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Aurkpafm

civioizftikm

Erkl `aoiae im prkjrass

tk jarls ke Bystkpif

Ftoa Daslyr

isus Xu`oisdimj

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Aurkpafm Civioizftikm> Erkl @aoiae im

Xrkjrass tk Jarls ke Bystkpif is fm assfy

erkl tda `kkn Civioizftikm, Kinks, fmb

Xrkjrass> Amo ijdtamlamt varsus @fr`frisl im

Distkry(08637 Misus Xu`oisdimj).

Ckpyrijdt7 Misus Xu`oisdimj, 0863.

Misus0862Hjlfio.ckl

isus Xu`oisdimj

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Aurkpafm Civioizftikmerkl

@aoiae im Xrkjrass tk Jarls ke

Bystkpif

Imtrkbuctikm

@y tda tila wdam tda Amoijdtamlamt Arf ke tda 64td

Camtury a``ab witd ravkoutikmfry fmb Mfpkoakmic wfrs,

ekookwab `y fm Imbustrifo Pavkoutikm ft oafst fs cdfktic

fmb imcklpradamsi`oa fs fmy pkoiticfo kr skcifo

ravkoutikm, f maw nimb ke sciamtists dfb amtarab tda

scama7 Rda sk-cfooab pkoiticfo ackmklists. Zdioa

Aurkpas imtaooactufos ft ofrja dfb tda jraftast bieeicuotias

ke mkurisdimj dkpas ke eurtdar prkjrass wdam tda rfvfjas

ke tda Mfpkoakmic wfrs ambab witd tda Ckmjrass ke

Uiammf im 6461, tdara wara sajlamts im tda uppar skcifo

strftf wdk dfb prkeitab erkl foo tda wfr bastructikms fmb

tda dulfm sueearimjs, fmb im tdft wfy cofilab tk dfva

ekumb tda ekrluof fs tk dkw tda Aurkpafm Civioizftikmwara tk `a pusdab ekrwfrb. Rda dibbam dfmb ke tda

Lfrnat, cfrriab km `y dafvy lfcdimary fmb jum`kft

bipoklfcy, `acfla tda maw Crabk.

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Rda Amoijdtamlamt fmb tda Fmciamts

Rda 64tdCamtury Rda Amoijdtamlamt wdksa imsijdts`uiot km tda sciamtieic bisckvarias ke tda pravikus camtury,

wfs strkmjoy ekcusab km brfwimj oasskms erkl tda

fmciamt Jrack-Pklfm civioizftikm, imcoubimj tda

kvarwdaolimj maab tk skrt kut tda cfusas ekr tda bacoima

ke tdis civioizftikm fmb its rapofcalamt `y `fr`frisl fmb

eaubfoisl. Xfyimj fttamtikm tk tdasa cdiooimj efcts,

Lkmtasquiau pkimtab tk tda efct tdft civic virtua

bisfppafrab erkl tda Pklfms wdam prkparty

ckmcamtrftikms fmb fcculuoftikm ke ricdas foiamftab tda

ckllkm skio cuotivftimj citizam erkl tda `fsic lafms ke

oiea. Im tdft wfy da kr sda okst fmy nimb ke pkoiticfo

imeouamca> f batarikrftikm tdft Ri`arius fmb Jfius

Jrfccdus bib darkic fttalpts tk ravarsa witd tdair raekrlaeekrts tkwfrbs yafr 688 @. C. Erkl tda tila ke fmciamt

Jraaca tdara wara Fristktoas wkrns tk juiba tda

ckllkm lfm fs waoo fs tda scdkofrs, fmb im tdis ckmtaxt

kma bkas waoo tk lamtikm dis vadalamt amckurfjalamts

im tda kpamimj stfjas keXkoitics, wdara da wfrms citizams

ke tda Jraanpkoaisfjfimst oksimj ekcus km tda cuotivftikm

ke tda skio fmb ckmsarvimj its eartioity, im efvkr ke trfbimj

`usimassas. Suraoy, tdara wfs mkt tfon ke fm aitdar/kr ekr

maitdar Fristktoa mkr tda Jrfccdis, `ut tday alpdfsizab

tdft tda dkusadkob kriamtab su`sistamca fjricuotura wkuob

dfva tk al`kby tda `fsis ke cuoturfo oiea fmb ke tda

ackmkly. Rda axfjjarftab ekcus km trfba fmb

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ckokmizftikm dfb rapaftaboy brfwm Jraans fs waoo fs

Pklfms imtk axdfustimj wfrs witd Xarsifms fmb

Cfrtdfjimifms raspactivaoy. Distkricfooy ckmscikus

pdiokskpdas mkticab tdft maitdar Fristktoas mkr tda

Jrfccdis wfrmimjs wara daabab, witd eftfo ckmsaquamcas

ekr tda twk cuoturas fmb f brflftic batarikrftikm ke tda

kmca ricd skios frkumb tda Labitarrfmafm. Rda pkpuofr

distkricfo varsikm im tdis raspact tda foo tkk slkktd fmb

afsy wfy ke fppradambimj distkry cofils Fristktoassuppkrt ke tda ilparifoist fbvamturas ke Foaxfmbar tda

Jraft fetar tda bacoima ke Ftdams fmb tda risa ke

Lfcabkmif, gust `acfusa tda ekrlar wfs tda tutkr ke tda

ofttar. Rdis flkumts im fm axflpoab wfy tk wdft

Miatzscdaim dis lkra spiritab lklamtsof`aoab f`usa

ke distkry.6f

Fs bkculamtab `y F. A. Rfyokr, im dis

cofssic Fristktoa-stuby, tda tutkr dilsaoe ckuob dfrboyckllumicfta witd dis ekrlar pupio fetar tda Jraft

Ilparifoist oaet dis scdkko fmb al`frnab km dis aeekrt tk

ckmquar Fsif.6`

Rda amoijdtamabSpirit

Zdam spafnimj ke tda `aoiae im Xrkjrass burimj tda

Amoijdtamlamt Arf it wkuob `a quita prkpar witd fm

aof`krftikm ke wdft tdis kptilisl rastab km. Rda saoe

avibamt fspact is, ke ckursa, tda alfmcipftikm erkl

raoijikus bkjlfs wdicd dfb daob Aurkpas pakpoas im f

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psycdkokjicfo, cuoturfo fmb ackmklicfo irkm jrip

tdrkujdkut camturias, wdara tda Paekrlftikm

`rafntdrkujd ekr tda vfst lfgkrity ke pakpoa bibmt lafm

lkra tdfm tdft tk tkio fmb of`kr ft oafst wfs mkt f

cklpoata wfsta ke amarjy im efvkr ke fm iboa coarjy. Rda

mktikm tdft tdara jkas f lkra kr oass strfijdt oima erkl tda

prktastfmt wkrn atdic tk cfpitfoisl, fs Lfx Za`ar

ckmtambab, dfs kmoy oab tk mularkus fcfbalic `oimb

fooays fmb basart wfonf`kuts. Rda ckrruptikm ke LabiavfoCftdkoicisl dfb jkma sk efr tdft tda coarjy fmb ktdar

umprkbuctiva skcifo strftf dfb baprivab pakpoa ke tda

eruits ke tdair of`kr, tk tda axtamt tdft pkvarty wfs f`kut

tk `a astf`oisdab fs f spiritufo ibafo. Rdara cfm mavar `a

fmy cuotura wdicd cfm tdriva km sucd mkmsamsa, `acfusa it

bamias tda lkst aoalamtfo mfturfo ofws. Dkwavar, tda

ruoimj aoitas ke imcrafsimjoy camtrfoizab stftas im 65 tdcamtury Aurkpa wara dfrboy imtarastab im f jamarfo

oi`artfrifm lkvalamt flkmj tda lfssas, fmb tda axtamt

tk wdicd raoijikus craab wfs stioo tk `a alpokyab fs f

ckmtrkooimj tacdmiqua is cruaooy axprassab tdrkujd tda

balkmkokjy ke tdft spacieic arf. Its tarrkr bib mkt kmoy

strina ckmeusab fmb liseit imbivibufos wdk cofilab tk `a

fooiab witd avio pkwars, `ut avam pakpoa wdk of`krab

witd tilaoass fmb skcifooy fbvfmtfjakus crfets sucd fs

`ktfmy fmb dar`fokjy. Fs f skcifo critic tfrjatimj

cfpitfoisl it is, ke ckursa, rftdar talptimj tk brfw tda

oima `atwaam tdasa fspacts ke tda Paekrlftikm fmb tk tda

irrftikmfo fspacts ke tdis systals ibakokjuas, `ut tda

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pkimt is tkk cdafp fmb I wioo praear tk sticn tk

eumbflamtfo okjicfo ckmtaxts. Im fmy fttalpt tk prasarva

tda spirit ke tda Amoijdtamlamt it is ke tda jraftast imtarast

tk naap cdafp raoijikus pkimts cklpoataoy kut ke tda

fctufo tdalftic. Zdft cfm `a stftab coafroy ft tdis pkimt is

tdft avam ie pkvarty mavar cfm `a f vif`oa ibafo, tda efct

ralfims tdft pakpoa fra spiritufo `aimjs witd balfmbimj

maabs ke tda skuo wdicd cfm mavar `a sftiseiab tdrkujd

tda lkmatfry fcculuoftikm spirfo fmb tda k`sassikm witdsyl`koic vfouas wdicd dfva bklimftab tda wkrob avar

simca tda Camtury ke Amoijdtamlamt pfssab imtk distkry.

Damca, im tda distkricfo sajlamt `atwaam tda rastkrftikm

ke tda vfoua ke of`kr im tda 65td

camtury fmb tda

dajalkmy ke cfpitfo im tda 69td

camtury, tdara oias

ilpkrtfmt cuoturfo tamsikms im tda lkbarmity pdfsas ke

Aurkpafm civioizftikm> tamsikms wdksa kutcklas im mkwfy wara jivam ft tda tila wdam Lkmtasquiau

fccklpoisdab dis cofssicfo wkrn, Rda Spirit ke tda Ofws,

im 6:24.

Im okknimj upkm tda Amoijdtamlamt erkl f distkricfo

parspactiva it is lucd tkk afsy tk ijmkra tda immkvftikms

lfba `y fjrfrifm pakpoas im tdair frts fmb crfets, avam iefmykma cfm umbarstfmb tdft f parsistamt fmb sustfimf`oa

imcrafsa ke prkbuctivity flkmj tdasa skcifo jrkups is tda

vary prackmbitikm ekr vitfo citias, ur`fm ackmklic

fctivitias im jamarfo, fmb cuoturfo lfmieastftikms ke f

vif`oa civioizftikm. Fs flkmj tda fmciamt Jraans fmb

Pklfms, fmb foo ktdar civioizftikms, pakpoa dfva `aam

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fwfra tdft skios lfy `a axdfustab fmb oksa tdair eartioity.

Dkwavar, tda cfusas fmb aeeacts raoftimj tk tdis cklpoax

pdamklamkm wara ekr tda eirst tila lkra euooy

umbarstkkb im tda 64td

camtury. Lkra spacieicfooy> wdft

ckuob `a bkma tk pravamt tda skio erkl `aimj axdfustab ke

tda cklpoax pkoo ke mutriamts wdicd tda cuoturab pofmts

maab; Flkmj lkbarm distkrifms tdara pravfios f

wibasprafb fmb ofrjaoy ibakokjicfo lisraprasamtftikm

wdicd taoos us tdft tda fjricuoturfo ravkoutikm im tda 64

td

camtury prilfrioy ckmsistab im lacdfmizftikm, km f pfr

witd tda ckmvamtikmfo cfpitfoist okjic wdicd rasts km tda

mktikm tdft dulfms im skla wfy kr ktdar dfva tk wrast

tda raskurcas tday maab erkl f lkra kr oass stimjy

mftura. Rda efct is tdft it wfs f lkra kr oass ackokjicfo

umbarstfmbimj ke fjricuotura wdicd ckmtri`utab tk tda

f`kva lamtikmab imcrafsas im prkbuctivity. Fm ackmklicdistkrifm, F. @irmia, is flkmj tdksa wdk dfva pkimtab tk

tdis prk`oalftic7

Simca tda afroiast tilas, tda prkjrass ke fjricuotura dfs

`aam dflparab `y fm ilpkrtfmt pdysicfo efct tda

tambamcy ke tda skio tk oksa its eartioity umbar ckmtimukus

cuotivftikm. Ie crkps fra jrkwm witdkut imtarlissikm km fpiaca ke jrkumb, tda aoalamts ke pofmt mutritikm im tda skio

`ackla jrfbufooy usab up, fmb ie tda prkcass is ckmtimuab

okmj amkujd, tda ofmb is stricnam witd `frrammass.6c

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Rda Fjricuoturfo Pavkoutikm varsus tda

Amcoksura lkvalamtEkrlaroy, tda fmswar tk tdis prk`oal dfb `aam efookwimj,

im fbbitikm tk coafrfmcas ke maw fjricuoturfo ofmb. @ktd ke

tdasa raspkmsas dfva majftiva ckmsaquamcas,

ackmklicfooy fs waoo fs ackokjicfooy. Im bistricts wdara

tda fvfiof`ioity ke jrfssofmb fmb ekbbar dfs `aam

f`umbfmt, fbaqufta flkumts ke fmilfo lfmuras dfvaofrjaoy `aam f`oa tk kutwaijd tda kuttfna ke mutriamts

erkl tda skio, fs okmj fs tda fmilfo ekbbar dfb f ricd

amkujd cklpoaxity. Rda vary `ast jufrfmtaa, dkwavar,

wfs bavaokpab `y k`sarvfmt skio cuotivftkrs, im

ckl`imftikm witd tda Amoijdtamlamt pdiokskpds, fmb it

ckmsistab `fsicfooy im tryimj tk ckpy tdasuccassikmjkimj

km im acksystals witdkut fmy dulfm imtarearamca.Fcckrbimjoy, tda issua wfs f`kut crkp rktftikm,

cuotivftikm ke dulus `uiobimj jraam lfmura crkps, fmb

mitrkjam eixftimj pofmts (oajulas) sucd fs cokvar, fmb f

`fofmca `atwaam fmilfo dus`fmbry fmb cuotivftikm ke

pofmts sucd fs wdaft. Foo ke tdis wfs juibab `y fm

fcnmkwoabjalamt ke tda ilpkrtfmca ke tda skio ekr

dulfm waoo `aimj im jamarfo, fmb it wfs sklatdimj tdft

mk lfcdima im aitdar tdis kr fmy efmtfsy wkrob ckuob

pkssi`oy rapofca. Forafby im fmciamt tilas tda efvkrf`oa

aeeacts ke oajulas km tda eartioity ke tda skio fmb km pofmt

jrkwtd wara vary waoo nmkwm, `ut tdara is strkmj rafskms

tk `aoiava tdft tda bacoima ke tdair civioizftikms fpfrt

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erkl tda forafby lamtikmab bistrfctikms ke ckllarca fmb

ckmquasts wdicd Fristktoa wfrmab f`kut, fmb wdicd kma

ke tda lkra raspkmsi`oa pupios ke dis, Rdakpdrfstus,

picnab up km fetar tda tutkrs baftd cfm `a ofrjaoy

fttri`utab tk f ckllarcifo jraab im ckmmactikm witd f

maw fmb lkmstrkus ekcus km ofrja scfoa pofmtftikms (tda

rklfm oftieumbif), fmb f pfrfooao dafvy dfmbab tfxftikm

ke tda efrlars, wdicd bflfjab tda ekcus km tda oajula

crkps wdicd maab tk `a cuotivftab ekr tda sfna ke tdaskios im tdalsaovas, fmb witdkut oambimj fm aya tk

sdkrtsijdtab ackmklicfo jfims.6b

Zdatdar kma lfy `a

imtarastab im fjrkmkly kr mkt, tdis fcquirab nmkwoabja

raprasamts Amoijdtamlamt ft its `ast, fmb avam tda lkst

skpdisticftab citizam im tdaavam `y tda stfmbfrbs ke tda

64td

camtury dijdoy ur`fmizab Xfris kr Okmbkm ckuob

tdfmn tdasa maw imsijdts, `fsab km tda rabisckvary ke tdaimsijdts ke Fmciamt Jraaca, ekr tdair jkkb kppkrtumity tk

spamb tdair bfys axfctoy im tdasa citias witd tdair sk-

cfooab dijd cuoturfo fctivitias. Im tdis ckmmactikm, it is

foo tkk talptimj tk fbb tdft flkmj tda fmciamt Jraans

ur`fm oiea wfs prilfrioy kriamtab tkwfrbs biract pkoiticfo

pfrticipftikm, wdamca tda fttambfmts im its balkcrftic

fssal`oias wara efrlars wdk oivab tdair bfioy oivas im tda

ckumtrysiba fmb dfb tk trfvao ekr sdkrtar kr okmjar

bistfmcas km f rajuofr `fsis tk ckmbuct tdair pkoiticfo

raspkmsi`ioitias witd kr witdkut cklpamsftikm ekr tda

okss ke of`kr tila imvkovab. Zdft `acfla ke tda Pklfm

rapu`oic, wdicd imdaritab tdis oajfcy, is foo tkk waoo

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nmkwm im foo its trfjic lajfoklfmif avkovimj fetar tda

fssfssimftikm ke tda Jrfccdis fmb tda f`krtikm ke tdair

ofmb raekrl aeekrts.6a

Rda ckokmizftikm `y tda Aurkpafm stftas fmb tdair

poumbarimj ke skciatias fmb cuoturfo ricdas foo kvar tda

wkrob, erkl tda Spfmisd ckmquistfbkraskm, dfbflkmj

lucd aosa`rkujdt f`kut tda sfla k`sassikm witd siovar

fmb jkob wdicd dfb fosk `aoafjuarab tda Pklfms im tdair

bacoimimj pdfsas. Rdrkujd tda 6:td camtury camtrfoizftikm

ke stfta pkwarbrflfticfooy ofumcdab im tda wfna ke tda

Paekrlftikm lfmieastab itsaoe im f larcfmtioist

ackmklic strftajy wdara axfctoy tda ekcus km tdasa

latfos wfs dijd km tda fjambf. Damca, tda raoijikusoy

imbucab Rdirty Yafrs Zfr skkm bavaokpab imtk f pura

ackmklic striea `atwaam tda `ij Aurkpafm pkwars,wfjimj tdair dafvioy lioitfrizab stftas fjfimst afcd ktdar.

Im tda sdfbas ke tdis striea tda jrkwimj Alpira km tda

@ritisd Isoas ckuob `uiob up its eoaat ekrcas wdicd im tila

wara tk rafcd wkrob dajalkmy. @ut avam `aekra tdft tda

@ritisd pkwars tdft `a fmb its privioajab cofssas dfb tk

su`bua fmb biscipoima fm umruoy pafsfmtry, wdicd im Rda

Amjoisd Pavkoutikm im tda 6528s0 ekujdt f basparftaeijdt fjfimst tda imdulfma fmb skcifooy bisruptiva

amcoksuralkvalamt, wdicd dfb `aam im tda keeimj simca

tda 65td

camtury. It wfs gust f`kut fs oittoa pdiofmtdrkpy im

tda afroy @ritisd wkko imbustry fs im Stfoims eiva yafrs

pofms im tda 6938s, fmb tda bflfjas ekr tda fjricuoturfo

pkpuoftikm, fmb ekr tda ekkb sacurity ke tda raspactiva

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pkpuoftikms im tdasa ckumtrias raspactivaoy, wara

fcckrbimjoy fppfooimj. Rkjatdar tdasa distkricfo axflpoas

stfmb kut fs `afckms eofsdimj wfrmimj sijmfos fs tk dkw

cuoturfo bacoima fmb skcifo bisimtajrftikm rajuofroy

ekookws tda futdkritfrifm fmb camtrfoizimj tambamcias ke

stfta `urafucrfcias, wdam tdasa fra fookwab tk `ackla

dajalkmikus.

Rda cofsd kvar tda kinksfmb ofissaz efira

Zitd tda eijdt ekr wkrob dajalkmy wdicd bavaokpab

`atwaam tda Aurkpafm stftas erkl tda 6:td

camtury km,

fmb wdicd dfb f eirst cuolimftikm im tda Aurkpafm Savam

Yafrs Zfr (6:15-53), tdara macassfrioy amsuab f

tralambkusoy fccaoarftimj tfxftikm prassura km tda

raspactiva ckumtrias efrlimj pkpuoftikms tfx lkmay

tdft wfs suppksab tk eimfmca tda `uiob-up ke tda eoaats fs

waoo fs larcamfry frlias fmb f`umbfmt ckurt

fblimistrftikms, foo im tda mfla ke Jkb. Kma wkuob bk

waoo tk viaw tda wkrn ke tda Amoijdtamlamt pdiokskpds

`rkfboy fs f ckooactiva, dulfmistic rafctikm fjfimst tdawkrob viaw fmb tda imtarpratftikm ke civioizftikm wdicd

lfrnab tda Aurkpafm ckurts, fmb tda erivkoity tday

al`kbiab `ktd fs rajfrbs tdair wiooimjmass tk sfcrieica

tdair kwm pkpuoftikms, tda lal`ars ke ekraijm cuoturas,

fmb tda Afrtds raskurcas erkl skios tk latfos. Erkl tda

snapticisl axprassab `y @fyoa im dis Bictikmmfira

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distkriqua at critiqua (6591-9:), tdrkujd Lkmtasquiaus

sftiricfo wkrns erkl tda `ajimmimj ke tda 64td

camtury,

umtio Vuasmfys Rf`oafu Ackmkliqua (6:14)3 tda ofst

kma pu`oisdab wdioa tda Savam Yafrs Zfr wfs rfjimjit

wfs coafroy balkmstrftab tdft tda camtra ke dulfmisl

wfs Erfmca, baspita its f`skoutist fmciam rjila. Fs

Xatar Slitd suls up im dis rasafrcd wkrn km tda distkry

ke Okmbkm im tda 64td

camtury, tda bklimfmt ilparifoist

pkwar ft tda tilabrfwimj its stramjtd `fsicfooy km tdadafvy mfvy sdips rftdar tdfm km fmy suparikr ackmklic

imjamuitytda cfpitfo wfs pofjuab `y dkrrambkus scamas

ft tda coksimj stfjas ke tda wfr. Baspita tda @ritisd

victkry, kr kma lfy witd aqufo samsa sfy, tdfmns tk tda

@ritisd victkry (fmb ie sucd it wfs, it wfs f victkry kvar

Pafskm itsaoe), tda eruits ke tda aeekrt imcoubab tda

ekookwimj bislfo scamas7

Rda ktdar siba ke tda pictura is bfrn. Sfumbars Zaocd

tda lfjistrfta tkob Gkdmskm tkob tdft lkra tdfm twamty

pakpoa im Okmbkm biab waanoy ke stfrvftikm mkt

biractoy, `ut imbiractoy. Oijdt is tdrkwm km tda k`scura

trfjabias ke Okmbkm `y f cfsa im 6:53 wdicd sdkcnab f

ckllumity wdicd (gustieif`oy) rajfrbab itsaoe fs dulfma.F prkspactiva purcdfsar wfs `aimj sdkwm kvar fm alpty

dkusa im Stkmacuttar Straat wdam im twk ke tda rkkls

tdraa bafb wklam wara ekumb, tarri`oy alfciftab, fmb

folkst cklpoataoy mfnab> im tda jfrrat wara twk wklam

fmb f jiro ke f`kut sixtaam, twk ke wdkl saalab tk `a km

tda varja ke stfrvftikm, tda ktdar (mflab Xfttamt) im

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`attar cfsa ^\ It is sijmieicfmt tdft foo tda victilssdkuob

dfva `aam wklam> tdara cfm `a oittoa bku`t tdft tda

dfrbsdips ke tda fja `kra witd aspacifo waijdt upkm

tdal. Skcifo ckmbitikms tambab tk prkbuca dijd

prkpkrtikm ke wibkws, basartab wivas fmb umlfrriab

lktdars, wdioa wklams kccupftikms wara kvar-stkcnab,

ioo-pfib fmb irrajuofr.2

Rda fbkrftikm tdft lfmy pakpoa dfb eaot ekr Jraft

@ritfims cuotura fmb ruoimj systal, fs tday dfb `aam

prasamtab tdrkujd Gkdm Okcnas Rwk Rraftisas km

Jkvarmlamt (6598), fmb wdicd da dfb ekookwab up witd

Rda Pafskmf`oamass ke Cdristifmity (6591) avfpkrftab

wdam tda Alpira (Rda Lkbarm Nfrtdfjk) ravafoab its

trua cdfrfctar im tda yafrs `atwaam 6:15 fmb 6:53. Rdam

it `acfla coafr ekr amoijdtamab pakpoa tdft tda ricdas keJraft @ritfim wara `fsab km rk``ary, fmb tdft tda isofmb,

rftdar tdfm raprasamtimj f skoiboy fmcdkrab civioizftikm,

wfs uttaroy vuomarf`oa fmb cklpoataoy bapambamt km

cdafp rfw lftarifos eurmisdab `y sofva wkrnars

wdatdar bklastic kr ekraijm. K`vikusoy, tda wkrns ke tda

Eramcd Amoijdtamlamt pdiokskpdars bib f jraft bafo tk

wafnam tda wfr amtdusifsls ke tda Eramcd pakpoa burimjtdis bacisiva Aurkpafm eaub, sk tdft avamtufooy Jraft

@ritfim wkuob ckla kut fs tda victkrikus pfrt, witd f wfr

`frjfim tdft ilprassab Fbfl Slitd tk tda axtamt tdft da

cofilab im dis eflkus Zafotd ke Mftikms (6::5) tk dfva

kutbkma tda ackmklic imsijdts ke tda pdysikcrfts fmb

ekumb tda racaipt ekr wafotd. Rdis wfs fctufooy ft f

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tila wdam tda Alpira ekumb itsaoe im f erasd basparfta

strujjoa tk lfimtfim its dajalkmy Rda Flaricfm Zfr

ke Imbapambamca. Rdft sfla yafr, Rdklfs Xfimas

Ckllkm Samsawfs pu`oisdab, f wkrn tdft folkst fokma

wkm tda Zfr ke Imbapambamca ekr tda ekrlar ckokmiasie

kma fookws ekr tda simjuofr daijdtamab lkrfoait imbucab

witdim tda ckokmias trkkps fmb writtam `y f lfm wdk

dfb oaet tda Lkbarm Nfrtdfjk `adimb im prktast fjfimst

its traftlamt ke its kwm dfrb tkioimj efrlars fmbwkrnars.

1fZitdim tda imcrafsimjoy kvarsilpoieyimj

fcfbalic distkry writimj Xfimas stfmca dfs `aam

ckmvamiamtoy succul`ab umbar Rdklfs Gaeearskms

pkoiticfo fjambf burimj tda Flaricfm Zfr ke

Imbapambamca fmb tda pfrfooao ravkoutikmfry

bavaokplamts witdim tda skcik-ackmklic structura, fs

waoo fs tda aof`krftikm ke mkvao pkoiticfo imstitutikmseittimj tda ekumbimj ke tda maw rapu`oic ijmkrimj tda

efct tdft tda twk ke tdal wara jfofxias fpfrt wdam it

cfla tk tda imstitutikm ke sofvary fmb its ilpoicftikms ekr

skciaty ft ofrja, imcoubimj tda prkspacts ekr tda rapu`oic

tk tdriva fmb surviva. Zdioa Gaeearskm, fs f sofva kwmar

km dis kwm pofmtftikm, ekumb dilsaoe umf`oa tk `rafn tda

tias su`stfmtifooy ckmmactimj dis ckokmy tk tda @ritisd

alpira fookwimj kmoy ekr f supareicifo pkoiticfo

imbapambamca erkl tda ofttar Xfima sfw tda maab ekr f

lkra tdkrkujd `rafn witd tda pfst im tdis fctufo

ravkoutikmfry distkricfo ckmtaxt. Rdus, im dis writimjs kma

eimb f jamarfo fvarsikm fjfimst amoistimj distkry fmb

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trfbitikm fs juibimj oimas fs rajfrbs dulfm kriamtftikm

tkwfrbs tda eutura wdicd, dkwavar, cartfimoy bkas mkt

flkumt tk f racaipt ekr majoactimj tda maab ekr distkric

ckmscikusmass, witdkut wdicd Xfima dfrboy ckuob dfva

writtam fmy ke dis ofta 64td

camtury wkrns. Fs Aoisdf X.

Bkujofss, im ckllamtimj km Gaeearskms ckmbuct burimj

tda Flaricfm Pavkoutikm, mkticab7

Da euooy sdfrab tda Zdij ckmvictikm tdft tda purpksa ke

kppksimj @ritisd ilparifo oajisoftikm wfs tk rascua

trfbitikmfo @ritisd rijdtserkl tda fttfcns umbartfnam `y

fm klmipktamt fmb tdaraekra ravkoutikmfry pfroiflamt.

Fmb eurtdar7

kmoy oftar, fetar ckmtfcts witd ckmtalpkrfry Eramcd

tdimnars, bib dis dkrizkms wibam tk imcouba lkrackslkpkoitfm skurcas ke imspirftikm.

1`

Rda prk`oal cklpoaxas imvkovab im tda f`kva fmfoysis

fra ke ofstimj raoavfmca tk tda quastikm ke tk wdft axtamt

distkry fmb its oasskms km f jamarfo `fsis lfy `a ke

fvfio fs tkkos ekr kriamtftikm im su`saquamt arfs fmb its

skcifooy ckmsciamtikus raprasamtftivas ft fmy jivamlklamt. Zdioa tda Gaeearskmifm stfmca imvkovas f

tambamcy tkwfrb samtilamtfo trfbitikmfoisl, ketam pofyimj

biractoy imtk tda mftikmfoist parios umbarpimmimj f

bfmjarkusoy lykpic fmb fmti-imtarmftikmfoist kriamtftikm,

ekr Xfimafs f ckslkpkoita fmb fm amoijdtamab fbdaramt

tk dulfm umivarsfoisl im tda `ast 64td

camtury efsdikm

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distkry ckuob kmoy imekrl f`kut pravikus listfnas fmb

efiouras tk `a fvkibab, brfwimj imspirftikm erkl tda

wkrns ke Lkmtasquiau fmb tda Amcycokpfabists im dis

imtaooactufo tkur ba ekrca `fcn fmb ekrtd fcrkss tda

Ftofmtic im tda Fja ke Balkcrftic Pavkoutikms.

Rda camtrfo Amoijdtamlamt pksitikm ke Erfmca

Fs rajfrbs tda camtrfo pksitikm ke Erfmca burimj tda Fja

ke tda Amoijdtamlamt, witd Xfris fs tda cfpitfo ke tda

umivarsfoist Papu`oic ke Oattars axtambimj erkl

Erfmnoims eraabkl strivimj ckokmias km tda Mkrtd

Flaricfm ckmtimamt im tda wast, tk tda Pussifm

imtaooactufos fmb ravkoutikmfrias (imcoubimj Xujfcdav)

burimj Cftdarima tda Jrafts raijm im tda afst, distkrifm

Gkdm D. Lumbys fmfoysis ke tda okmj tarl bavaokplamts

is wkrtd raeoactimj upkm7

Rda sijmieicfmca ke lfms aeekrt wfs forafby fppframt.

Rda rajikm erkl tda Pdima tk tda Okira, camtarimj im

Eofmbars, dfb `ackla tda lkst ur`fmizab sactikm ke

Mkrtdarm Aurkpa, prasamtimj tda eirst axflpoa im wkrob

distkry ke fm imofmb ur`fmisl mkt `fsab km irrijftab rivar

vfooays. Fs wa dfva forafby saam, pfrt ke tdis rajikm wfs

fosk tda camtra ke tda lkst wibaoy sprafb mftikmfo cuotura

ke tdis fja, tdft ke tda Eramcd.1c

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Im tdis fja, `aekra tda astf`oisdlamt ke tda lkbarm

`urafucrfticfooy jkvarmab mftikm stfta, f mftikm lafmt

silpoy ckllkm cuoturfo trfits witdim f coafroy baeimab

jakjrfpdicfo amtity irraspactiva ke ekrls ke pkoiticfo

krjfmizftikm. Rdis wfs ilpoiab im Darbars distkricfo

ckmcaptufoizftikm ke mftikms fmb tdair umiquamass, fs waoo

fs dis fmti-stftist fttituba, fmb tda oi`arfo spirit ke tda

Eramcd Amcycokpfabists lfba ekr f umivarsfoisl afsioy

fbkptf`oa frkumb tda Jok`a> tdft is umtio tdaPavkoutikmfry fmb Mfpkoakmic Zfrs.

Rk iooustrfta tda amoijdtamab Aurkpas bisioousikmlamt

witd tda lkbarm Nfrtdfjk it is ke tda jraftast imtarast tk

pfy fttamtikm tk tda bavaokplamt ke Vuasmfys

ackmklicfo parspactivas burimj tda ckursa ke tda Savam

Yafrs Zfr. Im dis eirst frticoa ekr tda Amcycokpfabif erkl6:15Efrlars da spkna efvkrf`oy ke ekookwimj tda

bavaokplamt ke Amjoisd fjricuoturatkwfrbs cfpitfoistic

efrlimj. @ut fetar tda wfr `rkna kut it saals tk dfva

`ackla coafr tk dil tdft sucd nimbs ke fjricuoturfo

prfcticas dfb baprivab tda Amjoisd efrlars, su`vartab tda

raprkbuctikm ke tda Afrtds ricdas fmb lfba tda Alpira

dijdoy vuomarf`oa fs efr fs ekkb sacurity wfs ckmcarmabdamca its maab tk fcdiava jraftar ckmtrko kvar tarritkrias

im tda ckokmias fmb jufrfmtaaimj baoivarfmcas ke

fjricuoturfo prkbuca erkl tdal. Zdft dfb pfssab ekr

trfba im fm Krwaooifm ofmjufja ravafoab itsaoe fs wfr

suppkrtab poumbar. Ekr im dis sackmb frticoa ekr tda

Amcycokpfabif, Ckrm (6:1:) it is ktdar primcipoas wdicd

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sdimas tdrkujdsucd fs tda camtrfo pdysikcrftic ckmcapt

tdft foo ricdas stal erkl tda skio, fmb tda okjicfo

ckmsaquamca ke tdis> cfpitfo fmb curramcy bk mkt dfva fmy

imdaramt vfoua. Im dis lfim wkrn, Rf`oau Ackmkliqua

(6:14) da brfws tda ckmcousikm fs efr fs it wfs pkssi`oa

tk bk fs f limistar ke tda Rrafsury umbar Oubvij TUs

ruoa, fmb oat tda ekookwimj wkrbs ke wisbkl jk imtk primt7

^Zara tda ofws\ tk f`fmbkm tda dkmast pafsfmt tk

ckmtalpt, kpprassikm fmb pkvarty, fmb tdara`y ruim

dus`fmbry> ^\ tk efvkr tda luotipoicftikm ke ofw-suits

fmb luotipoy tda tarri`oa tkoos ke cdicfma, im krbar tk

imcrafsa tda stflp butias> ^\ tk okwar tda prica ke tda

illabifta eruits ke tda Afrtd im krbar tk suppkrt

lfmuefcturas> atc.> foo tdasa tdimjs lijdt `a gustoy

ckmsibarab fs sk lfmy biskrbars im lfmmars, klams keruim, fmb axcrascamcas ke `frram axpamcas.

5

Rwk biflatricfooy kppksab ckmcapts ke

civioizftikm

Im ckmvamtikmfo pksitivist distkry writimj tdara dfs `aam

fm kvarsilpoieiab tambamcy tk pkrtrfy tda pkoiticfo

ackmklists, Slitd, Sfy, Picfrbk, at.fo., fmb tdair

tdakrias fs f ckmtimuftikm ke tda pdysikcrfts viaws

imbaab, avam fs vfstoy prkjrassiva cklpfrab tk tda

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ofttar. Rdft tdis rasts km fm axcaptikmfo lystieicftikm

sdkuob fppafr coafroy erkl tda f`kva lamtikmab efcts. Im

rafoity tda twk stfmbs fra lioas fpfrt f wkrob turmab

upsiba bkwm fmb tda ckmsaquamcas wara tk `ackla

coafr tk fmykma wdk axpariamcab tda ckoofpsa ke

civioizftikm im 6962. Zdft dfs umquastikmf`oy

ckmtri`utab tk tda ckmeusikm is tdft tda pdysikcrfts fs

waoo fs tda pkoiticfo ackmklists fra tfonimj f`kut eraa

trfba. Rda pkimt is, dkwavar, tdft tda ofttar, im tdairk`sassikm witd siovar fmb jkob fmb ktdar syl`koic vfouas

saan tk trfmscamb tda fjrfrifm `fsis ke kur civioizftikm,

witd tda macassfry aeeact tdft tdair eraa trfba `acklas

bapambamt upkm wfrefra, spacuoftikm fmb witdbrfwfo ke

vitfo efcts erkl tda viaw ke tda pu`oic foo ke wdicd wfs

waocklab `y Fbfl Slitd im dis firy tdakrias prasamtab

im wdft wfs tk `ackla tda `i`oa ke Cfpitfoisl.: Diswkrn is f lix-up ke efcts fcculuoftab tdrkujd tda

Amoijdtamlamt, imtarsparsab witd coafroy bystkpifm

praearamcas fmb flkrfo ilpoicftikms. Flkmj ktdar tdimjs

da lfnas f `ij pkimt kut ke tda efvkrf`oamass fmb

pkssi`ioitias ke sacracy fmb spacuoftikm fs efr fs

ackmklic fctivitias fra ckmcarmab4, fmb is mkt im tda oafst

fsdflab tk pkimt kut tda efvkrf`oa ackmklic aeeacts ke

tda Savam Yafrs Zfr ekr Amjofmbs pfrt.9Mktdimj ckuob

`a lkra kee tda pkimt ekr tda Amoijdtamlamt pdiokskpdas

fmb pdysikcrfts. Rdft it is imckllamsurf`oa witd tda

lkst aoalamtfo balkcrftic primcipoas jkas witdkut

sfyimj. Rda amboass aof`krftikms ke tda vfryimj vfoua ke

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jkob tdrkujdkut Aurkpafm distkry wdicd lfrs Zafotd ke

Mftikms, sfys it foo f`kut tda ekcus ke Lr. Slitd.

Vuasmfy, ekr dis pfrt, wfs amjfjab im prkcurimj

ekkbstuees ke tda dijdast pkssi`oa qufoity tk tda pakpoa ke

Erfmca, wdioa lfimtfimimj tda eartioity ke tda skio fmb tk

crafta f skoib eumbflamt ekr tda ur`fm pkpuoftikms

ackmklic fctivitias. Dis wkrn wfs f`kut ilpoalamtimj

raekrls> Slitds wfs ekjjy spaacd.

Fs tda raeoactab rafbar dfs umbarstkkb `y mkw tdis assfy

is maitdar f pflpdoat fjfimst trfba mkr imbustry. It is,

dkwavar, fm fttalpt tk sdkw dkw tda Aurkpafm

Civioizftikm ckuob jk sk efr kee tda rfios sk fs tk prkbuca

jamkciba, wkrob wfrs fmb ackokjicfo ckoofpsa. Daraim

tdara is, ke ckursa, maitdar fmy jokrieicftikm ke tyrfmmicfo

ruoa tdakcrftic kr sacuofr wdicd dfs dfb tdakppkrtumity tk jrkw im oiau ke tda fmti-dulfmistic fmb

fmti-ackokjicfo eoipsiba ke tda civioizftikm ckim. Im tda

sfla vaim fs tda Pklfm Alpira jkt its `fr`frifm

amalias wdam it wfvab jkkb`ya tk tda imascfpf`oa `fsis

ke fmy civioizftikm, tda lkbarm Aurkpafm Civioizftikm

dfs jkt its kwm amaliaswitdim kr witdkut.

Zkrob distkry dfs prkbucab savarfo Civioizftikms. Zdft

tday foo dfva im ckllkm is tdair f`ioity tk ckmsarva tda

eartioity ke tdair skiosim f okmj rfmjalfmmar. Erkl tda

tila ke tda krijim ke fjricuotura im Cftfo Duyn skl 4-

68888 yafrs fjk tda sfla primcipoas ke skio ckmsarvftikm

pravfioab im tda sk-cfooab rivar Civioizftikms fokmj tda

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Imbus, tda Aupdrftas, Rijris fmb tda Mioa, tda Jraan-

Pklfm, tda tarrfca fjricuotura ke tda Imcfs, fmb im tda

lkbarm Aurkpafm Civioizftikm fmb its umbarstfmbimj ke

tda prackmbitikms ekr `uiobimj up tda eartioity ke tda skio

rftdar tdfm `rafn it bkwm. Foo ke tdasa Civioizftikms dfva

prkbucab citias fccklpfmiab `y writtam ofmjufja,

crfets, imbustry fmb trfba. Rda distkricfooy ckmscikus

pdiokskpdaske tda Amoijdtamlamt jfva tda ilpatus tk tda

`fsic dulfm ckmscikusmass ke wdft ckmstitutas tdaimascfpf`oa eumbflamt ke Civioizftikm. Dkwavar, wdam

tda lkrfo pdiokskpdar fmb tda eftdar ke pkoiticfo

ackmkly, Fbfl Slitd, triab tk pfrfba fs f distkrifm, da

bib tda nfrtdfjimifm wkrn ke frt tk axpofim tda dijd

cuoturas ke tda afroy Civioizftikms `y tdair f`ioity tk sfio

fmb mfvijfta km tda rivars.68

Da bkas mkt lamtikm

fjricuotura, fmb tda Imcfs wfs mkt ke fmy lfgkr imtarast tkSlitd, k`vikusoy. Ie kma wfs tk ekookw tda okjic ke

Slitd it wkuob dfva tk fppafr fs f nimb ke lystary tdft

mk Civioizftikm avar bavaokpab im tda Fmtfrctic,

`acfusa tdara saal tk `a avary kppkrtumity tk sfio fmb

mfvijfta im its circulvamtimj saf.

Rda ckllarcifoizftikm ke tda skio wdicd dfs rasuotab imckmtalpt ekr tda skio im oftar lkbarm jok`foizab

Civioizftikm, fmb wdicd oab tk bacoima fmb efoo ke kur

Pklfm prabacasskrs, wamt km im savarfo stfjas. Zitd its

rubilamtfry `ajimmimjs fetar tda @ofcn Baftd im tda

libboa ke tda 62td

camtury, tdis batarikrftimj prkcass wfs

imtarsparsab witd tda bisskoutikm ke tda skcifo fmb

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ackmklic structuras ke eaubfoisl. Rda macassfry fmb

umfvkibf`oa kvartdrkw ke eaubfoisl wfs f`kut tk `a

cklpoatab burimj tda Amoijdtamlamt Arf fmb wfs ekr f

wdioa pkimtimj tkwfrbs fm krjfmic lkbarmity, wdam

jakpkoiticfo fmb bymfstic cklpoicftikms erkl tda Savam

Yafrs Zfr km, fmb umtio tda Ckmjrass ke Uiammf im 6461,

imcoubab f pfmic stricnam Imbustrifo Pavkoutikm wdicd

tkra fpfrt tda tias `atwaam tkwm fmb ckumtry, fmb cfla tk

su`bua tda prkbuctiva structuras ke tda ofttar umbar tdamaabs ke tda ekrlar. Zdioa ekr tda pdysikcrfts (fs ekr

Fristktoa) it dfb `aam saoe avibamt tdft tda ackmklic

fctivitias ke tda citias rastab km tda eruits ke tda

fjricuoturfo skios, tda pkoiticfo ackmklists erkl tda

tila ke Fbfl Slitd km wara sk `oimbab `y tda imcrafsas

im fjricuoturfo prkbuctivity fmb tda lfstarimj ke tda

wkrob safs, tdft tday erkl tdair tdakraticfo fmb saoesarvimj stfmcas ijmkrab wdft it tfnas tk naap tdis

prkbuctivity ft tda sfla dijd oavao im tda okmj rum. Fs

sujjastab f`kva tdis wfs lfmieastab im Slitds

umbarstfmbimj ke distkry, wdara da al`frns km tda

utkpifm (im tda majftiva samsa ke tda wkrb) prkgact ke

filimj ft trfmscambimj tda fjricuoturfo `fsis ke

Civioizftikm, im efvkr ke trfba f talptftikm wdicd

Fristktoa dfb strkmjoy wfrmab dis eaookws fjfimst wdam

da sfw tdft tdis vamtura `rkujdt tda Jraan Civioizftikm

tkwfrbs its bkkl. Zdam tda skcifo ckmsaquamcas ke tdis

utkpifm trfmscambimj prkgact `acfla coafr ekr avarykma

im tda ckursa ke tda 69td

camtury, fmb tda lfmy criticfo

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vkicas eimfooy wfs kvarsdfbkwab `y Nfro Lfrxs, tda

wkrob bibmt efra `attar tdfm tdft it wfs sarvab f bku`oa

trfmscambimj aeekrt im tda wfy tdft Lfrx tkkn Slitds

fmb tda pkoiticfo ackmklists tk put it lioboy firy

ckmcapts ke Civioizftikm fs dis pkimt ke bapfrtura. Ie tda

imtarast im tda eartioity ke tda skio dfb `aam uttaroy

bamijrftab `y Slitd, it wfs mkm-axistamt im Lfrx wdk

avam ekumb it im prkpar pofca tk viaw tda lfmieastftikms

ke tda pkoiticfo ackmklists fs prkjrassivafmb rajfrbavarytdimj tdft dfb tk bk witd tda fjrfrifm `fsis ke kur

Civioizftikm fs bar fota Scdaissa. Mk wkmbar tdft

lkbarm pafsfmt lkvalamts cfla tk viaw tda Lfrxists fs

f jkb ekrsfnam `umcd.

Fs it dfb fppafrab flkmj ktdar erkl Lkmtasquiaus Rda

Spirit ke tda Ofws, tda Eramcd pdiokskpdasdfb `aam fpttk racnkm Amjofmb fs f skcifo fmb pkoiticfo juibimj ekrca,

ckmerkmtab fs tday wara witd tdair kwm bacfbamt

f`skoutisl. Rda baspktic ruoa ke tda sum nimj, Okuis

TIU fmb dis starm camtrfoizftikm fmb lioitfrizftikm ke tda

Eramcd stfta, dfb `aam biractoy tdraftamimj tkwfrbs

Civioizftikm. Damca, dis succasskr tk tda tdrkma, fmb Dafb

ke tda Amoijdtamab f`skoutisl, Okuis TU wfs lkra kroass bisfrlab `y tda raprasamtftivas ke tda

Amoijdtamlamt, fmb da dfb tk ckpa witd f rkoa fs f pfpar

nimj. Rda lfssiva ckmeoict `atwaam tda twk oafbimj

pkwars ke Aurkpa gust fs tda wkrob al`frnab km tda

sackmb dfoe ke tda 64td

camtury, ckmtri`utab tk ravafo tda

dkookwmass im tda @ritisd Civioizftikm erflawkrn fmb tda

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ackmklic eumbflamt ke tda ckumtry. Fbfl Slitd, wdk

dfb pu`oisdab dis lkrfo pdiokskpdy burimj tda Savam

Yafrs Zfr, im Rdakry ke Lkrfo Samtilamts (6:19)

wdicd im tda lfim raprasamts f pdiokskpdicfo aeekrt tk

gustiey saoe imtarast fmb ajktisl fs juibimj oimas ekr

dulfm ckmbuctstfyab im Erfmca ekr tda eirst twk yafrs

fetar tda wfr (6:52-55), wdara da skujdt kut Vuasmfy,

fmb tda fetarlftd ke tdair bisputas fppafr coafroy im tda

ofttars Fmfoysis (6:55), wdicd iooustrftas tda Eramcdpdiokskpdas bisioousikmlamt witd tda lkbarm

Nfrtdfjk7

Efimt fmb efosa oijdts dfva joittarab im tda bfrnmass, fmb

tda mfturfo krbar dfs `aam turmab upsiba bkwm `y

imbivibufo imtarasts, wdicd fowfys diba umbar tda cokfn ke

jamarfo waoefra fmb lfna tdair raquasts im its mfla.

66

Avar simca Lkmtasquiau put tda imfoiamf`oa primcipoa ke

civic virtua km tda fjambf ke lkbarmity im 6:24, it cfla

tk put its lfrn km tda wdkoa tdimnimj ke tda

Amoijdtamlamt Arf, wdicd tda f`kva qukta erkl Vuasmfy

witmass. Dkwavar, Fbfl Slitd, km tda ckmtrfry, wamt

dkla tk tda @ritisd Isoas fmb pammab burimj tda ekookwimjtam yafrs wdft wfs tk `ackla tda @i`oa ke Cfpitfoisl.

Stfrtimj witd axfctoy tda sfla saoe imtarast tdft

Lkmtasquiau fs waoo fs Vuasmfy dfb ekumb tk `a

tdraftamimj tkwfrbs fmy nimb ke Civioizftikm ekr tda

fmciamt Pklfms fs waoo fs im tdair kwm tilas tda

dibbam dfmb ke tda lfrnat (lafmimj jkb kr

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prkvibamca ekr Slitd) wfs suppksab tk ckmtri`uta tk

avarykmas waoefra. Sucd mktikms wara mkt imcoubab im

ekr imstfmca Rdklfs Xfimas Ckllkm Samsa wdicd wfs

pu`oisdab siluotfmakusoy witd Zafotd ke Mftikms, burimj

tda eijdt ke tda Flaricfm ckokmias ekr oi`arftikm erkl tda

@ritisd Alpira, wdicd ft tdft tila wfs im basparfta maab

ke pusdimj tdrkujd tda jokry ke trfba sarvimj its saoe

imtarasts. Vuasmfy fs waoo fs Xfima stkkb eirloy fmcdkrab

im f dkusadkob `fsab ackmklic pdiokskpdicfo trfbitikm,wdara fjricuotura wfs tda vary saoe avibamt `fsis ekr

avary nimb ke vfoua prkbuctikm fmb tda umfvkibf`oa `fsis

ke civic virtua. Fs stftab `y Vuasmfy7

Rda larcdfmt trias tk `uy ft tda okwast pkssi`oa prica,

sk fs tk lfna dis jfim fs dijd fs pkssi`oa ft tda axpamsa

ke tda mftikm> dis imbivibufo imtarast fmb tdft ke tda mftikmfra kppksab.

60

Rdus, im tdis batarlimimj pdfsa ke Aurkpafm distkry,

erkl tda Savam Yafrs Zfr umtio tda Pavkoutikmfry fmb

tda Mfpkoakmic Zfrs, tdara umrfvaoab f cofsd ke

Civioizftikms wdara twk kppksab ckmcaptikms ke

Civioizftikm tul`oab fjfimst afcd ktdar. Rda ckmeoict wfsfoo f`kut wdftavar it is tdft ckmstitutas tda ackmklic

`fsis ke skciaty fmb skurca ke waoo `aimj ekr its

imdf`itfmts, fmb, im fbbitikm, wdft ckuob `a cfooab lkrfo

pdiokskpdicfo primcipoas wdicd fra tk juiba tda imbivibufo

im dar kr dis ackmklicfo fmb pkoiticfo fctivity. Jrkssoy

silpoieiab kma ckuob sfy tdft km tda kma siba stkkb tda

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Fristktaoifm-quasmfyifm parspactiva, eirloy fmcdkrab im

fjrfrifm skciaty fmb ckllumity kriamtab stfmbfrbs ekr

dulfm ckmbuct, fmb km tda ktdar siba> tda nfrtdfjimifm-

slitdifm viaw wdara tda ekcus wfs biractab tkwfrbs

trfba fmb imbivibufo jfim. Rda ekrlar tambs irraeutf`oy

tkwfrbs su`sistamca ackmklias fmb okmj tarl

ckmsarvftikm prfcticas fs rajfrbs skciatys mfturfo

su`strfta> tda ofttar pkimts tkwfrbs sdkrt tarl lkmatfry

jfim, ckmtalpt ekr skciatys mfturfo su`strfta, fmbilparifoisl. Ckmsaquamtoy, rijdt tdrkujd tdis ckmeoict

tdara jkas ckmtrfstimj viaws km dulfm eraabkl, `fsic

dulfm rijdts, fmb tda umbarstfmbimj fmb oajitilftimj ke

prkparty, kwmarsdip fmb usueruct. Im ktdar wkrbs, tdis

striea wfs f`kut tda batarlimimj critarif ekr tdft civic

virtua witdkut wdicd mk skciaty cfm prkspar fs sucd,

ktdar tdfm guxtfpksimj it tkwfrbs f stfta keparlfmamtoy fmtfjkmistic pfrticuofristic imtarasts fmb,

damca, immar bisskoutikm, stfta ke civio wfr fmb tda maab

ekr ekraijm tdrafts. Im dis wkrns km lkrfo pdiokskpdy

fmb ackmkly Fbfl Slitd dfb triab tk oajitilfta

imbivibufo saoe imtarast fs tda juibimj oima, fmb avam

ckmtambab tdft tda imbivibufo ft fmy tila saans tk poafsa

avary`kby aosa im dar kr dis bfioy oiea fmb wkrn. Rda

k`vikus pktamtifoity ekr maurksis ilpoicit im tdis wfy tk

raofta tk tda surrkumbimj wkrob, fmb tk wdft axtamt it

`afrs tda saab tk su`vart fmy futdamtic dulfm eraabkl

fmb bijmity, wfs `riooifmtoy bispofyab `y Lfry

Zkoostkmacrfet im 6:90 im dar Uimbicftikm ke tda Pijdts ke

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Zklam, ft f lklamt wdam tda Jraft Eramcd Pavkoutikm

wfs amtarimj its batarlimimj stfjas7

Ie wa rafooy basarva kur kwm jkkb kpimikm wa sdfoo

ckllkmoy `a raspactab im tda wkrob> `ut ie wa pfmt fetar

dijdar ilprkvalamt fmb dijdar fttfimlamts, it is mkt

sueeiciamt tk viaw kursaovas fs wa suppksa tdft wa fra

viawab `y ktdars, tdkujd tdis dfs `aam imjamikusoy

frjuab, fs tda ekumbftikm ke kur lkrfo samtilamts.63

Ft tdis distkricfo gumctura it dfb `ackla coafr tdft tda

oi`arfoisl wdicd dfb `aam kma ke tda imtaooactufo

prkbucts ke tda Amoijdtamlamt im its eijdt fjfimst tda

futdkritfrifm fmb rijib skcifo, pkoiticfo fmb ackmklic

structuras wfs f`kut tk `a spoimtarab. Its pkoiticfo fmb

ackmklicfo fspacts wara tkrm fpfrt, fmb tday dfva avar

simca kparftab im f lutufooy fmtfjkmistic raoftikmsdip. Rk

wdft axtamt tda ibakokjuas ke pkoiticfo ackmkly

tdalsaovas ckmtri`utab tk tda su`varsikm ke tda

pdiofmtdrkpic ckmtamt ke cofssicfo oi`arfoisl, fppafrs

coafroy erkl tda lfjmul kpus ke tda eftdar ke

utioitfrifmisl, Garaly @amtdfl, Fm Imtrkbuctikm tk tda

Xrimcipoas ke Lkrfos fmb Oajisoftikm(6:49). Im tdis wkrnda ekookws up Slitds lkrfoity ke saoe imtarast `y

ckmtambimj tdft virtua lust `a `fsab km f cfocuous ke

pfim fmb poafsura. It dfs `ackla coafr `y mkw tdft witd

sucd f pkimt ke bapfrtura fmy lafmimjeuo umbarstfmbimj

ke fmb afjarmass tk prasarva tda primcipoa ke civic

virtua, wioo arkba. Imbaab, it wioo `a tfmtflkumt tk

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lfimtfim tdft it is f cdiob im its tdirb yafr wdk sdkuob put

tda lkrfo stfmbfrb im pofca im fmy jivam skciaty, oina tda

wdkoa parskmfo jrkwtd parikb ke tda imbivibufo dfs

mktdimj wdftavar tk bk witd tda `uiobimj ke cdfrfctar

(pfibaif). Fs okmj fs sucd f stfta ke limb is fookwab tk

ruoa tdara is mkt tda soijdtast cdfmca ke raimstitutimj civic

virtua. Vuita tk tda ckmtrfry it rasuots im vary lafjar

ckmbitikms ekr dulfm rijdts, balkcrfcy fmb fm

ackokjicfooy sustfimf`oa skciaty. Zitd tda lkrfopralisas pammab `y @amtdfl it is mk surprisa tdft ofrja

pfrts ke dis wkrn ravkovas frkumb gurisbictikm fmb

pumisdlamt fmb tdft tda skcifo ibafo tdft da

amvisikmab, Xfmkptickm, wfs suppksab tk lfimtfim f

structura cklpfrab tk f priskm umbar eirl survaioofmca.

(!) Rdft tdis wdkoa prkgact dfs pfssab umbar tda atiquatta

ke oi`arfoisl im lkra tdfm 088 yafrs taoos mafroy tdawdkoa stkry f`kut tda wfrpab rfmja ke eraabkl umbar

cfpitfoisl. Gust fs oittoa fs tdara is f balkcrftic ckra im

Slitds pdiokskpdy, kma cfmmkt dkpa tk eimb fmy sucd im

@amtdfls wkrn aitdar, fmb da stftas tdft7

Za lust eirst nmkw wdft ckmstitutas tda bictftas ke

oajisoftikm, `aekra wa cfm nmkw wdft ckmstitutas tdabictftas keprivftaatdics.

62(ly itfoics. F. D.)

Axfctoy wdara tda gubicifry pkwar ralfims suraoy is f

ckra issua fs rajfrbs tk wdft axtamt f skciaty cfm `a

ckmsibarab balkcrftic. Zitdim fm futdamtic balkcrfcy

tdis pkwar ke jivimj tda ofws rasts witd tda pakpoa

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tdalsaovas. Rdus, it is imtarwkvam witd tda atdicfo

stfmbfrbs ke tda imbivibufo `aokmjimj tk tdft raspactiva

skciaty. Rda eictikmfo bicdktkly `atwaam tda bictftas ke

gurisbictikm fmb f privfta atdics is kmoy lafmimjeuo fs

okmj fs tda fctufo skciaty ckmsists ke tdksa wdk

ckllfmbs fmb tdksa wdk k`ays. Fs okmj fs tda

imbivibufo is tkrm kee erkl tda oajisoftiva wkrn, kma

cfmmkt maitdar axpact fmy raeoactab kr skoiboy fmcdkrab

atdicfo ckmscikusmass mkr ckmbuct erkl dar kr dil, wdioatdksa skcifo fjamts wdk dfva lkmkpkoizab tdis pkwar

dfva eraa kppkrtumity tk usa it ekr tdair kwm saoe imtarast.

Frkumb 18 yafrs `aekra tda pkoiticfo ackmklists

cofilab tda eraabkl tk ribicuoa tda wdkoa ke tda

oi`arfoistic trfbitikm, Lkmtasquiaurackjmizab fs kma ke

its ekumbimj eftdars alpdfsizab tdft7

Rdara lust `a f lkra axtamsiva ckba ke ofws ekr f

pakpoa fttfcdab tk ckllarca fmb tda saf tdfm ekr f

pakpoa sftiseiab tk cuotivfta tdair ofmbs.61

Imbaab, tdis ckmvictikm wfs suraoy mk rasuot ke fmy

pftriktic kr mftikmfoistic rdatkric ekr Lkmtasquiaus pfrt,

wdk dfb usab f wdkoa okt ke amarjy im biractimj fttamtikmft efiouras fmb bisjrfcas im dis afroy 64

td camtury Eramcd

skciaty, `ut km tda ckmtrfry `fsab km dis distkricfo imsijdt

im jamarfo, fmb aspacifooy km dis ckmscikusmass ke tda

rafskms ekr tda bacoima fmb efoo ke tda Pklfm civioizftikm.

Rda bavaokplamt ke tda Aurkpafm civioizftikm fetar tda

Pavkoutikmfry fmb Mfpkoakmic Zfrs pfy witmass tk tda

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efct tdft Lkmtasquiaus amckurfjalamts wara daabab im

fmy lafmimjeuo wfy. Qmbar tda ekrluof eraa trfba

(ofissaz efira) tda fccaoarftimj jok`foizftikm prkcass

wfs skkmar tk jat tda kppkrtumity tk lfna axcdfmja ke

jkkbs `atwaam pakpoas fmb mftikms imtk f ckmtimuimj

striea ekr wkrob dajalkmy wdara ckrpkrfta fjamts wara

jivam eraa dfmbs im tdair rijdt tk poumbar tda Afrtds

raskurcas fmb prfctica tdair cfmmkm `kft bipoklfcy

tkwfrbs rasistfmt cuoturas fmb skciatias wdk praearrabktdarwisa. Erkl `aimj f lafmstkwfrb sacurimj pakpoas

waoo `aimj im fmy jivam ckumtry, trfbimj fctivitias dfb

`aam trfmsekrlab imtk fm amb im itsaoe, fmb Fbfl Slitds

visikm tdft foo dulfms fra larcdfmts wfs

imcrafsimjoy ckmsibarab fs f mfturfo ofw.

Rda Pavkoutikmfry fmb Mfpkoakmic

Zfrs

Rda lytd ke eraa trfba im tda lkbarm wkrob fmb tdakppkrtumity tk oat it pfss umcamskrab fs ckmbuciva tk

Civioizftikm im jamarfo, rastab krijimfooy km tda efct tdft

it ckuob `a pkisab fjfimst tda rafctikmfry Mfpkoakmic

alpira fmb its tfctics im tda ekrl ke tda Ckrsicfms

ckmtimamtfo `okcnfba im tda sfla vaim fs it dfs oftar

racaivab oajitilizftikm `y pkisimj it fjfimst stfta

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wkrsdippimj fmb tktfoitfrifm axparilamts witd f pofmmab

ackmkly. Zitdkut tda crfza ke Mfpkoakm it is dfrb tk

amvisikm tdft tda ricd trfbitikms fmb tda axdiofrftimj

prkjrassiva dkpas km tda pfrt ke dulfmity fs f wdkoa,

ckuob `a rapofcab `y sucd f `oftfmt ekrl ke irrftikmfoisl

wdicd cfla tk bklimfta Aurkpafm distkry tdrkujdkut tda

69td

camtury im tda ekrl ke ackmklic spacuoftikm,

k`sassikm witd syl`koic vfouas, dfzfrbkus

imbustrifoizftikm, mftikmfoisl, fmb uotilftaoy f mkvao fmbumpracabamtab ilparifoistic eaub fmb quast ekr wkrob

dajalkmy.

Rda amtira Amoijdtamlamt trfbitikm im jamarfo, fmb

aspacifooy tda Eramcd Amcycokpfabif, dfb ckmcarmab

itsaoe witd f vadalamt strujjoa fjfimst suparstitikm, ekr

kpammass fmb dkmastyim pkoiticfo fmb ackmklic vamturas,fmb tda prkoiearftikm ke pu`oic nmkwoabja wdicd wfs

rajfrbab fs umivarsfo. It wfs assamtifooy f pdiofmtdrkpic

pdamklamkm, fmb wfs ft tda sfla tila strkmjoy `ifsab

tkwfrbs fm ackokjicfo samsi`ioity. Rda kob fmb bacfbamt

Aurkpafm ckurts ft tda amb ke tda 64td

camtury raprasamtab

tda kppksita ckmtalpt ekr tda dkmast pafsfmt fmb fm

k`sassikm witd siovar fmb jkob. Zdam tda MkrtdFlaricfm ckokmias, witd tdair skcifo structura `fsab km

wdft wfs assamtifooy fm ajfoitfrifm yaklfmry, dfb tdair

eimfo `okw ft tda @ritisd stawfrbsdip burimj tda 6:58s

km tda `fsis ke ckllkmoy rackjmizab primcipoas sucd fs

mk tfxftikm witdkut raprasamtftikm fmb ribicuoa ke

umprkbuctiva ilparifoists aeekrts tk afrm f ekrtuma

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tdrkujd imjamikus scdalas oina tda Stflp Fct f

wdkoa okt pkimtab tkwfrbs tda amb ke lkmfrcdy fs f ekrl

ke jkvarmlamt. Jakrja III fmb dis Amjoisd pfroiflamt

dfb sdkwab kee tdair trua efcas ekr fm amtira wkrob, fmb im

tda ckursa ke gust f eaw yafrs okst tda prastijikus fmb

primcipoab eijdt kvar tda `fsis ke skvaraijmty fmb tda

skurcas ke ricdas> f oivimj pu`oic jkvarmlamt fmb f eartioa

skio. Im tdis ckmtaxt tda Eramcd @kur`km lkmfrcdy

pfrfbab fs tda ofst erkmtiar ke f`skoutisl, f efct tdftckmtri`utab tk tda cklpoax bku`oa bafoimj wdicd wamt km

`atwaam tda @ritisd fmb tda Eramcd futdkritias burimj tda

ofst eaw bacfbas ke tda 64td

camtury. Siluotfmakusoy fs

tday wara kob amalias fmb stkkb km afcd sapfrfta sibas

burimj tda Flaricfm Zfr ke Imbapambamca, tday dfb f

ckllkm imtarast im naapimj tda okwar skcifo strftf ft `fy.

Fetar okmj fmb pftiamt wfitimj km Vuasmfys raekrl wkrn

fmb tda Amoijdtamlamt spirit im jamarfo tk `afr eruits fmb

`a eurtdar aof`krftab km, tdara kccurrab vikoamt aruptikms

flkmj tda Eramcd pafsfmts fetar tda Eramcd rkyfo

succassikm im 6::2.65

Ft tda kutsat Okuis TUI dfb

ckmsamtab tk cartfim raekrls, `ut tdarafetar tda maw

lkmfrcd jrfbufooy triab tk tijdtam dis jrip km tdimjs, fbavaokplamt tdft ekr imstfmca oab tk tda bislissfos ke tda

twk ackmklic raekrlars, Rurjkt fmb Macnar wdk dfb

stftab tdair fils tk aof`krfta km Vuasmfys ekrluofs ekr

ackmklicfo oiea. Mfturfooy, tda bavaokplamt im Erfmca

fppafrab fs f tdraft fjfimst tda ckurts fmb tda uppar

cofssas aspacifooy tda mk`ioity fmb tda coarjy im

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Amjofmb fs waoo fs km tda Aurkpafm ckmtimamt.

Eurtdarlkra, imstafb ke f`ibimj `y rafskm fmb daab tda

balfmbs ekr raekrls rfisab `y tdair raspactiva

pkpuoftikms, tday al`frnab km tdft oima ke pokttimj

fjfimst f Eramcd pakpoa im ravkoutikmfry updafvfo wdicd

wioo dfva tk `afr its sdfra ke raspkmsi`ioity ekr tda

ravkoutikmfry tarrkr rajila erkl 6:93 km fmb foo tda wfy

tk Mfpkoakms su`saquamt trfmsjrassikms. Rdus, Rdklfs

Xfima axprassab tda pu`oic imbijmftikm kvar tda rkyfoistpokts7

Zdft, im tda mfla ke dafvam, fra @kur`km nimjs tk tda

pakpoa ke Amjofmb; It is `attar tdft tda pakpoa dfva

`rafb.6:

F quita spacieic rafskm ekr tda Amjoisd uppar cofssas fmb

tdair nimj Jakrja III tk su`vart fmb baeaft tda Jraft

Eramcd Pavkoutikm, wfs tda axpoicit fvarsikm fmb

criticisl tdft ravkoutikmfry citizams oina Ckmbkrcat fmb

Xfima uttarab fs rajfrbs sofvary fmb sofva trfba kma ke

tda jrkssast lfofbias prkbucab `y tda lkbarm Aurkpafm

civioizftikm. Fmktdar rafskm wfs tda jamarfo updafvfo

fjfimst tda vastab mktikms witd raspact tk tda ckmcapt keprkparty, im tda wibast samsa, fmb fjfimst tda

ckllarcifoizftikm ke of`kr fmb skio, tdft rfm fokmj witd

tda maw balkcrfticfooy kriamtab ekcus km primcipoas ke

usueruct fmb km tda dulfm rijdts fjambf. Rda duja

prkparty ckmcamtrftikms wdicd dfb brivam ofrja lfssas ke

pakpoa imtk lisary fmb basparfta yafrmimj ekr oivaoidkkb

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im tda jrkwimj citias, wara dfrlkmizimj pkkroy witd tda

Bacofrftikm ke Dulfm Pijdts erkl tda maw, imbapambamt

Qmitab Stftas fmb erkl tda ravkoutikmfry Eramcd pakpoa

wdk eirst fmb ekralkst wfs kut tk fcdiava tda rijdt ke

usueruct tk tda ofmb fmb jufrfmtaa tda rijdt ke afcd lfm

tk tda eruits ke dis of`kr, witd tda ckllkm jkkb fs f

juibimj tdrafb. It dfs `aam f okt ke tfon f`kut tda bieeicuot

ckmbitikms amburab `y Eramcd pafsfmts im tda yafrs up tk

tda Pavkoutikm. Rda efct is tdft tdasa ckmbitikms wara mktavam soijdtoy `attar flkmj tdair ckmtalpkrfry Amjoisd

efrlars im tda sfla tila parikb. Rda bieearamca `atwaam

tdal prk`f`oy ckmsistab lfimoy im tda efct tdft tda

ekrlar dfb jraft dkpas ekr ilprkvalamts im tdair

ckmbitikms fmb jfimab ckmsibarf`oa suppkrt im tdair

strujjoa ekr bijmieiab axistamcas. Zdam tda Amjoisd

futdkritias im sdaar eafr ke Pavkoutikm imtrkbucabtdair Spaamdflofmb-Fct im 6:91, tk raskova tda situftikm

ekr tda lkst maaby km tda Amjoisd ckumtrysiba, it wfs

bkma km tda pralisas ke tda kob uppar cofssas fmb `fsab

km tdair pfrticuofristic imtarasts. Rda Spaamdflofmb-Fct

ckmtri`utab tk lfimtfim f duja frly ke rasarva wkrnars

wdicd ckuob afsioy `a utioizab `y tda rfpib wfva ke

imbustrifoizftikm. Ft tdis stfja tda Pavkoutikmfry Zfrs

`atwaam tda Papu`oicfm Erfmca fmb dar lkmfrcdist

Aurkpafm amalias pofyab kut its bymflics, fmb tda

ravkoutikmfry ibafos im tdalsaovas ambab im f lfcf`ra

tdaftar. Rda rkyfoist pokttimj `atwaam tda rajila ke Okuis

TUI fmb its bymfstic ckoof`krftkrs im tda Aurkpafm

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ckurts, im f wfy puooab bkwm tda curtfim ekr tda camtury

ke Amoijdtamlamt. Zdam tda Eramcd ravkoutikm wfs jkimj

tdrkujd f batarlimimj stfja, fmb tda pokttimj wfs

ravafoab `y tda Eramcd ravkoutikmfrias, tda urja ekr

ravamja rfm kee witd tda citizams ke Xfris, wdioa tda

vioofjars forafby wara f`kut tk rafp tda eruits ke tdair

afroy strujjoas. Rda cdfks fmb tarrkr ekookwimj tda

axacutikm ke tda nimj fmb quaam, fmb tda su`saquamt

wfva ke sylpftdy tdft tda Aurkpafm lkmfrcdias ckuobsure km im tda wfna ke tdasa `oumbars, safoab tda efta ke

tda Pavkoutikm. Dkw it wkuob dfva bavaokpab ie tda

sujjastikm tdft tda nimj fmb quaam sdkuob `a samt tk tda

Qmitab Stftas ekr abucftikm, fs Rdklfs Xfima fmb

ktdars prkpksab, mk kma wioo avar nmkw. Dkwavar, it is

mkt efreatcdab tk eijura kut tdft tda bfys ke lkmfrcdy

wkuob dfva `aam jkma ekr jkkb, Mfpkoakm wkuob dfvastfyab `fcn dkla im Ckrsicf, Jarlfm mftikmfoisl kmoy

fm immkcamt ef`oa, trfba wkuob dfva stfyab kmoy f lafms

tkwfrbs sacurimj macassfry suppoias imstafb ke `acklimj

fm amb im itsaoe, Aurkpa wkuob dfva saam balkcrftic

primcipoas fmcdkrab im f sustfimf`oa stawfrbsdip ke tda

skio, at catarf -- tdft is tk sfy, f mfturfo prkoiearftikm ke

tda spirit fmb raekrl wkrn ke tda Amoijdtamlamt Arf.

Rda wfy it foo bavaokpab rafctikmfry ekrcas fmb

ckllarcifo wfr prkeitaars ckuob brfw tdair kwm saoe-

sarvimj ekrtumas kut ke tda circulstfmcas, fmb im tdis wfy

sat tda stfmbfrb ekr tda imbustrifo bavaokplamt forafby

ekr f okmj tila umbar wfy tdfmns tk tda fjrfrifm

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ravkoutikm. It wamt km foo fokmj witdkut fmy pkpuofr

ckmtrko. Zdam Rurjkt wamt fdafb witd dis raekrl wkrn

umbar tda amoijdtamab f`skoutisl ke tda 6::8s, da dfb

jraft visikms f`kut tda `attarlamt ke tda oivas ke tda

pu`oicekr imstfmca tdrkujd pu`oic scdkkoimj wdicd wfs

suppksab tk oiet tda jraft lfgkrity kut ke ijmkrfmca. Rda

oi`artfrifm spirit tdft Rurjkt fmb tda ktdar

amcycokpfabists raprasamtab wfs f`dkrramt tk tda

rkyfoists fmb tda privioajab cofssas. Rday umbarstkkbvary waoo tdft pu`oic scdkkos im tda spirit ke tda

Amoijdtamlamt pdiokskpdas wkuob mkt dfva sarvab vary

waoo fs biscipoimfry imstitutikms ekr tda Eramcd stfta

fppfrftus, mkr ekr tda Amjoisd kma. Zdam sucd pu`oic

scdkkos eimfooy fmb euooy wara put km tda fjambf im pkst-

Mfpkoakmic Aurkpa tdrkujdkut tda 69td

camtury, it wfs

rajrattf`oy mkt criticfo tdimnimj im tda spirit ke tdaAmoijdtamlamt tdft wfs dijd km tda scdabuoa, `ut km tda

ckmtrfry lalkrizftikm ke `i`oicfo varsas. Sklawdft

dijdar up im tda abucftikmfo systal lkst ckllkm pakpoa

wara lfba eflioifr witd Ablumb @urnas uppar cofss

ckmbalmftikm ke tda Jraft Eramcd Pavkoutikm, wdioa ekr

imstfmca Ziooifl Jkbwims raeoactab parspactivas km its

ibafs, avamts fmb ckursa64

wdicd ckmsaquamtoy tk f ofrja

axtamt wara witddaob erkl tda limbs ke tda ckllkm

wklam fmb lam. Sucd f gujjoimj witd tda Aurkpafm

spiritufo daritfja, wdicd im sucd f wfy dfs fccamtuftab

tda raeoactikms ke f ckmsarvftiva uppar cofss eaookw fmb

pfroiflamtfry Zdij imstafb ke tda tdkujdts ke f eraa

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tdimnimj rfbicfo, balfmbs its prica. Fs efr fs tda

oilitftikms ke @urnas pdiofmtdrkpy is ckmcarmab it is

amkujd tk raear tk dis basijmftikm ke tda pu`oic fs tda

swimisd luotituba. Rda succass tdft dis wkrn,

Paeoactikms km tda Pavkoutikm im Erfmca su`saquamtoy

avamtufooy wfs tk racaiva, wfs efcioitftab kmoy tdrkujd

tda trfjic turmkut ke tda Pavkoutikm fmb tda ekookwimj

Mfpkoakmic turlkio. Mk assfy writar wdk wkuob dfva

kptab ekr ralfrns sucd fs tda swimisd luotitubawkuobavam `a ckumtab fs f pkssi`oa assfy futdkr ekr tda Eramcd

Amcycokpfabif, fmb tda cdkica ke wkrbs wara f wfrmimj

f`kut tda bislfo prkspacts ekr tda okwar skcifo strftf

irraspactiva ke tdair vkcftikmfo spacieicitias im tda

camtury tdft ofy fdafb.

Rda ckllkm rafctikmfry coilfta im Aurkpa fetar tdaCkmjrass ke Uiammf, fosk sat tda stfmbfrb ekr tda maw

ackmklic ibafos. Rda pfimeuo `irtd ke Cfpitfoisl wfs

umbartfnam, mkt `y tda daop ke pdiofmtdrkpy `ut rftdar fs

f rasuot ke imbustrifo wfr lk`ioizftikm fmb dijdoy

ckllarcifoizab wfr prkeits. Rdus, tda supareicifo pftimf

ke dulfmisl im wdicdFbfl Slitd dfb triab tk cokfn

dis wkrn im 6::5, wfs avfpkrftab `y tda tila dispkoiticfo ackmkly wfs ekookwab up `y Bfvib Picfrbks

Xrimcipoas ke Xkoiticfo Ackmkly fmb Rfxftikmim 646:. Im

tdis wkrn, jok`fo ackmklic um`fofmcas fmb ricd mftikms

axpokitftikm ke pkkr is f eirloy sattoab lfttar7

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Mk pkimt im pkoiticfo ackmkly cfm `a `attar astf`oisdab

tdfm tdft f ricd ckumtry is pravamtab erkl imcrafsimj im

pkpuoftikm, im tda sfla rftik fs f pkkr ckumtry, `y tda

prkjrassiva bieeicuoty im prkvibimj ekkb. Rdft bieeicuoty

lust macassfry rfisa tda prica ke ekkb fmb jiva

amckurfjalamt tk its ilpkrtftikm.69

Rdus, ilpkrtftikm ke cdafp ekkb is bavaokpab imtk f

prackmbitikm ekr tda civioizab Aurkpas waoo `aimj fmb

prksparity, fmb it is umbarstkkb tdft ricdas fra fcquirab

km ktdar pakpoas ckst. Damca, tda tdakraticfo erflawkrn

ke pkoiticfo ackmkly rasts km f cymicfo rackjmitikm ke

tda jok`fo um`fofmcas im tdksa bfysum`fofmcas tdft tda

ricd ckumtrias (im Picfrbks samsa) tdalsaovas dfva

ckmtri`utab tk sdfpa. Rda lykpic, flkrfo cdfrfctar ke

pkoiticfo ackmkly fmb its ckmmactikms witd vfrikusmftikmfoisls, `acklas wkaeuooy coafr. Fs witd Slitd tda

imdaramt fmti-ackokjicfo cdfrfctar ke tdair ackmklic

viaws is ravafoab, im tdis imstfmca wdam Picfrbk sats kut

tk axpofim tda oiea vfouas `adimb pkoiticfo ackmkly7

Zftar fmb fir fra f`umbfmtoy usaeuo, tday fra imbaab

imbispamsf`oa tk axistamca, yat umbar krbimfrycirculstfmcas, mktdimj cfm `a k`tfimab im axcdfmja ekr

tdal. Jkob, km tda ckmtrfry, tdkujd ke oittoa usa

cklpfrab tk fir fmb wftar, wioo axcdfmja ekr f jraft

qufmtity ke ktdar jkkbs.06

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Sk, wdft `acklas lkra mfturfo ekr tda pkoiticfo

ackmklists tdfm tk jk ekr jkob fs vfoua lafsura

stfmbfrb, fmb tda eijura kut dkw lucd wkrn tdara wioo

`a tk lima it; Rda sfla erfla ke limb jkas tk sdkw im

tdair viaw km fjricuotura, ekr imstfmca, wdaraim

prkbuctivity is tdkujdt tk rast km tda lkst pkwareuo

lfcdimary. Rda wdkoa limbsat is lfrrab `y tda maurktic

cdfrfctar ke tda Imbustrifo Pavkoutikm. Im tda cdfptar

bafoimj witd Rdklfs Lfotdus Assfy km Xkpuoftikm,wdicd Picfrbk `y tda wfy fppofubsquita imbieearamt tk

tda jamarfo fmti-dulfmist cdfrfctar ke tdft wkrn it

fppafrs tk wdft axtamt tda skios ke Amjofmb forafby

(646:) wfs f`kut tk jat axdfustab ke its eartioity fs f

ckmsaquamca ke tda cfpitfoist lkmkcuoturas. Dkwavar, im

ckmtrfst tk Vuasmfy fmb tda pdysikcrfts tda pkoiticfo

ackmklists mavar sfw tda ckmmactikm tdft is tk sfy tdfttda skio fmb its bivarsa licrk`ikokjicfo oiea ekrls maab tk

`a eab ieits eartioity sdfoo ralfim. Imstafb, tday bib tdair

`ast tk ribicuoa tdis alpdfsis km pdysis, wdicd im tda

spirit ke Fristktoa ekumb axprassikm flkmj tda

pdysikcrfts, fmb sat kut fs cdflpikms ekr f dfzfrbkus

skcifo bavaokplamt wdara tda ckmsarvftikm ke tda skio

wfs tk `a kparftab km tda pralisas ke imbustry fmb trfba

im sdkrt, fm ackokjicfo ilpkssi`ioity. Rda mfrrkwimj

fmb wfrpimj ke tda ckmcapt ke dulfm eraabkl ekookwimj

tda utkpifm prkgact al`frnab upkm im tda wfna ke

Lkbarm Nfrtdfjks victkry kvar Lkbarm Foaxfmbar

tdft is, tda fttalpt tk trfmscamb tda fjrfrifm `fsis ke

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civioizftikm cfrrias eurtdar bystkpifm jarls pkimtimj

tkwfrbs tda ckoofpsa ke Civioizftikm im 6962 fmb its

fetarlftd. Rda pkoiticfo ackmklists lfba of`kr fmb

skio imtk ckllkbitias fmb ckmtambab tdft tda umraoamtimj

axpokitftikm ke tda `ktd ke tdal wara camtrfo aoalamts ekr

tda euoeioolamt ke dulfm eraabkl.

Rda cofss wfrs tdrkujdkut tda wdkoa ke tda 69td

camtury

spafn okuboy wdam it cklas tk tda eirst dfoe ke tda

ckmcapt ke eraabkl fmb tdksa strujjoas wara ketam

lktivftab `y tda rafctikm fjfimst tda badulfmizftikm

prasamt im amekrcimj vioofja pakpoas tk `ackla

prkoatfrifms. Fs rajfrbs tda saoe fppkimtab eraabkl tk

bafo fmb wafo witd fjrfrifm prkparty fmb skios fmb,

damca, jfl`oa witd tda `fsis ke Civioizftikm tda

pkoiticfo ackmklists al`frnab km f wfr fjfimst tdavary mfturfo ofws tday wfmtab tk utioiza. Ie it is kma fspact

wdicd rastricts dulfm eraabkl lkra tdfm lfy`a

fmykma aosa, it is axfctoy tda ckmsarvftikm ke skio fmb tda

umfvkibf`oa maab tk naap fmb, im tda `ast ke cfsas,

amdfmca its eartioity. Fs f rasuot ke Slitd, Picfrbk, at.fo.

fmb tdair lkrfo pdiokskpdizimj fmb ackmklic

pfrfbijlsfmb tda stfmbfrbs tday sat ekr tda AurkpafmCivioizftikm ft tda kpamimj stfjas ke tda 69

tdcamturytda

wdkoa ke tda frbamt tkio tdrkujd tda pracabimj camtury ekr

aoavftimj `fsic dulfm rijdts wara fmmuooab, fmb tda

erflawkrn ekr f lafmimjeuo dulfm eraabkl folkst

ilpkssi`oa tk baeima. Eraabkl tk axpokit of`kr fmb

eraabkl tk rfvfja tda skio tdksa twk trfmsjrassikms

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wdicd ft mk stfja im distkry dfva cfrriab tfstaeuo,

civioizab eruits saalab tk pravfio wdam tda rafctikm sat im

im tda afroy 6488s.Im tdis wfy tda pkoiticfo ackmklists

lfba tdair ckmtri`utikm tk tda bavaokplamt wdicd

imcoubab tda kvarsdfbkwimj ke tda `fsic fmb fbaqufta

bklfims ke imbivibufo eraabkl eraa axcdfmja ke

kpimikms, pkoiticfo pfrticipftikm fmb tda prktactikm ke f

craftiva privfta spdara.

Mktas7

6f Fmy parskm witd fm imtamt tk imvastijfta distkricfo

bavaokplamts, fmb tda skurcas ke axpofmftikm ke avamts

fmb turmimj pkimts im tdis raspact, wkuob bk waoo tk naap

Miatzscdas Rda Qsa fmb F`usa ke Distkry (Maw

Ykrn/Okmbkm7 Lfclioofm, 691:) coksa ft dfmb fmb im dis

kr dar limb. Rdis rftdar k`scura wkrn `y tda fmti-

mftikmfoist Jarlfm pdiokskpdar wfs trfmsoftab imtk

Amjoisd `y Fbrifm Ckooims fmb krijimfooy pu`oisdab im

tdft ofmjufja im tda Aijdtaam vkoulas ckooactikm ke dis

wkrn, abitab `y Kscfr Oavy (Okmbkm, 6989-63).

Fs rajfrbs tda f`usa ke Fristktoawdicd stfrtab witd tda

pabfmtic Cftdkoicist tdakokjifm, Fquimfs, im tda 63td

camtury Aurkpa fmb wdicd flkumtab tk tda mafr

k`oitarftikm ke tda wdkoa Fristktaoafm, fmb damca

sciamtieic oajfcy, fetar tda efioura tk lfna fvfio ke dil

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fetar tda Xrktastfmt Paekrlftikm, avam lkbarm

pu`oicftikms dfva ckmtri`utab tk tda imtaooactufo lass. Im

f pu`oicftikm ke Bfvib Dulas alpiricfooy kriamtftab

Bifokjuas Ckmcarmimj Mfturfo Paoijikm (6::9)f wkrn

witdim tda Amoijdtamlamt oajfcy wdicd wfs ofrjaoy

bastrkyab burimj tda Savam Yafrs Zfr (6:15-53) burimj

wdicd avam tda amtira ofissaz efira ackmklics wfs

wfrpab `y fmktdar Scktslfm, Fbfl Slitd (saa tda

prasamt assfy). Dula ckoof`krftab coksaoy witd flkmjktdars tda Eramcd Amcycokpfabist @frkm BDko`fcd (wdk

pkpuofrizab Gkdfmm Jkttscdfon Zfooarius coksa stuby ke

Mftura fmb its cklpoax `ikcdalicfo prkcassas, fmb is

rackjmizab fs tda ekumbar ke tda sciamtieic `fsis ke tda

fjricuoturfo ravkoutikm), fmb wfs k`vikusoy imeouamcab `y

tda sciamtieic fmb pdiokskpdicfo oajfcy erkl Fristktoa

kmwfrbs. Im f 6949 pu`oicftikm `y Xrklatdaus @kkns,Maw Ykrn, Dulas ofrjaoy ftdaistic kriamtftikm is

okcftab witdim tda Xoftkmic trfbitikm, fcckrbimj tk tda

prasamtftikm km tda `kkn ckvar. Zitd sucd ribicuokus

k`euscftikms tda vary stuby ke pdiokskpdy itsaoe `acklas

assamtifooy lafmimjoass, fpfrt erkl tda aeeacts it dfva

prkbucab im tda prkcass ke wipimj kut tda ckmmactikm

`atwaam tda `irtd ke Zastarm Civioizftikm im fmciamt

Jraacafmb tda lkbarm kma.

6`Saa F. A. Rfyokrs cofssic,Fristktoa(Maw Ykrn7 Bkvar

Xu`oicftikms, Imc., 6911), cdfptar Kma.

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6cF. @irmia7Fm Ackmklic Distkry ke Aurkpa, 6:58-6938

(Okmbkm7 Latduam & Ck., 6938), p. 62. Saa fosk tda

fjrfrifm distkricfo stuby, Rda Fjrfrifm Pavkoutikm im

Mkrtdarm Aurkpa, 6:18-6448> Mitrkjam, Oajulas, fmb

Crkp Xrkbuctivity, `y J. Cdkroay, pu`oisdab im Rda

Ackmklic Distkric Paviaw, Sackmb Sarias, vkoula

TTTIU, Mk. 6, 6946.

6b Rdakpdrfstus wfs ckmerkmtab `y tda kvarwdaolimj

cdfooamjas ke f bacoimimj Jraan civioizftikm fs wfs

Fristktoa fmb tda fccklpfmyimj axdfustikm ke tda

Labitarrfmafm skios. Fetar da tkkn kvar tda

raspkmsi`ioitias ke fblimistarimj Fristktoas fcfbaly, ft

tda Oycaul, da su`saquamtoy wrkta axtamsivaoy km tda

cuotivftikm ke pofmts fmb its prackmbitikms. Dis wkrns km

`ktfmy fmb fjricuotura wara pu`oisdab im Amjoisdtrfmsoftikm im tda axcaooamt sarias ke Rda Oka` Cofssicfo

Oi`rfry im 6965 fmb raprimtab `y tda Dfrvfrb Qmivarsity

Xrass im savarfo abitikms erkl 6924 kmwfrbs, witd tda

krijimfo Jraan taxt imcoubab. Saa Rdakpdrfstus7 Amquiry

imtk Xofmts, 9 vkos. (Cfl`ribja, Lfssfcdusatts/Okmbkm,

Amjofmb7 Dfrvfrb Qmivarsity Xrass, 6998). It is

suppoalamtab `y Km tda Cfusas ke Xofmts, wdicd lfy `afpprkpriftaoy saam fs tda `ajimmimj ke sciamtieic

fjrkmkly. Rdasa taxts `y tda fmciamt scdkofr traft upkm f

vfst frrfy ke tkpics, erkl skio ckmsarvftikm tk tda

labicimfo prkpartias ke dar`s.

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6aF dijdoy rafbf`oa fcckumt ke tda fctufo arf ke Pklfm

civioizftikm is tk `a ekumb im D. D. Scuoofrb7 Erkl tda

Jrfccdi tk Mark> F Distkry ke Pkla 633@C tk FB 54

(Okmbkm/Maw Ykrn7 Pkutoabja, 6996), krijimfooy

pu`oisdab `y Latduam & Ck., Otb., 6919.

0 Saa aspacifooy D. M. @rfioekrb7 Rda Oavaooars fmb tda

Amjoisd Pavkoutikm (6956> Mkttimjdfl7 Spknaslfm

Qmivarsity, 69:5), Cd. TTI.

3 Lkmtasquiau7 Xarsifm Oattars (6:06> Ksok7 Rdkroaie

Bfdos Nuotur`i`oiktan, 6994)> Er. Vuasmfy7 Rf`oafu

Ackmkliqua, amj. Rrfmsoftikm Rda Ackmklic Rf`oa

(6:147 Dkmkouou, Qmivarsity Xrass ke tda Xfcieic, 0882).

2L. Bkrktdy Jakrja7 Okmbkm Oiea im tda Aijdtaamtd

Camtury (Maw Ykrn7 Cfprickrm @kkns, 6951), pp. 6:6-:0. F ckooactikm ke distkricfo stubias ckmbuctab,

iooustrftivaoy, erkl tda 6908s kmwfrbs.

1fRwk `riooifmt `ikjrfpdicfo stubias fra G. Erucdtlfm, gr.

Rdklfs Xfima> Fpkstoa ke Eraabkl (Maw Ykrn7 Ekur

Zfoos Aijdt Zimbkws, 6992), fmb D. M. @rfiosekrb7

Sdaooay, Jkbwim fmb tdair Circoa(Okmbkm7 Ziooifls fmbMkrjfta, 6963).

1` Aoisdf X. Bkujofss7 Pa`aos fmb Balkcrfts> Rda

Strujjoa ekr Aqufo Xkoiticfo Pijdts fmb Lfgkrity Puoa

Burimj tda Flaricfm Pavkoutikm(Cdfpao Dioo7 Qmivarsity

ke Mkrtd Cfrkoimf Xrass, 6911), p. 098. (Ly itfoics. F.D.)

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1c Gkdm D. Lumby7 Aurkpa im tda Dijd Libboa Fjas,

6618-6389 (Okmbkm7 Okmjlfm Jrkup Otb., 69:3), p.

663.

5Vuasmfy7 Rda Ackmklic Rf`oa, p. 613.

: Fbfl Slitd7 Rda Zafotd ke Mftikms (6::5>

Dfrlkmbswkrtd7 Xamjuim @kkns Otb., 6946).

4

I`ib, p. 653.9I`ib, p. 695.

68I`ib, p. 602.

66VuasmfysFmfoysis, im P. O. Laans7 Rda Ackmklics ke

Xdysikcrfcy(Okmbkm7 Fooam fmb Qmwim, 6950), p. 653.

60I`ib, p. 652.

63 Lfry Zkoostkmacrfet7 F Uimbicftikm ke tda Pijdts ke

Zklam (6:90> @ueefok7 Xrklatdaus @kkns, 6949), p.

623.

62 Garaly @amtdfl7 Fm Imtrkbuctikm tk tda Xrimcipoas ke

Lkrfos fmb Oajisoftikm (6:48> Limakof7 Bkvar

Xu`oicftikms, 088:), p. 300.

61 Lkmtasquiau7 Rda Spirit ke tda Ofws (6:24>

Cfl`ribja7 Cfl`ribja Qmivarsity Xrass, 6949), p. 049.

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65Zaoo bkculamtab `y X. F. Nrkpktnim im dis Rda Jraft

Eramcd Pavkoutikm (69897 Lkmtrafo7 @ofcn Pksa @kkns,

6949), Cd. I-U.

6: Rdklfs Xfima7 Fjrfrifm Gustica (6:91> Maw Ykrn7

Eraatdkujdt Xrass Fsskciftikm, 6925), p. 5.

64Ziooifl Jkbwim7Amquiry Ckmcarmimj Xkoiticfo Gustica

(6:9> Dfrlkmbswkrtd7 Xamjuim Cofssics, 6941), p. 055.

69 Bfvib Picfrbk7 Xrimcipoas ke Xkoiticfo Ackmkly fmb

Rfxftikm (646:> Fldarst7 Xrklatdaus @kkns, 6995), p.

019.

08I`ib, p. 6:.

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