Psychometric Properties of the short version of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (S-PACES) in a Spanish Children Sample

Rosa M.Baños RiveraJuly, 4, 2014

Domínguez, A. 1, Escobar, P. 1, Cebolla, A. 2,3, Miragall, M. 1, Botella, C. 2,3 & Baños, R. 1,3.

1.University of Valencia, Spain, 2. Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain. 3. CiberObn, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición,Santiago de Compostela.

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY (PA) • Regular PA has many desirable outcomes for health,

specially for children.

• PA is necessary for normal growth and development of cardiorespiratory endurance, muscle strength, flexibility, motor skills, bone development, agility, and so on

• PA in children and adolescents has declined in a dramatic way in the recent years.

• Physical inactivity has been identified as an important public health concern for youth

Introduction

EUROPEAN CHILDREN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY (PA) LEVELS

-WHO (2009) (report on PA in 2005): children of all the European countries have amean of recommended PA levels of:

-11 years old, boys = 52%, girls = 43%

-15 years old, boys=43%, girls = 28%

-Countries with higher PA children-Ireland, Finland, United Kingdom (Scotland and Wales)-Countries with lower PA children ;-the Russian federation, Portugal, Italy, and Malta.

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY (PA)

• It is known that PA habits established during childhood and adolescence are predictors of PA in adulthood, and that the PA has benefits both physically and psychologically.

• The increment of sedentary way of life is directly related to obesity, plus an increasing abundance of “energy dense” foods.

• Management of childhood obesity is commonly based on lifestyle interventions where nutrition, PA and behaviour modification are the main targets.

Obese children’s physical fitness levels are lower than those of normal weight children (Dupuis et al., 2000).

The most compelling benefit of PA (Dupuis et al., 2000)-for normal-weight adolescents is “pleasure” (an intrinsic motive), -For obese adolescents are “losing weight”, “feeling or looking better”, and “improving health and physical condition” (all extrinsic motives).

IMPORTANCE OF PA PROGRAMS

-Programs focused to promote PA in children population shows very low levels of adherence (Wang, et al. 2013).

- There is a need of research for programs to enhance adherence, especillay for obese children, et al. 2007).

-Do positive emotions has a role on PA promotion?

ENJOYMENT AND ITS RELATION WITH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

- Enjoyment can be described as a “positive affective emotional state that reflects feelings of pleasure, liking, and fun” (Wankel, 1993).

- Enjoyment and positive emotions are not taken into account in most of the clinical guidelines for the PA promotion in obese children interventions.

- Sallis, Prochaska, & Taylor, (2000): positive emotions and enjoyment during PA explain variation in exercise behavior or to predict exercise behavior.

Introduction

LACK OF INSTRUMENTS TO MEASURE POSITIVE EMOTIONS AND

ENJOYMENT FOR PA IN CHILDREN

-Only one questionnaire developed, the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) has beenused.

-Only 2 studies validated the psychometric properties of the PACES in children and adolescentpopulation: (Motl, et al; 2001; Moore et al., 2009).

-There is a validation of the PACES in children (Paxton et al., 2008) but not in Spanish language.

METHODOLOGY

AIMS

To analyze the psychometric properties of the S-PACES in a

Spanish children sample.

To analyze the relationship between the S-PACES, the BREQ-2

(a questionnaire to measure motivation), and the Body Index

Mass (BMI) z score of the children.

METHODOLOGY

SAMPLE- The sample was composed by 125 Spanish children, from 7 to 15 years old (M =11.61; SD = 1.47 years old).

METHODOLOGY

-Each participant’s height and weight were measured with a calibrated electronic stadiometer (Scale-Tronix, Wheaton, IL) and a digital body fat analyser (TANITA SC 330 MA, Holtain, Crymych, Wales), to the nearest 0.5 cm and 0.1 kg respectively.

-Standardized Body mass index (BMI-z) was calculated according to Cole’s LMS method.

Inclusion criteria•Age between 8 and 15 years old.•Not to have any medical problems or physical impediments to practicing PA.•Informed consent signed by parents.

MEASURES

The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale Short form (S-PACES, Dishman, Motl, Sallis, et al.,2005):

•6 items (one was excluded because children had problems to understand it).•Include bipolar statements with 7 points between the statements.•Likert scale from 1 to 7.•2 factors: (1) Primary Motivation and (2) Enjoyment Perception.

METHODOLOGY

MEASURES

The Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ- 2, Markland & Tobi,2004):•Based on the Self-Determination Theory of Deci and Ryan (2000). SDT specifies thatpeople can be motivated for different reasons that can be modeled as lying along acontinuum of autonomy.•It measures 5 factors:

•Amotivation•External regulation•Introjected Motivation…•Identified Motivation…•Intrinsic Motivation

•Measures the stages of the Self determination continuum.•19 Items•Uses a Likert – type scale of 5 points, where 0=not true for me and 4 =very true for me.

METHODOLOGY

PROCEDURE

- The S-PACES questionnaire was applied individually to the obese children at acardiovascular risk unit in a pediatric hospital and normal weight children at school.

DATA ANALYSIS

- The S-PACES scores were subjected to Exploratory Factor Analysis (Scree Test andParallel Analyses for retaining factors and Maximum Likelihood estimation extractionmethod) and the internal consistency reliability was assessed using Cronbach´s alpha.

- Pearson’s correlation were carried out to analyze the relationships between the S-PACES, BREQ-2 and BMI z score.

-ANOVA analysis were made to analyze the difference of the means between normalweight children vs. obese children, and their scores in the instrument S-PACES.

RESULTSExploratory Factor Analysis

- Data’s normality: skewness < |2| and kurtosis < |7|

- Sampling Adequacy: KMO=.80 and Barlett’s test (x2 (10)= 251,139, p<.001).

- Factor to be retained: 1

Scree Plot Test Parallel Analysis

Factor Raw data Eigenvalues

Mean Random Data Eigenvalues

Percentile Random Data Eigenvalues

1 2.97 1.24 1.36

2 .79 1.09 1.16

3 .60 .99 1.04

4 .41 .88 .95

5 .21 .77 .86

Number of components

Eige

nva

lues

Item 1. It’s not at all interesting vs. It´s interesting . .86

Item 2. I dislike it vs. I like it .89

Item 3. It’s no fun at all vs. It´s very fun.73

Item 4. It doesnt´t feels good at all vs. It feels good.55

Item 5. It doesn´t gives me energy at all vs. It gives me energy. .42

- Internal Consistency for the overall scale: α = .82

- Factor extraction: The Maximum Likelihood factor extraction showed that 1 factorexplained the 50.90% of the total variance.

- Factorial loadings: all the items had minimum factor loadings of .30.

Pearson’s correlations between the S-PACES total score and the BREQ-2 factors

** p<.01* p<.05

**

**

Pearson’s correlations between the S-PACES total/items scoreand BMIz Score

** p<.01* p<.05

***

3.4. Differences between normal-weight and over-weight children on the S-PACES score

F(1,123) = 1.934, p =.167, ηp2 = .015

Discussion

-The enjoyment measured by the S-PACES is related with the intrinsicmotivation and amotivation. The more enjoyment, the more intrinsicmotivation and less amotivation.

- The more BMI z score, the less enjoyment to the physical activity. But therewas not difference between normal-weight and over-weight children on the S-PACES score.

- This study concludes that S-PACES has proved to be a useful tool to measureenjoyment of physical activity on Spanish children population.

Limitations

-The size of the sample was small (n=125) compared with other studies wherepsychometric tools where validated.

-More obese/overweight children than normal weight (69% / 31%).

-Children come from 2 different settings (cardiovascular risk unit in a pediatrichospital and school).

Conclusion

- It is important to take into account positive emotions in order to apply PApromotion interventions, more when obese children are involved.

-It is important to have reliable measures of positive emotions applied to PA,like enjoyment.

- The join positive emotions and PA is a future research line with manypossibilities of action.

• THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION