a. Formal contracts b. Amer. to become Mexican citizens c. convert to Catholicism d. Slavery allowed 2. Pop: more Amer. than Mex. 3. Mex. Govt turns on Amer. a.Outlaws slavery b.Impose taxes 4.Increase anti-Mex sentiments 5.1836: Texans declare independence

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Americans in Texas! 6. Remember the Alamo! a.1836 defeat of Americans at the Alamo by Santa Anna b.Americans redeem themselves in the spring of 1836 and win over Gen. Santa Ann 6.Treaty of Velasco w/Gen. Santa Anna = border at Rio Grande; Mex. Congress rejects it 7.Republic of Texas 1836- 1845; slavery an issue for statehood 8.Statehood: Dec. 1845

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Campaign of 1840 1.80% voter turnout 2.Reached out to everyday people 3.Was vague re: stance on issues of the day 4.Dies one month into presidency Harrison Whig Martin Van Ruin Democrat

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Harrison out John Tyler In Democrat

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The Expansion and Limits of Suffrage 6.Two-Party System Whigs (later the Republicans) and Democrats; both stem from the Jeffersonian Republican 1.Western expansion = a.More states = more opportunities for voter participation b.Changing from traditional voting structure 2.Able to fight but not vote. Say whaaat!! 3.By 1840, 90% adult male allowed to vote 4.Time of the common man? 5.More voting than in any other country; landless and poor able to vote