BG-Social Humanitarian and Cultural Committee..doc

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Shijiazhuang Elites' Model United NationsSummit 2014

BackgroundGuide


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ear d el egates and *acul t+ ad,isers-

(t is m+ esteemed .leasure to / el come +ou to the SEMUN S ummit 2014 and to theS%)&UM council i n . articular ( elie,e that i t / ill eco me an etraordin ar+ MUNe .erience *or al l di stingui shed del egates

M+ n ame i s 3eiji a !uo- + ou can call me ince and ( am a seni or t/o student i nShi jiazhuang No2 Middl e S chool ( ha, e een .arti ci.ate i n man+ other MUN acti,i ti es-such as the &MUN 2014 and the UNMUN 2014- ( ac5ui red man+ s.eci al and neoteri cunderstandi ng ao ut MUN and these attracti,e i nternati onal a airs * orm m+ e .erienceo* MUN- and i t is m+ .leasure to share these i deas /ith all the delegates in these summit-

( am look *or/ard to i t

(n thi s meeting / e /il l address issues criti cal around the / orl d / hich are relati,e /i thsoci t+- humani t+ and culture- the+ are natio nal sel *6determi natio n and death .enalt+uri ng the con* erence- +o u / il l e call ed u .on to demonstrate critic al th inkin g-inno,ati,e i deas- and mul tilateral col laoration- + our goal i s to tackl e th e .rol ems o*th e agenda items( ho.e that the ackground g ui de can .ro ,ide + ou essenti al and.ractical acad emi c con ten t- and ( am sti ll stro ngl + suggest all th e d elegates tosu..l ement the content / ith *urther research

( /oul d al so li ke to a..reci ate +our co mi ng- ( am here to hel . to di rect- so ( / ant al l thedel eg ates to e * ree to talk to ask me some rele,ant 5uestions e, en to 5uestion m+mi stake ( / ould lo,e to ecome *amili ar / ith each o* + ou i n this summit ( am l ook*or/ard to meeting + ou and /itnessing the .roducts o* +o ur .re.arati on see +ou ato.eni ng ceremonies

Si ncerel+

!uo 3eiji a- 789:; con*erences "hanks to these meeti ng- ( recei ,ed man+ memoral e e.eriences* or m+ career in MUN and * or m+ sel* " his /il l e m+ rst time to direct the commi ttees

$or al l o* + ou- ( /i ll tr+ m+ utmost o* m+ .otenti al to hel. + ou and al so to make thismeeting a memorale e.eri ence * or all o* us ( /ish +ou all the est o* luck .re.aring *orthe con*erence ?lease rememer th at in additi on to readi ng the stud+ guid e care*ul l+-+ our o/n research is essenti al in order * or all o* +ou to make accurate and ,aluale

contriutions to the committee sessions %ur resolution /il l onl + e as e ecti, e as the5ualit+ o* + our research- thought- and the energ+ + ou .ut into it- and ( e.ect each o* + outo do +our est to .arti ci.ate ( lo, e hearing * rom d el egates- so .lease do not hesitate tocontact me i* + ou ha,e an+ 5uesti ons or comments leadi ng u. to the con* erence

S incerel+

&an 3enchu- @A9CD

ssistant i rector- Soci al &umanitari an an d )ul tural )ommittee

Shi ji azhuang E lites' Model United Nations Summit 2014

SEMUN


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!E""E# $#%M "&E SS(S"N"(#E)"%#

ear delegates and * acult+ ad,i sers-

('m asmi ne Fhang- a senior stud ent i n (nternatio nal )lass (t is m+ di stinct . leasure to/ el come +o u to Shi ji azhuang El ites' Model Uni ted Nations 2014= ( am incred il+ el atedthat + ou /il l e joi ning us *or our * ourth session o* SE MUN- and am assurance that +ou/ ill ac5uire great har,est in this con*erence ('m reall + looking * or/ard to seeing thei ncredi le / ork /hi ch .ro duced + +ou and +our .eers (n this con* erence- + ou need tomake a statement and create resolutions in order to sa* eg uard legal rights i n +ourcountr+ (t /il l deate ack and *orth thro ug h th e three da+s o* meetin gs

#eg ardless o* +o ur l e, el o* e .erience in Model UN- ( urge +ou to .re.are resourcesaout * undamental /orld issues (n ad dition- it i s necessar+ * or +ou to reg ard SE MUN asan i n nite and o.en tri une to n egoti ate and d eate "r+i ng to transcend +our o /ncountr+ .ers.ecti, es and re.resent other interests ( assure th at + ou / il l sur.ri se at themultitude o* no,el ideas arising *rom ste..ing ack and treating things * ro m anoth er.oi nt o* ,ie/ %n the co ntrar+- some issues might e contentious or 5uite com.l icated-rememer to .erse, ere=

Ultimatel +- ( etremel+ ho.e that +ou / il l use the ackground guide as a detai ledresource and s.ringin g oard *or + our o /n research and .re.aratio n *or committee- andon ehal* o * SEMUN- ( sincerel + /elcome +ou to con* erence=

S incerel+

asmine Fhang- 7HA7I

ssistant i rector- Soci al &umanitari an and )ul tural )ommittee

Shi ji azhuang E lites' Model United Nations Summit 2014

SEMUN


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)ommitteeSocial- &umanitarian and )ultural )ommittee

gendaNational Sel*6etermination

eath ?enalt+%**icial !anguage

English"B!E %$ )%N"EN"

"o.ic JNational Sel*6etermination 1

&istor+ o* the (ssue 2

)ase Stud+ K

?ast (nternational ction L

uestion and #esolution must ns/er 10

Biliogra.h+ 11

"o.ic B Jeath ?enalt+ 12)urrent Situation 12

)ase Stud+ 1

#ele,ant UN ctions 20

uestion and #esolution must ns/er 22Suggestions *or $urther #esearch 2O

?osition ?a.er #e5uirement 24

Biliogra.h+ 2

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Nanking PM" Go,ernment

Topic A: National Self-Determination

Introduction

"he right o* nations to sel*6determination is a cardinal .rinci.le in moderninternational la/ as such on the United Nations as authoritati,e inter.retation o* the)harter's norms (t states that nations ased on res.ect *or the .rinci.le o* e5ualrights and *air e5ualit+ o* o..ortunit+ ha,e the right to *reel+ choose theirso,ereignt+ and international .olitical status /ith no eternal com.ulsion orinter*erence /hich can e traced ack to the tlantic )harter- signed on 14 ugust1L41- + $ranklin #oose,elt- ?resident o* the United States o* merica- and 3inston)hurchill- ?rime Minister o* the United Pingdom /ho .ledged "he Eight ?rinci.al.oints o* the )harter "he .rinci.le does not state ho/ the decision is to e made- or/hat the outcome should e- /hether it e inde.endence- *ederation- .rotection-

some *orm o* autonom+ or e,en *ull assimilation Neither does it state /hat thedelimitation et/een nations should e QR or e,en /hat constitutes a nation (n *act-there are con*licting de*initions and legal criteria *or determining /hich grou.s ma+legitimatel+ claim the right to sel*6determination

%n 14 ecemer 1L>0- the United Nations General sseml+ ado.ted United NationsGeneral sseml+ #esolution 114 T under titled eclaration on the Granting o*

(nde.endence to )olonial )ountries and ?eo.les .ro,ided *or the granting o*inde.endence to colonial countries and .eo.les in .ro,iding an ine,itale legallinkage et/een sel*6determination and its goal o* decolonization- and a .ostulatedne/ international la/6ased right o* *reedom also in economic sel*6determination (nrticle statesJ (mmediate ste.s shall e taken in "rust and Non6Sel*6Go,erning"erritories- or all other territories /hich ha,e not +et attained inde.endence- totrans*er all .o/ers to the .eo.les o* those territories- /ithout an+ conditions orreser,ations- in accordance /ith their *reel+ e.ressed /ill and desire- /ithout an+distinction as to race- creed or color- in order to enale them to enjo+ com.leteinde.endence and *reedom- moreo,er on 1 ecemer 1L>0 the United NationsGeneral sseml+ ado.ted United Nations General sseml+ #esolution 141 T

under titled ?rinci.les /hich should guide memers in determining /hether or not anoligation eists to transmit the in*ormation called *or under rticle KOe o* the UnitedNations )harter in rticle O .ro,ided that ade5uac+ o* .olitical- economic- social oreducational .re.aredness should ne,er ser,e as a .retet *or dela+ing inde.endence"o monitor the im.lementation o* #esolution 114 in 1L>1 the G eneral sseml+

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cr ea te d th e S. e cia l )om mitt eer e * e r r e d t o . o . u l a r l+ a s t h eS . e c i a l ) o m m i t t e e o n e c o l o n i z a t i o n t o e n s u r ed e c o l o n i z a t i o n c o m . l e t e

com. liance / it h the .rinci.le o*s e l*6 d e t e r m in a t i o n in G e n e r a ls se ml+ #e so lu tion 141 T -12 ?rinci. le o* the nne de *in in g* r e e a s s o c i a t i o n / i t h a ni nd e .e n d en t St a te - in te g r at io ni nt o an in d e . e nd e nt S ta t e - o ri nd e. e nd e nce as th e th re e le g it ima te o . tio ns o * *u ll s e l*6 go ,e r nme n tcom. lia nce /ith the .r in ci. le o* sel*6d ete rminat ion

History of the Issue

P re-20t h ce n tu ry

ust as co lo niza tion and co lonialism ha,e e en .ra ct ice d t hroug hout recor dedh is to r +- . o li ti cal s e l*6d e te r mi na t io n- o n a n i nd i, id ua l le ,e l - ha s e e nd ocumente d s imila rl+ and che rishe d high l+ + collecti,e . eo .les des .ite t hemVa ncie nt M eso .ot amia a nd the late r G ree k cit+6sta tes are ear l+ eam. les o * it s

. ractice "he e m.lo +ment o* im. er ialism- thr ough the e.a nsion o* em.ire s-a nd the conce .t o* .olitical so ,e re ignt+- as d e,e lo.e d a*te r the "re at+ o*3es t.ha lia - a ls o e. lain the e mer ge nce o* sel*6d ete rmina tion dur ing themod er n e ra u ring- a nd a*te r- the ( ndus trial #e,o lution man+ gro u.s o*. eo. le reco gniz ed the ir shar ed histo r +- g eog ra .h+- langua ge - and cus tomsN ation alism e merg ed a s a uniting id eolo g+ not onl+ et /ee n com. eting. o/e rs- ut a lso *or gro u.s th at *elt s uo rdinat ed o r dis en*ra nchised insidelar ger sta tes - in this situat io n se l*6de te rminatio n can e see n a s a rea ction toim.e rialis m S uch g rou. s o*te n .ur sued inde .en den ce and s o,er eign t+ o,erte rrito r+- ut some times a di**ere nt se nse o* a utonom+ ha s e en . ursue d orachie ,ed

" he /or ld .os ses sed s e,e ral trad itiona l- co ntine ntal em. ir es such as the% ttoman - # ussia n- ustria nW&as urg - a nd the ing Em.ire ?olitical s cie ntistso*te n de *ine com.e tition in E uro.e dur in g the M od ern E ra as a ala nce o*.o /er str ugg le- /hich a ls o ind uced ,arious Eur o.e an state s t o .u rsue colon ia le m.ires - e ginning /ith the S .anis h an d ?or tug uese - and la ter including theBr itish- $ren ch- utch- and Ge rma n ur ing th e e arl+ 1Lth ce ntur +- com. etitio nin Eu ro.e .ro duced multi.le /ar s- mo st no ta l+ the N a. oleo nic 3ar s *terthis con*lict- the British E m. ire e came d ominant an d ente red it s Xim. er ia lcent ur+ X- /hile nation alism e ca me a . o/e r*ul .o lit ical id eolo g+ in Euro .e

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" he %tto man Em. ire- ustr ian Em. ire- #u ssian E m.ire - ing Em. ire a nd thene / Em. ire o* a .an maint ained thems el,e s- o*t en e . anding or cont racting a tth e e.e nse o* ano the r e m.ire ll ig nore d not io ns o* s el*6d ete rminatio n *o rth ose go,e rne d

" he re ,olt o* N e/ 3orld B ritish colo nists in No rt h mer ica- dur ing the mid61KK0s - has e en se en a s t he *irst as ser tion o* the rig ht o* na tional andd emocra tic se l*6de ter mination - e ca use o* the e. licit in,ocation o* natur alla /- the natur al rig hts o* ma n- a s /e ll as the cons ent o*- a nd so ,ere ignt+ +- the. eo. le g o,e rned V thes e id eas /er e ins. ired .ar ticular l+ + ohn !o cke'se nlig hte ne d /rit ing s o* the . re, ious ce ntur + "h oma s e **er so n *ur t her. romote d t he no tion th at the /ill o* the .e o.le /as su.r eme - e s.e ciall+th rough autho rshi. o* the U nite d St ates eclara tion o* (n de. end ence /hichins. ired Euro .e ans thr ougho ut the 1Lth ce ntur + "he $re nch #e,olut ion /asmo ti,a ted s imila rl+ a nd leg it imatiz ed the id ea s o* se l*6de ter mina tion on tha t% ld 3o rld cont in ent

3ithin th e N e/ 3orld dur in g the ea rl+ 1Lth ce ntur +- mos t o* the nations o*S .a nish me rica achie ,e d in de .e nd en ce *r om S .a in " he U nite d S ta tessu ..o rte d t hat st atus - a s .o lic+ in th e he mis.he re relat i,e to E uro. ea ncolo nia lism- /it h the M onr oe octr ine " he m er ica n . ulic- o rga niz eda ssociate d g rou. s- a nd e ,e n )ong ress ional re solut ions- o*te n s u.. or ted s uchmo,e ment s- .a rt icular l+ t he Gr ee k 3ar o* (nde .e nde nce 1Y21Z) 2L a nd thed e m a n d s o * & u n g a r i a nr e ,o l ut io n a r ie s in 1 Y4YS u c h su . . o r t - h o /e ,e r-

n e , e r e c a m e o * * i c i a lg o,er nment .o lic+- due to a l a n c i n g o * o t h e rn a ti on a l i nt e r e st s *t e rthe me rican )i,il 3a r a nd/ith incre as in g ca.a ilit+-t h e U n i t e d S t a t e sg o , e r n m e n t d i d n o ta cce .t sel*6de ter minat io na s a a s i s d u r i n g i t s? ur ch a s e o * la s k a a n d

at tem. ted .urchas e o* the3 e s t ( n d i a n i s l a n d s o *S aint "ho mas a nd Sa in t ohn in 1Y>0s- or its g ro/ing in*luen ce in t he &a/aiia n(s lands - tha t le d to ann eatio n in 1YLY 3ith its ,ictor + in the S .anis h6me rican 3ar in 1YLL a nd its gr o/ing stat ure in the /o rld- the U nited Sta tessu. .o rte d anne a tion o* the *o rmer S .anish colonie s o * G uam- ?ue rto # icoan d the ?hili.. in es- /ithout th e co nse nt o* the ir .e o.le s- a nd it reta inedX5ua si6suz er aint+X o ,er )ua - as / ell

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W orld Wa rs I an d II

3oo dro/ 3ilso n re,i,e d me rica's commitme nt to s el*6d ete rminatio n- a t leas t*o r Euro .e an sta tes - du ring 3orld 3ar ( 3he n the Bolsh e,iks came to . o/e r in# ussia in No,e me r 1L1K- t he+ ca lled *or #us sia's imme diate /ith dra /al a s a

me me r o* th e llie s o* 3or ld 3ar ( " he + also su. .o rte d t he r ight o * allna tions - including co lonies - to sel*6d ete rminat ion X " he 1L1Y )o nstitut io n o*th e S o,ie t U nion a ck no/le dg ed the right o* se ce ssio n *or its cons titue ntre .u lics

" his .re sen ted a challeng e to 3ilson's more limited d ema nds ( n anuar + 1L1Y3ilso n iss ued his $o urt ee n ?oints o* a nuar + 1L1Y /hich- a mong o ther th in gs-calle d *o r a djustme nt o * co lonial cla ims - as lo ng as the intere sts o* colo nial. o/e rs ha d e5 ual /eig ht /ith the cla ims o* suje ct . eo .les " he "rea t+ o*B res t6!it o,s k in Ma rch 1L1Y led to #u ssia 's eit *ro m the /a r a nd the

ind e. end ence o* r menia - $inland- E ston ia - !at,ia- U kr aine - !it huania- Ge orgiaa nd ?oland " he end o* the / ar le d to the d isso lution o* the de *ea ted ustro 6&ung aria n E m.ire an d the crea tion + the llies o* )ze ch oslo,ak ia and theunio n o* the S tate o* S lo ,ene s- )roa ts and S er s and t he Ping dom o* S e ria asne / s tate s &o/e ,er- this im. ositio n o* s tate s /h ere so me na tion alitieses .e cia ll+ ?o les- )z echs- and S er s a nd #omania ns /e re gi,en .o/ er o,erna tionalitie s /ho dislike d an d dis truste d t hem e ,entua ll+ hel. ed le ad to 3orld3ar ( ( "he de *eat ed %tto man e m.ire /as disso l,ed in to the #e .u lic o* "urke +a nd se ,era l smalle r natio ns- in clud ing [eme n- . lus the ne/ M idd le Ea st lliedXmand ate sX o * S+r ia a nd !e an on *utur e S +ria- !e an on a nd &ata + Sta te-?ale stine *utu re "ran sjord an an d (s rae l- Me so .ota mia *uture (ra 5 " he!e ague o* N atio ns /as .r o.o sed as much a s a mea ns o* co nsolida ting the se

ne / sta tes- as a .ath to . ea ce

uring th e 1L20s a nd 1LO0s th ere /e re some s ucce ss*ul mo,eme nts *or se l*6d ete rminatio n in t he eg innings o* the . roces s o* deco lo niza tion (n theSt atute o* 3e stminste r the U nited Ping dom gra nte d ind e. end ence to )anad a-N e/ Fe aland - N e/*ou ndland - the (rish $re e St ate- the )ommo n/ea lth o*us tralia - and the U nion o* S outh *rica a *ter the B ritish .arlia ment de cla reditse l* as inca.a le o* . assin g la/s o ,er t hem /itho ut the ir conse nt Eg+. t-*gh anista n and (ra 5 als o achie ,ed in de. end ence *rom Br itain a nd !e anon*rom $ra nce % the r e**or ts /e re unsu cce ss*ul- like the (ndia n ind e. end encemo,e ment nd (tal+- a.a n and G e rman+ a ll initia ted ne/ e **or ts to ringcer tain te rr it orie s unde r the ir co ntro l- lea ding to 3or ld 3a r ((

(n sia - a.a n ecame a ris in g . o/e r a nd ga in ed more re s. ect *ro m 3es tern.o /er s a*te r its ,ictor + in the # usso 6a.a nes e 3a r a.an jo in ed the llied?o/e rs in 3o rld 3ar ( a nd a ttacke d G er ma n colon ia l .o sse ssion s in th e $arEa st- ad ding *o rmer G erma n .o sse ssions to it s o/n em. ir e (n t he 1LO0s - a.anga ined s igni*icant in*luen ce in ( nner Mong olia an d Ma nch uria a*t er it in,ad edM a n ch u r i a ( t e s t a l is h e d M a n c hu k u o - a . u. . e t s t a t e in M a n ch u r ia a n d

24



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e ast ern (nne r M ongo lia "h is /as e sse ntiall+ th e mo del a. an *ollo /ed as itin,ad ed othe r are as in s ia and e sta lishe d the Gr eat er E ast s ia )o 6?ros. er it+S .he re

( n 1L12- t he #e .ulic o* )hina o**icia ll+ succee de d the ing +nast +- /hile

% uter Mong olia- "i et a nd "u,a . roclaime d the ir inde .e nde nce ( nde .en den ce/a s not acce. ted + th e go,e rnme nt o* )hina B+ t he "re at+ o* P+ akhta 1L1% uter M ong olia re co gniz ed )hina 's so,e re ig nt+ &o/e ,er- the S o,ie t thre at o*s eiz in g .a rts o* (nne r Mo ngo lia induce d )hina to recog nize %ut er M ong olia'sind e. end ence- .r o,ide d tha t a r e*e rend um /as held " he r e*e rend um too k. lace on % cto e r 20- 1L4- /ith accord ing to o**icia l nume rs 100\ o* thee lector ate ,o ting *or ind e. end ence

M an+ o* Eas ter n sia's cu rren t dis. utes to so,e reig nt+a nd sel*6d ete rminat io n s tem *rom u nres ol,ed dis .ute s

*ro m 3or ld 3ar (( *ter it s *all- the Em.ire o* a.a nre noun ce d cont rol o,e r ma n+ o* its *orme r .o sse ssio nsincluding Pore a- Sa khalin ( sland - a nd "a i/an] (n none o*t he s e a r e as / e r e th e o . in io ns o * a ** e ct e d .e o . leco n su lt e d - o r g i ,e n si gn i* ica nt . r io r it + P o re a / a ss. eci*ica ll+ gr ante d ind e.e nde nce ut th e re cei,er o*,ar io us o the r a rea s /a s no t st ated in t he "re at+ o* Sa n$r ancisco- gi,ing "a i/an d e *acto ind e. end ence a lthoug hits . olitical sta tus continue s to e am iguou s

Th e o ld War !o rl d

(n 1L41 llies o* 3or ld 3ar ( ( sig ned the tla ntic )har ter and acce. ted the. rinci. le o* se l*6de ter min ation (n a nuar + 1L42 t/e nt+6si sta tes s igne d thee c la ra t io n + U n it ed N a t io ns - / hi ch ac ce . te d t ho s e . ri nci .l e s " hera ti*ica tion o* the U nited N atio ns )ha rt er in 1L4 a t t he en d o* 3orld 3ar ((. la ce d th e righ t o* s el*6d ete rminatio n into the *r ame /ork o * inte rna tional la/an d di.lo mac+

1)ha .te r 1- r ticle 1- .a rt 2 sta tes that . ur.o se o* the U N )har ter is J X"o

d e,elo . *r iend l+ re lations a mong natio ns ase d on res .ect *or the .r inci. le o*e 5ual r ig hts a nd se l*6de ter mination o * . eo .les - a nd to ta ke o ther a.. ro.r iateme asure s to s treng the n uni,er sal .e aceX

2 rticle 1 in o th t he ( nter nation al )o,e nant on )i,il an d ?olitical # ights())?# and the (nt erna tiona l )o,en ant on E co nomic- So cia l and )ultura l# ights ()ES )# re ad sJ Xll .e o.le s ha,e the right o* sel*6d ete rmina tion B +,ir tue o* th at rig ht the + *re e l+ d ete rmine their . olitical sta tus a nd *ree l+ .ur suethe ir econ omic- so cia l a nd cultura l d e,e lo.me ntX

O" he U nit ed N atio ns U ni,e rs al e cla ra tio n o* &u man #ig ht s a rt icle 1 s ta te s



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th at e,e r+o ne has th e right to a nat ionalit+ and t hat no one s hould ea ritr aril+ de .r i,e d o* a na tionalit+ o r de nied the rig ht to chang e na tionalit+

&o /e,e r- the char te r a nd o the r re solut ions did not insist on *ull inde .en den cea s th e es t /a + o* o tain ing s el*6g o,e rnme nt- nor did the + includ e a n

e n*orceme nt mecha nism M ore o,er- ne / s tate s /er e recog nize d + th e leg ald octrine o* uti .o sside tis juris- mean in g that old a dministr ati,e ounda rie s/o uld ecome inte rnatio nal ound arie s u. on ind e. end ence e,e n i* the + hadlittle re le,a nce to ling uistic- ethn ic- a nd cult ural oun dar ie s N e,e rt hele ss-jus ti*ie d + th e lang uage o* s el*6d ete rminatio n- et/e en 1L4> and 1L>0- the. eo. les o* thirt +6se,e n ne / natio ns *re ed t hemse l,es *rom colonial sta tus ins ia- *rica - a nd the Mid dle E ast " he te rr it orialit+ is sue ine ,ita l+ /ould leadto mo re con *licts a nd inde .e nde nce mo,e ment s /ithin man+ s tate s andchalle nge s to the a ssum. tion that ter ritor ia l inte grit+ is a s im. or tant as se l*6d ete rminatio n

Af te r th e o ld War

" he )old 3ar ega n to /ind d o/n a*t er M ik hail Go ra che , ass umed . o/e r inM arch 1LY 3ith the co o.e ra tion o* the mer ica n .r esid ent #ona ld #e ag an-G or ache, /ound d o/n the siz e o* the S o,ie t rmed $o rce s and re ducednucle ar ar ms in Euro. e- /hile lie ra liz ing the econo m+

(n 1LYLZ)L0- t he co mmu nist re gime s o* S o,ie t s ate llite st ate s colla. sed in r a.ids ucces sio n in ?o lan d- &un ga r +- )z ech osl o,ak ia- E as t G e rma n+- B ulg ar ia-

#o mania - a nd M ong olia E ast and 3e st Ge rma n+ unite d- )ze chos lo,akia. eace *u ll+ s .lit into )z ech #e .ulic and Slo ,a kia- /hile in 1LL0 [ug osla,ia ega n a ,iolent rea k u. into its *or mer > su6unit re .u lics Pos o,o- /hich/a s .re ,ious l+ a n auto nomou s unit o* S er ia de clare d inde .e nde nce in 200Y-u t has re cei,ed less int erna tiona l re cogn it ion

(n ecem er 1LL1- Go ra che , re sign ed as .re side nt a nd the So ,iet Unio ndis sol,e d re lati,el+ . ea ce *ull+ into *i*te en s o,er eign re. ulics- a ll o* /hichre jected communism a nd mo st o* /h ich a do. ted de mocrat ic re *orms and *ree 6mar ket e conomie s (nside tho se ne / re .u lics- *our major a rea s ha,e claimedt h e ir o / n in d e . e n d e n ce - u t no t r e ce i , e d / id e s . r e a d i nt e r n a t io n a l

re co gnitio n

(n 1L4L- the )ommun is ts /on the ci,il /a r a nd es talis hed the ?eo .le's#e .u lic o* )h in a in Mainla nd )hina " he P uominta ng6le d #e. ulic o* )hinago ,ern ment re trea ted to "a i.ei- it s jur isdiction no/ limited to "a i/an andse ,er al outl+ing isla nds Since t hen- the ?eo .le's #e .u lic o* )h in a has e enin,ol,e d in d is .ute s /ith the # %) o ,e r is sues o* so,e reig nt+ a nd the .o lit ica lsta tus o* "a i/ an

*te r d ecad es o * ci,il /ar- ( ndon esia *in all+ reco gniz ed the ind e. end ence o*

Ea st " imo r in 2002

22>SEMUN )%N$E#EN)E2014SEMUN SUMM(" 2014


13/31


ase Study

a se ": Dis pu t ed st a tu s o f #i$ ra lt ar

" he U nite d Ping do m g a,e assu rance s that the r ig ht to s el*6d ete rminat io n o*G ir altar ia ns /ould e r es. ecte d in an+ tra ns*er o* so,e reig nt+ o ,er thete rrito r +- is a *actor in the d is.ute /ith S .ain o ,er t he te rrito r + " he im. act o*th e rig ht to se l*6de ter mination o* G ira ltar ia ns /a s se en in the 2002 Gir alta rs o,ere ignt + re*e rend um- / here G i ralt arian ,o ter s o,e r /helming l+ reje ct ed a. lan to sha re s o,er eignt + o,e r G ira ltar e t/ee n th e U P a nd S .a in &o /e,e r-t he UP g o,e rnme nt di**e r s /it h th e G i ra lta rian go ,e rnme nt in th at itcon side rs G ira ltar ian sel*6de ter minat ion to e limite d + t he "re at+ o*U t re cht - /h ich . re ,e n ts G i ra lta r ach ie ,in g ind e .e nd e nce / ith ou t t hea gre eme nt o* S .a in - a .o sition that the G i ralt arian go,e rnme nt d oe s no ta cce .t

" he S.a nish g o,e rnmen t de nies tha t G i ralt arian s ha,e the rig ht to se l*6d ete rminatio n- co nside ring the m to e Xan ar ti*icial .o. ulatio n /itho ut a n+g enuine au tonom+ X and not Xindig eno usX&o/e ,er- t he ?a rtid o n dalucistaha s agr ee d to re co gniz e the right to se l*6det ermina tion o* Gi ralta rians

a se 2: Se pa rat is m in Ira n a nd 20"2 Sy ri an %urd is ta n re $e ll ion

P urdista n is a h is torical re gio n .rima ril+ inha it ed + the Purd ish .e o.le o* themidd le e ast " he ter ritor + is cur rent l+ .ar t o* 4

st ate s "urke +- (ra 5- S+ria a nd (ra n " he re arePu rdish s el*6de te rminatio n mo,eme nts in e acho* the 4 sta tes (ra 5i Purd is tan ha s to datea c h i e , e d t h e l a r g e s t d e g r e e o * s e l * 6d ete rminatio n t hroug h th e *ormat ion o* theP ur d is ta n #e g io n al G o ,e rn me n t- an e nt it +re co gniz ed + the ( ra5 i $ ede ra l )on stitutio n

ltho ugh t he r ig ht o* the crea tion o* a Purd ishst ate /as recog nize d *ollo /ing 3or ld 3a r ( in the "re at+ o * SZZ ,res - th e tr eat +

/a s t hen annulle d + the "re at + o* !a usan ne "o d ate t/ o s e.a rate P urdis hre .u lics a nd on e Pu rdish P in gdo m ha,e d eclare d s o,er eignt + " he #e. ulic o*r ara t r ?ro ,ince- "ur ke+- t he # e.u lic o * Meh aad 3e st z e raija n?ro ,ince - (r an a nd the P ingdo m o* Purd ista n S ula+mani+a h ? ro,ince- ( ra5 iPu rdis tan- ( ra5 - e ach o * the se *led gling st ate s /a s cru she d + milita r +inte r,e ntion "he ?at riotic U nion o* P urdis tan /hich curre ntl+ holds the ( ra5 i.r esid enc+ and the Purd istan e mocrat ic ?ar t+ /hich g o,er ns the Purd istan#e giona l G o,e rnmen t oth e.licitl+ co mmit the mse l,e s to the de ,elo. mento* Purd ish sel*6d ete rmina tion- ut o.inio ns ,ar + as to the 5ue stion o* se l*6de te rminatio n s oug ht /ithin the cur rent ord er s and coun tries

2K



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a se &: Th e 'n it ed Sta t es of Am e ri ca

" he co loniz ation o*t h e N o r t h m e r i c a n

co nt in e nt an d itsN a t i , e m e r i ca n. o . u l a t i o n h a s ee n t he so urce o*le gal attle s sincet h e e a r l + 1 L t hce ntu r + S ur ,i,ingN a ti ,e me r ica nsh a , e e e nr e s e t t l e d o n t os e.a rate tra cts o* la nd re ser ,atio ns- /h ich ha ,e re taine d a cer ta in d eg ree o*a utono m+ /ithin the U nited State s "he *ed er al go ,ernme nt re cogniz es "ri alS o,e reig nt+ a nd h as e sta lishe d a num er o* la/ s a ttem. ting to clar i*+ ther e la t io ns h i. e t/ e e n th e *e d e r al - s ta t e - a nd t r i al g o ,e r nm e nt s " he)ons titution an d la ter *e der al la /s recog nize the local so,e reig nt+ o * tri alna tions- ut do no t re cogn iz e *ull s o,e reign t+ e 5ui,ale nt to that o* *o reig nna tions- he nce the te rm Xdo mest ic de .e nde nt nat ionsX

)er ta in )hicano nat ionalist g rou.s s ee k to Xre cre ateX an ethn ic6a sed s tateca ll e d z t lZ^ n - th e le g e n da r + ho m e la nd o * t he z t ec s c om . ri si ng t he

S outh /est ern U nite d Sta tes

" her e ar e multi. le acti,e &a/aiia n auto nom+ or inde .e nde nce mo,e mentse ach /ith the ir o/ n distinct mo dalit+ o* re aliz in g some le,e l o* . olitical contro lo ,e r sing le or s e,e ral isla nds "he gro u.s ra nge *rom thos e se ek in g ter ritor ia lunits similar to (nd ian res er ,ations und er the U nite d S tate s / ith th e le as ta mo unt o* inde .e nde nt contro l to the &a /aiian so ,ere ignt+ mo ,eme nt /hich/o uld ha,e t he mos t a mount o* contro l- " he &a/a iian So ,ere ignt+ mo,e men ta ims a t re,i,ing t he &a/a iian natio n u nde r the &a/ aiian const itution- /hichsu ..o sed l+ ha s re taine d its so,e reig nt+ / hile u nde r cont rol o* the U nitedSt ates

S ince 1LK2- the U N e coloniz atio n )ommitte e has called *or ?ue r to # ico'sd eco loniz at ion a nd *or the U S to re cog nize t he islan d's rig ht to s el*6d ete rminatio n and ind e.e nde nce (n 200K the e co loniz ation S uco mmit teecalle d *or the U nite d N ation s G ene ral s sem l+ to re ,ie/ the .olitical s tatus o*?ue rt o # ico - a .o/ er rese r ,ed + th e 1LO # eso lution "his *ollo/s the 1L>K.a ssa ge o* a .le iscite act tha t .r o,ide d *or a ,o te o n the stat us o* ?ue r to # ico/ it h th r e e s ta t us o . t io ns J co nt in u e d co mm on / e al t h- s t a te h o o d - a ndinde .e nde nce (n t he *ir st . le s cite the common/ ealth o.t ion /o n /ith >04\o* t he ,ot es u t U S co ngr es sio na l comm itte e s *a ile d to e nact leg is lati on t o

2Y



15/31


a ddr ess the s tatus issue ( n sus e5 uent . le iscit es in 1LLO a nd 1LLY- the s tatu s5 uo /as u.h eld (n a re*e rend um th at took .la ce in No ,em er 2012- a major it+?ue r to #ican res id ent s ,o ted to chang e the te rritor + 's rela tionshi. /ith theU nite d Stat es- /ith the s tate hood o.t io n a.. are ntl+ eing the .r e*er redo .tion - ho/e ,er a la rge num er o* a llotsQR one 6third o* a ll ,ote s cas tQR /ere

le *t lank on the 5ue stio n o* .re *e rre d alte rnati,e s tatus 3hen co unte d- the lank ,ote s are ,ie /e d as ant i6s tate hoo d ,otes - re sulting th at the s tate hoodo .tion /o uld ha,e re cei,e d less t han 0\ o* all allo ts rece i,e d s o* anu ar +2014- 3as hingto n has no t take n action to a ddre ss t he re sults o* this . leis cite

M an+ curre nt U S s tate - re gion al and cit+ se cess ion gro u.s us e the lang uage o*se l*6de te rminatio n 200Y Fo g+ (nte rnat io nal . oll re ,ea le d that 22\ o*me ricans elie ,e tha t Xan+ st ate o r re gion ha s the right to .e acea l+ se ce dea nd e come an ind e. end ent re .u lic X

(t is im. or tant to note tha t in t he ca se o* &a/ aii- the stru ggle *or se l*6d ete rminatio n do es not *a ll unde r sece ssion- a s it is less a re ak *ro m *ed era la dministr ation- tha n a re turn t o the .ro ce ss t hroug h /hich cess io n /asclaime d to ha,e occu rred J na mel+ the ongo ing occu.at io n ,ia a U S im.o sedmil itar + cou .V a nd Wor re mo,a l *r om t he U N list o* N on 6S el*6G o,e r ning"e rr it orie s " he US la rge l+ ig nore d it s S acre d "rus t t o e ducat e or .ro .er l+in*or m the citize nr + o* &a /aii o* it s o .tion s *or se l*6de ter min ation andsid es te. .e d g uide lines laid out in U N G e ner al s sem l+ re solut ion K421LOU N # eso lution K42 d eclare s tha t one o* the X*acto rs indicat i,e o* thea t t a i n me n t o * i n d e . e n d e n ce o r o * o t h e r s e . a r a t e s + s t e m s o * s e l *6g o,er nment-X is X*r ee dom o* cho osing o n the a sis o* th e right o* se l*6

d e t e r m i n a t i o n o * . e o . l e s e t / e e n s e , e r a l . o s s i i l i t i e s i n c l u d i n gind e.e nde nceX

Past International Actions

" he U nited N atio ns de co loniz ation /o rk ga rde n Xthe )har te r o* t he U nitedN ations X in t he '. eo. le's e5 ual rig hts and se l*6de termina tion' .rinci.le - andthe Xchar te rX d is cu ss t hree s. eci*ic cha.te rs **iliate d ?eo .le's inter est s Since1L>0- t he Un ited N atio ns Ge ne ra l ss em l+ ha s t o d o Xe clar atio nX o*inde .e nde nce to colo nial coun tries an d . eo. les /hich a se d o n- said mem erst ates mus t 5uickl+ the e nd o* co lo nialism " he U N a ls o *ollo/ the gen era las sem l+ in 1L>0 141st 1O re solut io n- /hich .ro ,ide thre e /a +s *u ll+ se l* tonon s el* go ,e rning terr itorie s

S ince the U N /as *oun ded in 1L4- mo re than Y0 ha ,e co loniz ed count ries

joine d the Unite d N ation s- ma n+ othe r ter ritor ia l dis.u tes /it h othe r co untr ie s

2L



16/31


th roug h merg er or s el*6de te rminatio n throu gh ot her inde .en den t countr ie s" he U nited N atio ns has .la +ed a n im. or tant ro le in th is his toric tran sition-e ncoura ge a**ilia ted .eo .le sta+ hu ngr +- and dete rmine the o je cti,e s ands tand ards - accele rat e the in de. end ence .roce ss

" he U N a lso su. er ,ise d ind e.e nde nce e lections in "ogo in 1L>- 1L>1 in3es ter n S amoa - 1LY0 is a .o. ular cons ultation o* the E ast " imor and Nami iain 1LLL

lth ough in ut to colonia lis m has mad e .rog res s- ut the re are still a ou t1O00000 .e o.le li,ing un der colonia l rule - t he U nite d N atio ns to continuee **or ts to he l. the non se l* go,e rning te rrito ries to achie,e s el*6d ete rminatio no r inde .e nde nce o* th e re st- *or t his .ur .os e- the ge ner al as sem l+ in 2000a nnounce d the 200162010 s econd sho,e l o** colo nialism inte rnat io nal te n+e ars ( n 2010 ece mer- )o ngre ss a nnounce d- 201162020 +ea rs *o r thee rad ica tion o* colonia lis m in th e third int erna tiona l te n +ea rs

N o/- the rig ht o* . eo. les to se l*6de ter mination ha s n ot a.. ea red in the a nticolon ial mo ,eme nt- it has g rad uall+ ecome a hot to. ic in ,a rious e thniccon*licts

(uestions and )esolution must

ans!er

Th e d e fi nit io n o f t he ri* ht of n a ti on al s e lf-d et e rmin at io n +

th e d e *in ition o* th e r ight o* na tio nal s el*6de te rmina tion ltho ugh thena tional li era tion a nd n ationa l inde .e nde nce .r ocess has e en com. lete d-colon ia lism h as disa ..e are d- ut the se l*6de ter mination o* the .e o. le is stillthe commo n iss ues o* the U nite d N atio ns- the sco. e o* se l*6de termina tion o*. e o . le s h as a l so e e n mo r e a n d mo re d i** icu lt t o d e *in e - i ncl ud i nginte rna tiona l ter ror ist o rga niza tions are us in g 'sel*6de termin ation' as themas ses an d t he co n*lict ecuse (n a dd it ion Still ha,e the ?ales tine nee ds

inte rnat ional he l. to rea lize the right o* .e o.le s to sel*6d ete rmina tion cas e# an min s el*6d ete rminat io n in to da+ 's not o utdat ed But e cause o* thissitu ation- the de *inition o* the s el*6d ete rminatio n o* the . eo. le nee d to eclea rl+ and s trictl+ de *ined - this can g uar ante e to g et a id to tho se us ing the serig hts o* the state - ut not ma ke it a s e.a ratis t *orces a nd te rror ist org aniz ationtoo ls

Ap pli cat io n a nd s up er ,i si on o f t he n at io na l s el f-de t erm ina t io n ri* ht s

.. li cat io n o * n at io na l con sc iou s ne ss i s a l/ a +s re la t ed t o th e ri gh t o* t he

210SEMUN )%N$E#EN)E2014SEMUN SUMM(" 2014


17/31


T he re s ol ut io n of et h nic co nf lict s

d ,ocate the s .irit o* the )h ar ter o* the U nited N atio ns- to discuss nation alcont rad ictio n to so l,e natio nal .ro lems o * . ea ce media tion

i$lio*raphy

1 a ns .e ckg ru e r- 3o l*g an g $ - ed " he S e l*6e te r mina tio n o* ?e o. le sJ)ommunit +- Na tion- and Sta te in a n (nte rde .e nde nt 3or ld - Bould er J !+nne# ienne r ?u lis her s- 2002

2 a ns. eckgru er- 3ol*g ang $- and r thur 3at ts- ed s Se l*6ete rminatio n andS el*6 dministr ationJ S ource ook - Bould er J !+nne # ienn er ?u lisher s- 1LLK

O l le n B uc ha n a n- u s ti ce - ! e g it im a c+- a n d S e l*6 e te r m in a ti on J M o r a l$o unda tions *or ( nter nation al !a / % *ord ?olitical "he or +- % *o rd U ni,e rs it+?re ss- U S - 200K

4 nnalisa Finn- G loa liza tion and Se l*6ete rmina tion P in dle Edit io n- "a+lor_ $r ancis- 200K

Marc 3e ller- uto nom+- Se l* G o,e rnance a nd )on*lict # eso lution PindleE dition- "a+lor _ $ rancis- 200K

> a l.+ $itz ger ald- $rance s Ste/ ar t- # ajes h e nug o.al Edito rs- G lo aliza tion-iole nt )on*lict a nd S el*6e ter mina tion- ?a lgra ,e Ma cmillan - 200>

K oa nne Ba rker Ed itor- So,e re ig nt+ Ma tte rsJ !o ca tions o* )onte sta tion and?os si ilit+ in (n dig en ous St rug gle s *o r Se l*6e te rmin ati on- U ni,e rs it+ o*N e rask a ?re ss- 200

Y a ,id # aic- Sta teho od and the !a/ o* S e l*6e te rminatio n e,e lo.me nts in(n terna tiona l !a/- 4O e ,elo. ment s in (nter natio nal !a /- 4O- S. ringe r-2002

L[ N Pl+ a nd P l+- (n . ursuit o* "he #igh t t o Se l*6de termina tion- )o lle cted?a.e rs _ ?roce ed in gs o* t he $irst (nt erna tiona l )on*e rence o n the #ight toS el*6e ter min ation _ t he U nited Nat io ns- Ge ne,a 2000- G E N E 2000-.r e*ace + #ichard $a lk- )la rit+ ?re ss- 2001

10 nto nio )as se se - S el*6et er mina tio n o* ?e o. le sJ !e g al # ea .. ra isa l&er sch !aute r.acht M emor ial !ecture s- )am ridg e U ni,ers it+ ?res s- 1LLL



18/31


Topic : Death Penalty

Statement and History of the issue( n 1LYL- the U nited Na tions .ut *o rt h a reso lution that e.licitl+ d eman dedth at the nat ions o* t he /orld ma ke a co nce r ted e **o rt to a olish the d ea th. ena lt+ " he / orld re s. onde dV e t/e en this re so lu tion and O1 ece m er 200K

L co untrie s ao lis hed t he de ath . ena lt + )urre ntl+- a tot al o * L1 cou ntrie sha ,e e nde d ca.ita l . unishme nt [e t- in t he /o rld to da+- hund re ds o* .e o. le ares ente nced to d eat h + their natio n's cour ts e ,er + +e ar in the 1 cou ntrie s/h ere ca. ital .unish ment is still le ga l Eecutio ns are cons id ere d + man+ no t

o nl+ ,io lation s o* the hu man righ t to li*e- ut a lso indicat io ns tha t othe r huma nr ig hts ma+ e at risk (n t he Unite d State s- e ,iden ce o* discriminatio n ha s ee n*ou nd o th along racial a nd econ omic line s (n )olomia - /he re the d eat h. ena lt+ has e en outla /ed - o rga nize d mu rde rs h a.. en at th e ha nds o*.a ramilita r+ g rou. s /ithou t *a ir tria l $a ir tria l is a lso

a se nt in ot her co untrie s- such as Sa udi r aia - /he re the accus ed ma+ no tha ,e acce ss to a la/+e r- an d )hina - /her e trials o*te n o ccur so 5 uick l+ tha t acon,icte d murd ere r ma + e e e cuted just d a+s a*te r he commits a crime ( na dditio n- ma n+ co untrie s do not ha ,e consis tent . olicies to .rot ect the rights

o* childre n- the me ntall+ ill- the me nta ll+ d isa led- an d .re gna nt /o me n!as tl+- a ra ric e e cution metho ds- s uch a s s toning- hanging - and . ulice e cution- rema in in . ractice in nat ions ar ound th e /or ld S ome co untrie s-M uslim co untrie s in . ar ticu la r- co ntinue to us e the dea th .e nalt+ e cause it is/r itten in to the ir re ligiou s la/ %the rs- like Sing a.o re- re tain the d ea th . ena lt + ecause the+ e lie,e it hel. s to d ete r cr imin als St ill othe rs - like man+ Easts ia n countr ie s- e lie ,e t hat the de ath . ena lt+ is a cultura l le ga c+ t hat is .a rto* the ir Xsia n ,a lues X &o /e,e r- as long as

the human r ights are co nce rne d- the dea th .e nalt+ is not cons ider ed / ithin the

*ra me/o rk o* re ligion or ,alue sV re ga rdle ss o* th e cult ural conte t - the de at h.e nalt + is g ene ra ll+ cons ider ed a mong the inter natio nal co mmunit+- andaccord ing to the o **icial .olic+ o* t he human it aria n ranche s o* t he U nitedN ations - a huma n right s ,iolatio n that mus t e s to.. ed

urrent Situation



19/31


In tro du cti on

t . re se nt- m an+ cou ntr ie s ha ,e a lre ad + a r og at ed th e de at h . en alt +&o /e,e r- the re a re ma n+ *actor s to co m.licate the .ro gre ss o* a ro gatingd ea th . enalt + /or ld/ide Be lo/ is the leg islatio n o* d ea th . ena lt+ in e ach . ar t

o* the /o rld "he use o* the de at h . ena lt+ ,a ries /id el+ + reg ion and ma n+e am.le s E,e n thou gh - so me a rea s ha ,e d i**e rent leg islati,e rule s Ge ner all+ -th e tr end o* de ath .e nalt+ le gisla tion ca n e .r edicte d &o/e ,er- t hese a rea scan comine to *o rm locs i* their re s.e cti,e leg is lation are s imila r S ee loc. ositio ns

Th e ' nit e d Sta t es of Am e rica. a na d a. a nd Aus t ra lia

( n*l ue nce d + B r itis h col on ia lis m -Br itish )ommon/e alth include s the se

t hre e cou nt rie s all ha, e the d e ath. ena lt + Such a s " he U nited Sta tes o* m e r ic a - ) a n a d a a n d u s t r a l i a &o /e,e r- )ana da an d ustr alia ha,ea olishe d th e de ath .en alt+ "o *ollo/the .att ern o* 3e ste rn indus trializ edc o u n t r i e s - t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o *me rica continue s to us e to th is da+

" he d ear th . ena lt + is a co ntro,e rsia l

to .ic in " he U nite d St ate s o* me rica" her e are .len t+ o* hu man right s andre lig io us . e o. le .r ote st ing ag a instthe de ath .en alt+ in e ach ee cut ione ath . ena lt + o.. one nts o * E uro. ea n Un io n and some inte rnatio nal huma nrig hts org aniz ations criticize d US )o n*ede ra te go,e rnme nt a nd +et thirt +st ate s still re tain the de ath .en alt+ mer ica .e o.le's o.. osit io n to t he d eat h. enalt + .e aked in 1L>>- *or t+6se ,en . erce nt o* the .e o. le ar e a gains t thed eat h .e nalt+ t . rese nt- a nume r o* the st ate s o* U S ha s a olis hed thed eat h .ena lt+- ut s ome st ate s rema in u ncha nge d

(n contra st - oth )a nad a a nd ustra lia ha ,e *u ll+ a olishe d th e d ea th . ena lt+mo ng t he rea sons cited *or an ning ca. ital .unishme nt in )anad a /ere *e arsa out / rong *u l co n,ictio ns an d uncer ta in t+ a out the de ath . ena lt+'s role as ade te rre nt *or crime " he . res ent )an adia n go,e rnme nt is o. .os ed t o there turn o* ca .ita l .unish ment and has r eje cte d calls *or a nat ional r e*er end umon the is sue ustra lia h as e en *irml+ o ..o se d to the de ath .e nalt + nd,ote d *or t heir so lutions o* the U N G e nera l sse ml+- ca lled *or a gloa lmor ator ium on the de ath . ena lt+ 200K ecem er 1Y u stra lia ea ch +e ars. onso red a res olution - the UN &u man #ig hts )ommissio n ca lle d o n a llcount ries to ao lis h the d ea th .e nalt+

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W es t ern / u ro p e

" he d ea th .en alt+ has ee nco m.le te l+ a o lish ed in a llE ur o. e an cou ntr ie s - ece . t

*o r B ela rus and P az akhs tan" h e a s o l u t e a n o n t h ed ea th . ena lt+ is e nshrine d in o t h t h e ) h a r t e r o *$ und a me nt al #i gh ts o* t heE uro. ean U nion E U and theE u r o . e a n )o n , e n t i o n o n&uma n #ig hts o* the )ouncilo * E u r o . e - a n d i s t h u scons ide red a ce ntra l ,alue % *a l l m o d e r n E u r o . e a nco u nt rie s - S a n M a r ino a nd?or tug al /ere the *ir st to a olish ca. ital .u nishmen t- /he re as on l+ B elar us andP az akhst an still .ra ct ice ca. ital .unis hment in some *orm or an othe r (n 2012-!at ,ia e came t he la st EU M eme r St ate to a olish ca. ital . unishme nt in /artime

s o* 201O- in E uro. e- d eat h .e nalt+ *or .ea ce6time crimes has e en ao lis hedin a ll countr ies ece .t Be la rus- /h ile the d eat h .e nalt+ *or / ar6t ime crime s has ee n a olishe d in all countr ies ece.t Be la rus and Paz ak hsta nPa za khsta n is a

count r+ s ituate d .a rtl+ in Eur o.e and . ar tl+ in sia

a t in Am erica

M ost co untrie s in S ou th me rica ha s a olishe d t he d ea th .e nalt +- ho/e ,er- a*e / co untrie s including B raz il- rg entina - )hile - El Sa l,a dor and ?er u stillre se r,e it *or e ce. tiona l crime s &o/e ,e r- the se ar eas are u suall+ e**e ct ed +iss ues /h ich are initiate d + dr ugs- ,iolen ce - an d milit ar + reg ime s (llega ld eat h ma kes t hes e more co m.le an d di**icu lt t o sol,e

(n )hile - the de at h .e nalt+ has e en ao lished se ,en +ea rs ago But until 2001-/he n it /a s o utla/e d *or ord in ar + crimes - /a s the .re scri ed .unishme nt *oro,e r t/e nt+ crime s &o/ e,e r- r ecent l+- ma n+ de ath s ente nces ha ,e ee nchang ed to li*e im.r is onme nt " he )hile an ?arliame nt is t r+ in g to r econs id erthe d ea th .en alt+ ut its e**or ts ar e ham.e re d + t he Se nat e- /hich is stillhe a,il+ in*lue nce d + me me rs /ho / ere .ar t o* the *orme r milita r+ reg ime 4no the r re late d is sue in )hile is the unla /*ul to rtu re o * .ris one rsV man +criminals d ie in .ris on e cause o* t his .ra ct ice " he las t eecutio n occur red in1LY

(n B elize - t he de ath . ena lt+ is use d in some ca ses to .ro secute thos e con,icted



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o* cr imina l homicide U nlike )h ile - Beliz e ca rrie s o ut mos t o* the ir d ea ths ente nces + hang ing (n 1LLL- the Su. reme )our t rule d tha t the de ath . ena lt+/ as no t a h uma n rig ht s , io lat io n- si nce it is su .. or t ed in th e Be liz econs titutio n K &o/e ,er- the la st ee cu tion occurre d in 1LY

B ecause o* the ser ious iss ues / ith dru gs an d ,iole nce in )olomia - . unishme nta nd tor ture is o*ten unr eg ulated + the s tate )olom ia a olishe d the d ea th. ena lt+ in 1L10V ho/e ,er- th ere are still man + killings a nd d isa. .e ara nce s-/h ich in man+ cas es are ass ociated /ith .ara milit ar + org aniz atio ns- e,e nth ough the se orga niza tions are ag ainst the la/ Since Y0\ o* crimes are no tre .o rte d- it is unlikel+ tha t rein sit uation o* th e de ath . ena lt+ /ould d ecre aseth e rat e o* ,iolen t cr ime in )o lomia

/ as t ern /u ro p e a nd t he 1o rme r So , iet lo cs

# u s s ia 's l o o d + hi s t or + ha s e e n a s tr o n gin*lue nce o n t he /hole o* Eas ter n E uro.e " hed eat h . ena lt + ha s ee n a olish ed in a ll Eur o.e anco untr ies - ece. t *o r B ela ru s a nd P az ak hst anunt il 5uite r ecent l+ *te r the dis in teg ratio n o*" he So ,iet U nion - mo re nation s a olishe d t he. unishme nt /hile ot her s did no t re. eal it until1L00s

lth ough it /a s onl+ to e utiliz ed *or the mo st se rious crime s aga inst huma n

li,es - child ren as +o ung as *o ur tee n +e ars old co uld e sen tence d to de ath in# ussia e*or e the 1LL> mor ator ium 10 &o /e,e r- n o child crimina ls ha,e ee n. ut to de ath s in ce 1LL0

*te r the diss olution o * t he S o,iet Unio n- o th the )z e ch #e .u lic a nd S lo,eniaha ,e ao lished the de ath . ena lt + 12 &o/e ,er- Paz ak hstan . er siste d the d eat h. enalt + until 200K- a nd in 2001 ha d the *our th highe st r ate o* eecutio n/o rld/id e d es. ite its small . o.ula tion 1O 14 % nl+ 3o men un der the age o* 1Yan d . reg nant /omen could n ot e e ecute d %**e nde rs / ere ee cut ed /ith asho t to the ack o* the head V th e last s uch eecution o ccur red in 200O

?oland re taine d t he d ea th . ena lt+ until 1LLK a*te r t he disinte gra tion o* theS o,iet U nion- / hen it /a s ao lis hed *or all cr imes E ,en thoug h t here /e ree ight o**en ses . unisha le + de ath- ho/e ,er a ll ut t/o o * th ose a re s ente ncedto e ecution et/e en 1LY0 a nd 2002

ase Study



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'ra ine a nd th e o un cil of /u rop e

" he last eecutio n o* the de ath .en alt+ o ccurr ed in 1LLK in U kra ine (t ke.t itun til 2000V Uk raine /ith dre / ca. it al . unishme nt *ro m its list o* o**icial. unishme nts (ts de cision t o a olish this / as in *lue nced + the )o uncil o*

E uro. e- the joining o* /hich ha d ecome a nece ssit+ in 1LL du e to increa se inits o /n .o /er a nd the .roce ss o* e co ming more *ull+ inte gr ate d into theE uro. ean commun it + 1K 1Y

&o /e,e r- the tr ansit io n to a olition /as no t ea s+ *or U kr aine U kra in e /a se .er iencing incline in crime ra tes due to social un rest V t he dea th . ena lt+re maine d *o r t /o ma jor rea sons J *ir st is o ,ious - t o cont rol crime nd se co nd- ecaus e th e . eace *ul reg ime tr ansitio n le*t man+ e 6So ,iet o**icials in .o/e r-/ hich re ta ined S o,ie t a ttit ude s to/ ard s . unis hmen t $ro m the mo men tU kra ine e nter ed t he )ouncil o* Euro .e - the + /e re re 5uire d to end t he d eat h. ena lt +- thr ough a mora tor iu m on ee cu tions and + ra ti*+ing ?rot ocol N o> &o/e ,e r- Uk raine /as s lo/ to a cce de V in *act- the nu m er o* e ecution s in1LL> 1>K /a s the se cond hig hest in the / orld - a*te r )hina ?u lic *ea r o*ris ing crime ra tes me ant t hat U kra inian .u lic o. inion su. .o rte d re tent io n o*the d ea th . ena lt+V onl+ 1 . erce nt o* .e o.le /e re ag ainst the de ath .e nalt+ in1LLK (n 1LLK- the ?arliame ntar + sse ml+ o* th e )ouncil o* E uro. e ?)Eintro duce d #es olution 1112- /hich thre ate ned to remo ,e U kra in e *rom ?)E i*it did not sto. e e cu tions $ina ll+- the . resid ent o* U kra ine launched a motio nto a olis h th e d e ath .e na lt+ in .ar liame nt N o/- th e r eg iona l . olitica lor ganiz atio ns in Eu ro.e ha,e e en th e e nd o* the de ath . ena lt+ /ithin its orde rs - as s uch t he Eur o.e an )ommissio n ca n e**ecti,e l+ a o lis h the d eat h.e nalt +

Afri ca

$ro m th e o,e rall situat ion- *r ica is und erd e,e lo.e dV the e co nom+ on the/o rld . olitical situa tion is an u nsta le a nd a lso a relig ious a rea ( n theno rth/ est o* *r ica - th ere are thre e countr ies / hich ha ,e a olishe d t he de at h.e nalt + in la/ V onl+ 4 coun tries in t he . ast 10 +ear s ha ,e ee n e ecute d Bas edon this situa tion- it can e conclud edJ Xin the .as t 10 +e ar s- thes e count riesmos t / it hout the d eat h . ena lt+- /h ich is a g oo d s ign N o/ the + ta ke *ull ste .san d the a olition o * the d ea th .e nalt+ in la/ a nd in . ractice X B+ 2002- a outhal* o* t he *r ican co untrie s ar e no longe r re taining the de ath . ena lt+" here *ore - /e can d ra/ a conclusion JXsince the 1LL0s - the a olitio n o * de ath.e nalt+ has e come a tren d in *rican co ntinent X O0 $rom the last 20 +ea rs o*the last ce ntur + *rica d eat h situat ion- it see ms tha t *rica ha ,e em arke d onthe ro ad o* the a olitio n o* t he de ath .en alt+ Bu t the *a ct is t hat- *r icacountr ies are not unanimo us- and ca nnot .ro ce ed /itho ut he sitat io n toa olish d ea th . enalt + No/- the countr ie s / hich ha,e not alrea d+ a olis hedthe d eat h . ena lt + ar e *a ce d /ith thes e cho ice s lso - some *r ica count ries/hich ha,e aolished the dea th .e nalt+ in la/ or in *act are *acing such a cho ice

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ma + e e ecute d- r ega rdle ss o* ag e- and t he se crec+ and har shnes s o* the S au dile gal s+ste m mainta ins const ant *e ar among the .e o.le "he situa tion in (ran iss imila r- a lt houg h t he leg al s+ste m co mes *ro m a d i**e re nt school o* (sla m (ra nis o ne o* si natio ns that h a,e e e cuted at lea st one ch ild since 1LL0

So ut h a nd / as t As ia

S out h an d E ast s ia a re in a a ck /ard st ate inth e re*or mation o* the de ath .e nalt + Bu t t here ductio n o* the dea th .e nalt+ in this reg ionis a n in di s. ut a le *a ct M or e an d m or ecoun tries a nd reg io ns are tr +ing to make th ed eat h . ena lt+ ecome a n e ce .tio nal .e nalt+ins tead o* reg ular .a st

(n the ca se o * t he S out h sian co untrie s- man+o* them ha,e a larg e Mus lim .o .ulatio n Ba nglad esh - ?a kista n an d ( ndia- soS +aria h in *lue nces the r ete ntion o* the de ath .ena lt+ (n Ea st s ia- t he hist or + o*cont rolling go ,ern ments a nd militar + reg imes cont in ues to in*lue nce there ten tion o* the de ath . ena lt+ (ndia 's d eat h .e nalt+ is s trictl+ limited + thenum er o* eecutio ns- a nd sho/ ed a do /n/a rd tren d- *or e am.le - *rom 1LY2to 1LY O - a to tal o* o nl+ O ca ses o* de ath- the a,e rag e /as le ss tha n 12.a tient s . er +e ar S ome s ch olars ha ,e .oint ed out J X)o nside ring (n dia as these cond most .o. ulous co untr + in the /o rld- this nume r sho uld e re lati,e l+lo/ X $r om 1LLL to 200K- the nume r o* the d ea th .e nalt+ /a s onl+ one .e o.le

(n )hina - in the .re se nt circu mstance doe sno t a llo/ *or the a olish men t the d ea th. ena lt+- the main rea so n eing tha t t hisactio n is d ecide d + the natio nal ins titute S a u d i r a i a o *t e n e e cu te s t h e d e a t h. enalt + / ith a.. are ntl+ .rimiti,e t rie o rtr ial color M an+ count ries in the Midd leEa st ar ea s till r eta in s ome cru el de ath- suchas Sa udi (r an e he ading - s toning i e sto ningcriminal .en alt+ So me g rou. sa +s- Sa udi

r aia is the /or ld's highe st .e rcenta ge o*e e cution o* de ath . ena lt + state

(nd ia a lso r eta ins the d eat h .e nalt+ ut onl+ *or the mos t e t reme crimes - s uchas mass murde r a nd . olitical as sas sinatio n &o /e,e r- unlike man+ o thercount ries / ho re tain the de ath . ena lt+- the (ndia n justice s+s tem . rote ct s therig hts o * the accused "he s+s tem's ind e.e nde nce also makes it le ss ,ulnera leto cor ru.t ion

a .an a ls o re tains the de ath . enalt +V in .r actice - . eo .le a re se nte nce d to d ea th

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$r om the de ,elo .men t histo r+ o* S outh *rica - the histor + o * the de ath . ena lt+ha d e. erie nced thr ee s tag es- the de at h . ena lt+ aus in g .e riod- the d ea th. ena lt+ limita tion .e riod a nd the a olitio n o* the d ea th .e nalt+ Be *ore 1L00-th e de ath .e nalt+ /as ,er + common in S outh *rica ( n une >- 1LL- thecons titutio nal cour t thro ugh co nstitutio nal re ,ie/V it s aid t hat o rdinar + crime

could not e se ntence d /ith the de ath . ena lt+ accord ing to the constit ution( n ecem er 1L- 1LLK- the So uth *r ica n ?arliame nt .a sse d a mend ments anda olishe d the de ath .e nalt+ *te r ne ar l+ te n +e ars ' e**o rts - So uth *ricare mitte d or commute d a ll co nde mned .r isone rs in the .a st $rom then on- thed eat h .e nalt+ com. lete l+ disa ..e are d in S outh *rica N ige ria o nce had one o*th e highe st r ate s o* eecutio n in the /o rld- ut in 2000- ?res ide nt %a sanjoli*te d the de ath sen tence *rom all th ose on de ath ro/ &o/e ,er- in N ig er ia- theM uslim6major it + s tate s in the no rth ha ,e the ir o/n leg al co de - /hich inclu desthe de ath .en alt+ as a .u nishment *or tr eas on- arme d ro e r +- murde r-curre nc+ o**e nse s- a nd the conce alment o* *irea rms E e cutions a re .u lic anda re ca rrie d out + a *iring s 5uad V ho/e ,er- mnes t+ ( nter natio nal is concer neda out /ome n e in g sto ned to d eat h *or ha ,ing childre n out side o* the irmar riag es 2O1 2O2 N iger ia is thus cons ide red a n Xa ct i,e l+ rete ntio nistXcount r+- a nd ecaus e o* the S+ar iah la/ in th e nor th- /ill .ro a l+ h a,e ad i**icult time a olishing the d ea th .e nalt+

Th e 3i dd le /a s t

e ath .e nalt+ le gisla tion in the Midd le Ea st can e ,er + com. le de .en ding o nthe re ligion o* t he nation in 5 ues tion M ost o* the na tions in t he Midd le East

ar e cons er ,ati,e Mus lim co untrie s- /he re t he d ea th .e nalt+ is an im. or tant.a rt o* the (sla mic leg al code - S +aria h

(n (s rae l- the d eat h . ena lt+ is o nl+ im.o se d *o r cr imes committe d + the N azisag ainst hu mankind a nd the e/ s- a s /ell as tre aso n during /ar time (sra el hascarr ied o ut onl+ one e e cution- that o* do l. h Eichmann- &itle r's s econd 6in6comman d- in 1L4Y lmos t all d ea th .en alties /e re a olish ed + le gislat io n in1L4 e ce .t *o r se rious cr imes co mmit ted during /ar time " he last eecutio nto e ,er t ake . la ce in (sra el /a s that o* d ol* Eich mann- / ho /as co n,icte d *orhis role in the &olo ca ust- in 1L>2 mora torium has since ee n . la ced on a ll*ur ther ee cut ions- and e /ish r eligiou s la/ ma kes the dea th . enalt + di**icult

*or ra inical aut horitie s to discuss 2O> !ike N iger ia- S aud i r aian la/*ollo/ s S +ariah - a nd more s. eci*ica ll+ the &an ali schoo l o* S unni ( slam- ane s.e cia ll+ in*leile tra dition o* *i 5h- the (sla mic s+ste m o* jur is.ru den ce "hisnat ion has o ne o* the highe st e e cution ra tes /orld /ide - in .ar t ecaus e soman+ crime s ma+ re sult in the d ea th .e nalt+- including d rug d ea ling - so do m+-and X/itchcr a*t-X to na me a *e/ e *end ants ma+ not ha ,e acce ss to a la/+e rEe cut io ns a re a l/a+s . ulic e hea ding *o r me nV / omen are some timese e cu ted in .ri,ate a ndWor + *iring s5 uad u t ma + e suje ct to the s amemet hod as me n "ho se /ho ha ,e e trama rital a **airs ma + e sto ned to d ea th-and cr uci*iion is so metime s use d to . unish etr eme l+ ,i ole nt cr ime s n +on e

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o nl+ *or mur de r and ro e r+ resu lt ing in murd er " he dea th . enalt + is *urio usl+d ea ted in a.a n- a lthoug h the ma jorit+ o * th e .u lic o .inion s till *a ,ors it sre te ntion a .an has sho /n a do /n/a rd t rend in the nume r o* ee cut ions .e r+e ar V s till- Ea st sia in g ene ral is the most r ete ntionist r egio n in the /o rld

So ut h %o rea

#e ga rding the d ea th .e nalt+ in S out h Pore a- the . eo .le a re s o *ond o* a hea teda rgume nt on the ret entio n or a olition o* the de ath .e nalt + S ince 1LLK- a *tert he e e cuti on o* t /e nt +6t hre e co nd e mne d - no ne ot he r ha ,e no t e e ne e cuted S out h Pore a /o uld e the re*o re ide nti*ied as a co untr + /hich ha sa olishe d the de ath . ena lt +

" he ao litionist mo,eme nt in Sou th Po rea has se,e ra l co m.one nts $ir st-S outh Pore a's *irs t a olitionist org aniz ation - S a. eh+u. - /as *o rme d in 1LYL- as

a res .on se to t he S e co nd % .tio nal ?r otocol ado .te d + the U N G e nera ls sem l+ in t he sa me +e ar "he + *ile d th ree .et itions to t he )ons titutiona l)our tV altho ugh a ll thre e /e re ,ote d do /n- the third / as s ig ni*ica nt in tha t t/ojus tice s ,o ted the d eat h .e nalt + to e unconst itution al Se cond - d uring?re side nt P im's te rm 1LLY62002- o th the ?re side ntial "ruth )o mmis sion o nS us. iciou s e aths and the N atio nal &uma n # ights )ommissio n /e re *orme d" he *irst re sea rched th e circumst ances o* de aths tho se *ighting *or d emo cr ac+in the 1LK0s a nd 1LY0s " he s econd o rga niza tion de *ie d the sian .o litica ls ta nce o *Xs ia n ,a lu e sX o* te n us ed t o de *e n d .r a ctice s li ke ca .i ta l. unishmen t o n the g round s that the + g round ed in sian cu lt ural ,alues andso ught to achie,e u ni,ers al sta ndar ds o* human r ig hts

ll o* t he ao ,e re ason s s lo/ So uth Pore a's . rog res s to/ar d ao lit ion de s.itethe e **or ts o* a olition is t g rou. s S outh Por ea's .ath to/ ard en ding the d eat h.e nalt + / ill .r o,ide a use*ul e a m.le o* ho/ a co untr + ca n cha nge le ga la ndcult ura l no rms de s. ite a ge ne ra ll+ ho stile e n,ir onme nt to/ ard s there le,ant is sue

So ut he a st Asia

G ene rall+- s ome cou ntrie s in S outhe ast sia ha ,e ee n ao lishing th e de at h.e nalt +- or at le ast ha,e not conducte d e ecutions *or a cons ide ra le le ngth o*time Still- some na tions con tinue to car r + o ut the d ea th .e nalt+ de s. ite thetre nd to /ard s ao lition

(n Mala +sia- ha nging is re se r,e d *o r so me o**e nce- su ch as *ire arm ,iolatio ns-dr ug or murde r "h e n umer o* eecution s ha s d ecre ase d in rece nt +e ar s- mostre ce nt ee cut ions ha,e ee n *or dr ug tra **icking " he s+s tem o* the de ath.e nalt+ in Sing a.o re is etre mel+ cold- it mainl+ r e*lects in thre e as .e cts " he*i r s t is t h at th e n u m e r o * th e d e a t h . e n al t + cha r g e s ,a r i e s s ig n i*i ca n tl +

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( t includ es en gag ing in o r atte m.ting to e nga ge in ,iole nt actions /hich area gains t the g o,er nment - ha,ing co nne ctio n /ith the ar med *orces in th e crimeo* se ditio n- committing murde r etc cco rding to stat istic- in S in ga. ore - K0\ o*th e d eat h .e nalt+ is sen tence d to o**e nde rs in dru g6rela ted crimes S econ dl+-th e nume r o* t he ee cut io ns is ,er + high B et/e en 1LL1 and 2000- mo re tha n

th ree hundr ed . eo .le / ere .lace d on d ea th ro/ "he eecutio n rate /a s1OOO\- /hich is cons id ere d re lati,e l+ rar e in the /or ld "hird l+- the+ usedha nging /hich is a ,e r + inhu mane me thod to . unish cr imina ls ltho ugh thes +stem o* t he de ath .e nalt+ in S ing a.o re has e en criticize d + ,ariou so rgan iz at io ns- the g o,er nment s till in sists o n an un/a ,ering stan ce on thema tter a nd ha s ac5uire d the su.. or t o* gen era l . o. ulation

iet nam also re tains the dea th .e nalt+- thoug h the se ntence is no t ma ndat or +*or .oss ile o**e nce e ath + *iring s5ua d is a .o ssile sen tence *or a ,a riet +o* o**e nse s includ in g r a.e - murde r- e s.ion age - ter roris m- a nd drug crime s (t is

uncle ar ho/ man+ .e o.le ar e killed e,e r + +e ar e ca use the n umer is ke. t as ecre t o th d om es tical l+ a nd i nte rna tio na ll+ (t 's .o ss ile t hat ie tna mcond ucts ee cut io ns o* innocen t .eo .le - as t here are 5 ues tions a s to the*air ness o* t rials the re

o nclu si on

3orld /ide - t he d ea th . enalt + is eing sent enced to o**e nde rs less *re5 uen tl+ + a ge ne ral tre nd- ut s ome ar eas cont in ue to hold out Eas t sia and M uslimcount ries te nd to re ta in the d eat h . enalt +- the *or mer *or cultural and .o litica l

re aso ns and the la tter *o r r eligio us elie *s U kra in e has de monst rate d the. o /e r o * r e g io na l o d ie s t o a* *e ct ch an g e in . e na l cod e s V h o/ e ,e r-inte rnat ional a nd reg io nal o rga niza tions ma + ha ,e tr oule /ith Eas t sia andthe Mus lim na tions ecaus e o* di**er in g cultural custo ms

)ele,ant 'N Actions

Th e 'n i, ers a l De cl ara ti on of Hu ma n )i* h ts

" he *irs t Unite d N ation s docume nt re le ,ant to the a olitio n o* t he de at h.e nalt + /as t he U ni,er sal e cla ratio n o* &uman # ight s- / hich t he G en era ls sem l+ ad o. ted on 10 ece me r 1L4Y 22 3hile this do cument do es notta ke an e. licit sta nce on the d eat h . ena lt+- rticle O state s tha t XE,e r +oneha s the right to li*e- lie rt +- and securit + o* the .er son X2O " his outlo ok / as acom.r omise et/e en a olitionis t a nd ret entio nist outlo oks- oth ecause o*de a tes / ithin the Ge ne ral s sem l+ and e ca use this a rticle /as also me antto add res s a or tion in ,a gue ter ms24 Beca use o* the co ncis ion o* this ar ticle -it r em ain ed unch ang e d d es .it e m an+ .o te ntia l a men dme nt s %ne intere sting



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a nd ultimate l+ unsucces s*ul- ame ndme nt came *ro m t he S o,iet U nion- /hichinte nde d to a olish ca. it al .unishme nt *or .e ace time onl+V t he S o,iet s /ereo ..o se d most stro ngl+ + ce rt ain !atin me rican coun tries - including U rugua +a nd )o sta #ica " he *inal ,e rsio n o* the tet /as stro ngl+ su.. or ted + theU nite d S tate s- the Unite d Pingd om- $r ance- a nd the ir a llie s 2> #at her tha n

s er ,ing a s an imme dia te in ding a gre eme nt to ao lish the de ath . ena lt+- theU ni,er sal eclar ation's go al see ms to ha,e ee n t he achie ,e men t o * a gr adu ala olitio n o * ca. ital .unis hment

Th e In te rna t io na l o, en a nt on i ,i l an d P oli ti cal )i *h ts

" he net major do cu me nt to a dd ress the d ea th . ena lt + /a s the ( nter nation al)o,e nant on )i,il and ?o lit ica l #ig hts- /h ich the Ge ne ral sse ml+ . asse d in1L>> a* ter nine te en +e ars o * d ra*t ing see .. end i 1 " he U N odie s mos td ee .l+ in,ol,e d in t he ( nter nation al )o,en ant /e re the )o mmission on &uma n

# ights and the S ocial- )ultura l- a nd &uman it aria n )o mmittee 2Y Un like theU ni,er sal e clar atio n- the (nte rna tional )o,e nant d irectl+ re *ere nces t he d eat h. ena lt + in rticle >V it de clare s th at X one sha ll e ar itra ril+ d e. ri,ed o* h isli*e-X tha t Xse nte nce o* de ath ma+ e im.o se d on l+ *o r th e mos t se riouscrime s-X t hat X. ers ons elo / eig htee n +ea rs o* a geX ma+ not e s ente ncedto d ea th- a nd tha t .re gna nt /oman ma + not e ee cute d

)e po rt s t o t h e 'n ite d Nat io ns

" he *irs t t/o r e.o rt s to the U nited Nat io ns a out t he de ath .en alt+- )a.ita l

?unis hment th e nce l #e. or t- 1L>2- a nd )a. ital ?unis hmentJ e ,elo. ments1L>161L> the M orr is # e.o rt - 1L>K- u sed in*or mation *rom 5ue stionn airestha t the U N S e cre ta r+6G en era l sent t o mem er na tions a ou t the us e o* thed eat h .en alt+ "h e sur ,e +s /e re me ant to de termine o th the de jur e and thede *acto us es o* ca .ital . unishme nt- a nd ho / man+ e ecutions occurre d ea ch+e ar "he se sur ,e+s /ere issu ed e ,er + *i,e +ear s as .ar t o* a cont inuing e **o rtto monitor the use o* ca .ital .unishme nt / orld/ ide " he *irst ed it io n o* o ne o*the most hel.*ul so urces *o r this stud +guide - " he eat h ?e nalt+ + #og er &oodan d )aro l+n &o+le - /as commission ed + t he Economic a nd S ocial )o uncil in1LYY in ord er to .ro,id e Xa stud + o* the 5 ues tion o* the d ea th .e nalt+ an d ne/contr iutio ns o* the criminal s cie nces in the matte r-X a nd to u.d ate the

in*or ma tion glea ned *rom e ar lie r s ur ,e+s 2>1 " he most re ce nt s ur,e + a ,a ila leno/ is the Se ,ent h uin5ue nnial Sur ,e + use d as a major s ource *or the *o urthe dition- /hich / as curre nt as o* e ce me r 200K

)ece n t 'N Acti on s

(n 1LY4- a r eso lution mad e + the Economic and S ocial )ouncil r esulte d in thedo cu mentXS a*e guar ds Gu ara ntee ing ?rote ction o* t he #ig hts o* t hose $acingthe e at h ?e nalt+X N ot inte nde d to . ost. one ao lit io n o* the death .e nalt+ in



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a n+ nat ion- this d ocument inste ad soug ht to .ro tect th ose *acing t he d ea th. ena lt+ in natio ns /he re it /as s till lega l " he Sa *e gua rds stron gl+ sug ge st tha tth e de ath .e nalt+ onl+ e use d *or the mo st etre me o* crime sV tha t . eo .le e. rote ct ed *ro m Xre tros .e ct i,e a.. lica tions o* th e de ath . ena lt+VX tha t lig hte rcrime s e ser iousl+ cons ide red - tha t child ren - .r egn ant /o men- ne/ mo the rs-

a nd the me ntall+6unst ale e s.a red o* the s ente nceV t hat the d eat h . ena lt+o nl+ e use d /h en t he cour t is de *in it el+ . ositi,e that the .er .e trat or is guilt+Vth at a *a ir tria l /ith leg al de *en se ha s e en a,aila le to allV t hat a ..e al- .ard on-a nd commuta tion o* se nte nce e access ile a nd . ossi le- and that t hosee e cutions th at are car ried o ut use th e most huma ne meth ods . ossi le 3hileid eall+- such a do cume nt /ould no t nee d to e ist - the S a*e gua rds ar e a ste . inthe right d ir ection *or re ten tionist count ries- and in 1LY- E)%S % ) e ga ne **o rt s to che ck ho/ care *ull+ the se re 5uire ments /e re e ing *o llo/ed +re ten tionist co untrie s (n 1LYL- the S e,e nth U nite d N ations )o ngre ss o n the?re ,ent ion o* )r ime and th e "re at me nt o* %**e nde rs re sulted in t he *or ma la do. tion o* *o ur mo re s tand ard sJ that ther e e e noug h time to .re .are thecas e o* t he de *ens e e *ore t he tria l- tha t t here e ma ndat or + a .. eal or r e,ie //ith t he o. tion o* .a rdo n and le nienc+- tha t a maimum ag e *or e ligiilit+ *ore e c u t i o n e e s t a l i s h e d - a n d t h a t n o i n t e l l e c t u a l l + d i s a l e d o r

Xcom. romise dX indi,idu als e sen tenced to de ath o r ee cute d

" he UN - in .a rt icula r th e &uma n # ights )ommissio n )- co ntinue s too se r,e na tions use o* the de ath .e nalt+ a nd t o e nco ura ge its a olitio n/o rld/id e (n 1LLY t he ) issue d a re solutio n ca lling *o r sta tes to s ign theS econd %. tional ?ro tocol and to halt e e cutions u ntil t he+ d id so "his

re solut io n /a s a cked + sit +6*o ur state s 2> ( n the sa me +e ar- a U N s.e cia lin,e stiga tion lama sted t he U nited St ate s *o r co ntinuing to se nte nce minorsan d ment all+ ch alleng ed in di,idua ls to de at h " he re .o rt a lso *ou nd e,id enceo* dis cr imina tion a lo ng oth ra cia l and e conomic lines (n 200K- the UN issue d asimilar re solut ion- this time a cke d + eig ht+6one s tate s " his r eso lution /asdire cted at sta tes / it h the mo st ee cut io ns- like Sing a. ore

(uestions and )esolution 3ust

Ans!er

1 re the re an+ acce. ta le cultura l- re ligious - an dWor le ga l jus ti*ica tions *o r thede ath . ena lt+`

2 &o/ ca n th e in ter nat iona l communit + *or ce o r e ncour ag e r ete ntio nistcount ries and de *acto re te ntionist countr ies to ma ke s te. s to/ ard *ulla olition`



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O( n cou ntrie s t hat ret ain t he de ath .e nalt+- ho/ can /e .r e,e nt t he eecutio no* childre n- . reg nant /o men- and me ntall+ re tard ed in di,idua ls `

4 (n co unt rie s t hat re tain the d ea th . e nalt +- ho / can the int er nat iona lcommunit+ en sure tha t th e t rials are *air an d t he metho ds o* e e cution are

huma ne`

3ha t is the role o* in tern ationa l and re gion al o die s in the /or ld /idea olition o* the de ath . enalt +`

>3ha t is th e ro le o* huma n right s org aniz atio ns in the a olition o* t he d ea th.e nalt +`

Su**estions for 1urther )esearch

s de leg ates - +ou s hould e *amiliar not onl+ / it h +our o/ n countr +'s . ositio non the de ath .e nalt+ ut also the .o sitions o* a ll co untrie s t hat ma+ e itherag ree or d isag ree /ith +ou

G ett in g accurate in*ormat ion a out /hich countr ie s ha,e ao lished the d eat h.e nalt+- or /hich count ries ha,e sig ned /hich t rea ties- can e di**icult Sin ce

the a olitio n mo,e ment is h a.. ening so 5uickl+- much o* th e in*o rmatio na,aila le to +ou is o utda ted (t is re commen ded t hat +ou co nsult (nte rne tso urces o r " he e ath ?ena lt+ + # oge r &oo d a nd )aro l+ n &o+le Ord e d inord er to o tain the most corre ctin*orma tion ?u lis hed in 200Y- this ookconta ins . er tine nt an d d eta ile d in*ormat ion a out almos t e ,er + coun tr +- andhas hel.*ul char ts in t he a ..e ndices *or *inding co untrie s' .o sitions 5uickl+%t her o oks /ith us e*ul ut .o tent iall+ ou tdate d in *o rmatio nin clud e " he olition o* the e ath ?e nalt+ in (nt erna tiona l !a/ + 3illia m S ch aas.u lis hed in 1LLO- )om.a rati,e nal+sis o* )a.ita l ?u nishment + #ita S imo n and a gn+ Blas ko,ich . ulishe d in 2002- and 3he n the State No!ong er Pills + S ang min Ba e .ulis hed in 200K "he *ir st o ok is an ecellentso urce *or re se arching .a st actions o* th e U nited N atio ns and r egio nal o diesag ainst the d ea th .e nalt+ ( ts cha. ter s include de taile d ana l+sis o* loc.o sitions and .ote ntial amend ment s to e isting legis lation- an d man+ o*thedo cume nts and reso lutions discuss ed in this g uide a. .ea r in th is o ok " hese co nd oo k g i,es an o,e r,ie / o * the de ath .e nalt+ in d i**e re nt re gio ns o * the/or ld- in a dditio n to cha. ters a out .u lic o.inio n- det err ence- a nd eecutiono* inno cents - to.ics that ar e not discuss ed in d eta il he re ut could e ,e r +im.or ta nt in de ate at con*e rence " he la st o ok is e s.e ciall+ use *u l *o r thed e le g a t e s r e . re s e n ti n g t he U ni te d S ta t e s - S o u t h Po r e a - S o u t h * ri ca - an d

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U kra ine- as thes e a re th e a uthor 's cas e st udie s e leg ate s sho uld als o use the( n t e r n e t - i n . a r t i c u l a r t h e B r i t i s h B r o a d c a s t i n g ) o m . a n +/e site htt.J WW/// co rg to loo k *or re cent ne /s a out t he d eat h .en alt+mne st+ (n tern ationa l rie *ing s a out the sta tus o* human rig hts

Position Paper )e4uirements

$o r ea ch to. ic a rea - +o u /ill e /riting one .o sition .a. er Ea ch .os it ion .a .e rsho uld e one .ag e- sing le6s.a ce d- a nd /r itten in 126. oint *o nt (n a he ade r a tthe to . o* t he .ag e- include +ou r *ull na me- /h ich to.ic a rea +ou aread dre ssing - t he cou ntr + +ou / ill e re .re se nting- an d the high school +o utte nd ?os ition .a. er s should e di,ide d into thre e se ctions "he *ir st shouldad dre ss t he mo st im.o rta nt iss ues o * t his to. ic a rea *or +o ur count r+ $o r ourto. ics - it is re co mmend ed that +ou dr a/ in s.ira tion *rom +o ur co untr +'shisto r +- cultur e- a nd re ligion- in add ition to o ther is sue s +ou ma+ *ind re le,an t

" he second se ction should discus s the a ct io ns +o ur n ation is curre ntl+ taking/ith re ga rd to th e to. ic a rea [our co untr +'s . olic+- legis lation- and recen tactio ns re la ting to the to.ic are a s hould a ll go into this se ction "he thirdse ction sh ould d es cr ie .ote ntial s olutio ns +our countr + mig ht su. .o rt [ournat ion ma+ ha,e its o/ n . ro.o se d solutio nV ho/ e,er- o*te n this in*o rmat io n ishar d to *ind (* +ou canno t *in d in*orma tion a out the solut io n +our cou ntr +o**icia l e nd orse s- +ou sho uld de duce a logical so lution th at +our co untr + /ouldsu. .or t a se d on . ossi le so lutions +o u ha,e rea d a out in +ou r o/n re se arch

Stud + guid es a re a .lace to succinctl+ s ummariz e +ou r natio ns .o sition /it hre gard to to.ic a rea s ?lea se do n ot t r+ to le ngthe n +o ur st ud+ g uide s +including etr a in*o rmatio n or *acts that are no t re le,a nt to the to .ics a t ha ndMa in . oints *rom the stu d+ guide a re dist riute d at the e ginning o* thecon*er ence- so the stud + g uide s o*ten d ete rmine the *o rmat io n o* locs at theout set o* co mmit tee [ou should the re *o re de ,ote +o ur t ime and e st thinkingto th em as the+ can d ete rmine the co urse o* the e ntire co mmittee se ssion [ourstud + gu id es ma+ a lso s ho/ me /he re clar i*ica tion o r e. lanat io n might ene ede d a t the eginn in g o* co mmit tee



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