Assembling the Computer 2

8/3/2019 Assembling the Computer 2

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PC Assembly and Configuration Procedure

3.1 – Overview of the Assembly Processand Safety Issues

3.2 – Creating a Computer Inventory

3.3 – The Computer Case and Power Supply

3.4 – Preparing the Motherboard forInstallation

3.5 – Installing the Motherboard

3.6 – Installing the Floppy Drive, Hard Drive,

CD-ROM, and DVD3.7 – Video Card Installation

3.8 – Final Steps

3.9 - Booting the System for the First Time



Overview of the AssemblyProcess and Safety Issues



Overview of General Safety Issues

• Before beginning anyassembly process, reviewsafety procedures.

• Assembling a computer isnot an inherently dangerous

job, but being aware ofsafety procedures is a goodstarting point.

• In addition to the safety

procedures, there are safetyconcerns with leaving thecomputer plugged in whileworking inside it.



ESD Precautions

• Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)is more commonly referred toas static electricity.

• ESD is probably the greatest

problem when a user isunwrapping newly purchasedcomputer parts andcomponents while preparing toassemble the computer.

• Just because a dischargecannot be felt does not mean itcannot harm a computercomponent.



Creating a Computer Inventory



Importance of an Inventory

• When building a computerfrom scratch, it is importantto document all of thecomponents and parts that

are purchased.• Make sure the specifics

about installation andmaintenance requirementsare saved, so thatwarranties will be valid.



Inventory Checklist

• It is important to save all thedocumentation that comeswith the components.

• Store originaldocumentation in zip locktype bags and paper workin 3-ring binders.

• Keep a notebook in whichwebsites can be referenced

with useful informationrelated to components suchas devices drivers, and soon.



The Computer Case and Power Supply



Computer Cases and System Units

• Whether buying a tower ordesktop it is recommended thatthe unit conforms to the ATXstandard and has at least a 250-watt power supply (300 watts isideal).

• Purchase a case that comeswith a tray that allows easyaccess to the internalcomponents.

• There are three basic systemunit styles: desktops, towers,and portables. Each designoffers characteristics that adaptthe system for differentenvironments.



Desktops

• There are two importantconsiderations in choosinga desktop case style for acomputer:

1. Available desktopspace

2. Form factor (describesthe general layout of

the computer case )



Towers

• Tower cases areusually designed tosit vertically on thefloor beneath a

desk.• Tower cases come

in three sizes:1. Mid towers

2. Mini towers3. Full-size towers



Power Supplies

• The power supply unitprovides electricalpower for everycomponent inside the

system unit.• There are two basic

types of powersupplies:

1. AT power supplies2. ATX power supplies



Power Supplies

• The power supply produces four (five in the ATX) differentlevels of well-regulated DC voltage for use by the systemcomponents. These are +5V, -5V, +12V, and -12V.

• In ATX power supplies, the +3.3V level is also produced andis used by the second-generation Intel Pentium processors.

The IC devices on the motherboard and adapter cards usethe +5V level.

• Be able to identify the uses for each voltage level and thecorresponding color-coded wire. This will allow testing of thewires using a multimeter to determine if there are problems

with the power supply.• The computer power supply produces a voltage only when it

has a load. Some component must be running on the machinebefore a voltage can be found in the power cable connectors.



Preparing the Motherboard for Installation



Motherboard Location Map

• A motherboard location mapshows where the hardwareand major components arelocated on the motherboard.

• Typically, everything listed in

the specifications section ofthe motherboard manual isdepicted and labeled on thelocation map.

• The main memory is

subdivided into slots, and theslots are identified andnumbered in sequence DIMMbank 1, DIMM bank 2, andDIMM bank 3.



Motherboard Configuration

• Configuring themotherboard typicallymeans the taking thefollowing steps:

• Installing the CPU, installing

the heat sink and fan,installing RAM, connectingthe power supply cables tothe motherboard powerconnectors, connectingmiscellaneous connectorsto the correct switches andstatus lights, and setting thesystem BIOS.



Motherboard Configuration

• Location maps allow the correct configuration of themotherboard for the case controls and monitor lightson the front case panel .

• For the disk controllers, always remember that acolored stripe on the data cable is pin 1.

• The BIOS interface can be keyboard driven, or it canbe graphical and mouse driven.

• When drives are replaced, memory upgraded, oradapter boards added, the BIOS setup will need to

be updated to reflect the configuration changes andsaved to the CMOS chip.

• The motherboard must be configured for thefrequency of the installed processor.



Motherboard Jumpers

• A jumper is a pair of prongsthat are electrical contactpoints set into the computermotherboard or an adaptercard.

• When setting a jumper, placea plug on the prongs thatcompletes or closes thecontact.

• Closing or opening the circuitsestablishes logic levels toselect functions for theoperation of the board.



Motherboard Jumpers

• Typically, motherboard jumpers are configured by using a jumper to bridge a pair of pins that are to be connectedtogether (to complete a circuit) on the board.

• Removing or inserting jumpers on a set of pins will enableor clear a given option, as specified in the motherboard

manual.• There are several additional jumper settings that may

have to be set along with the general motherboardconfigurations:

– BIOS Recovery

– Clear CMOS – Password Clear

– BIOS Setup Access

– Processor Voltage



Installing the CPU

• Most problems occur whenthe chip is hastily installedor installed backwards,which causes the chip pins

to break.• There are two main types

of CPU interfaces.

1. Socket type

2. Slot type



Installing the CPU

1. Turn over the chip and inspect the pins to make sure none aredamaged (bent or broken). All pins should stick straight out.

2. Align pin 1 on the chip with pin 1 on the socket for a correctinstallation.

3. Open the ZIF socket. Shift the lever slightly away from the

socket, from its default closed, level position and raise it to theopen, vertical position.

4. Align pin 1 according to the orientation that was determined inStep 2. Insert the processor chip into the socket so that all ofthe pins slide into the matching holes.

5. Double-check to make sure that there is no gap between the

bottom of the CPU chip and the socket. If there is none, thenthe processor chip is properly inserted.

6. Secure the installed chip, push the lever gently back down tothe closed, level position.



Installing the CPU

• Most motherboards are flexible enough tohandle a variety of CPUs, but most CPUs arevery particular about the amount of voltagethey can handle.

• After installing the CPU, it is important tomake sure that the right voltage is present forthe proper performance of the processor.

• If the proper voltage is not set, total damage

to the system could occur, or the wholesystem will never operate correctly.



Installing the Heat Sink and Fan

• Most microprocessors canproduce a lot of heat, whichif not efficiently dissipatedcan cause the system to

operate intermittently or failcompletely.

• One way to dissipate heatfrom processors is to usethe heat sink and coolingfan.



Installing the Heat Sink and Fan

• Processors that come with the fan and heat sinkalready attached to them are more convenient.

• These are called boxed processors.

• Boxed processors cost a bit more but are safer to

install since it lessens the chance of breaking thepins.

• They also have better warranty coverage than thosewithout the fan and heat sink attached.

• Boxed processors are referred to as originalequipment manufacturer (OEM) processors.



Installing RAM

• There are two types ofmemory modules used onmost PCs: 168-pin Dual In-line Memory Module

(DIMM) cards and 72-pinSingle In-line MemoryModule (SIMM) cards.

• Cover the four step

Installation of RAM.



Installing RAM

• New motherboards do not useSIMMs. It may be found, forexample, that the DIMMsockets on the motherboardmap are grouped into three or

four banks of one slot each.• DIMM1 and DIMM 2 are Bank

0 and Bank 1.

• In some cases, motherboardshave more than two slots for

RAM. These slots would beDIMM3 and DIMM4.

• Cover the four step Installationof RAM.



Installing the Motherboard

Installing the



Installing the

Motherboard into the Case

• Before installing themotherboard, review thesection on motherboards inChapter 2 "How Computers

Work".

Attaching the LEDs



Attaching the LEDs,

Keylock, and Speaker

• LEDs, the status lights, are usefulin indicating whether componentsinside the computer are on orworking.

• LEDs that could be installed are

for power, turbo, and the harddrive.

• The keylock switch is used toprevent non-authorizedindividuals from booting the

computer and changing the BIOSsettings.

Connecting Power Supply



Connecting Power Supply

Cables to the Motherboard

• After successfully installing themotherboard in the computercase, proceed with attachingthe appropriate power supplyconnector(s) to it.

• This process is easy with anATX (boards and powersupply) because there is onlyone connector that is alsokeyed to fit only one way.

• Cover the steps for connectingthe power supply cables to themotherboard.



Installing the Floppy Drive,Hard Drive, and CD-ROM

Attaching the



Attaching the

Floppy Drive to the Case

• The step-by-step process isused for installing either a3.5” drive or 5.25” drives.

• Make sure the floppy cables

and power cables are longenough to reach the drivebefore starting.

• Verify the drive is mounted

right side up or it will notwork.



Floppy Drive Installation Steps

•Step 1. Select which drive bay is to be used forthe floppy drive. Remove the faceplate of that

bay, and save the faceplate for future use.

•Step 2. Without connecting anything, insert the

drive into the chosen bay, making sure it fits

properly.

•Step 3. Select the proper size screws

(preferably those that came with the drive).

If using brackets to hold the drive in

place, secure them now, or simply use the

screws to attach the drive to the bay.



Floppy Drive Installation Steps

•Step 4. Attach the power and ribbon cable tothe drive. If other drives are to be

installed, this step can be skipped. This

provides more maneuvering room in the case,

especially if there are no removable drive

bays. The drive cable and power cord can

then be connected after all the drives have

been installed.

•Check your work.

Attaching the Hard Drive




and CD-ROM to the Case

• Attaching the hard drive and CD-ROM are basically similarprocesses.

• Make sure that the interfacecable will reach the drive in itsintended location.

• With IDE/ATA drives, the lengthof the cable is limited to 18" andless, in some cases.

• The designation of a hard drive orCD-ROM drive as either master

or slave is generally determinedby the jumper configuration, notby the order in which the drive isdaisy-chained to the other drive.






• It is much easier to configure these drives beforeinstalling them in the computer case.

• Before setting the jumpers, determine the types andnumber of drives to install.

• In a basic system that only has one hard drive, setthe jumper to “master”. Some drives have another setting called “single”.

• The CD-ROM is similarly easy to configure.However, jumpers may be located in different places

on each drive and may even be labeled differently.• Set the CD-ROM to “master” if it is the only drive

connected to the second IDE channel.






• The hard drive can be inserted in any free bay in acomputer case. However, there are some things thatshould be considered: – They can generate a lot of heat. Therefore, keep these drives as far

away from other hardware as possible

– If it is necessary to install a drive cooler, make sure there is enoughroom

– Install a hard drive away from the power supply

– Try to keep the hard drive near the front of the case. It will benefitfrom the cooling effect of the air current drawn into the casethrough the front by the system cooling fans

• Cover the four general steps for mounting a harddrive.






• Installing the CD-ROM is not very different thaninstalling the hard drive.

• Remove the drive bay cover first. Then set the CD-ROM jumper to master since it will be connected tothe secondary IDE channel.

• Slide the drive into the bay from the front, makingsure that it is flush with the front panel, and screw it in

place. • In some computer cases, particularly the mini towers,

it can be quite challenging to work behind the CD-ROM because of its length and also because it isobstructed by the power supply.

Connecting the Floppy Drive Hard Drive



Connecting the Floppy Drive, Hard Drive,

CD-ROM, and DVD to the System

• The floppy drive exchanges datawith the motherboard devices,including the microprocessor, viaa 34-pin flat ribbon (data) cable.

• The hard drive, CD-ROM, and

DVD exchange data signals withthe controller on the motherboardby means of a flat ribbon cable.

• Cover the four steps to connectthe floppy drive to themotherboard.

• Cover the four steps to connectthe hard drive, CD-ROM, andDVD to the motherboard.

Connecting Power Cables to the Floppy Drive



Connecting Power Cables to the Floppy Drive,

Hard Drive, and CD-ROM

• Small cable drive connectors from the power supplyprovide power to the floppy, hard drive, and the CD-ROM.The cable connectors have a female 4-pin plug thatconnects to a male 4-pin connector at the rear of eachdrive.

• Two different power voltages are required for properfunctioning of the drives. The circuit board and the logicchips are designed to use the +5v power. The drivemotors use the +12v power.

Connecting Power Cables to the Floppy



Connecting Power Cables to the Floppy

Drive, Hard Drive, and CD-ROM

• Attaching the power cables to the floppy drive, harddrive, and the CD-ROM is simple since all theconnectors are keyed and can only be inserted one

way.



Video Card Installation

S b S ll i f h id C d



Step-by-Step Installation of the Video Card

• The video card as shown isthe only expansion card thatneeds to be installed beforebooting the PC for the firsttime.

• It is critical in displaying vitalinformation needed toconfigure the BIOS during theinitial boot process.

• All the other cards can be

installed once the computer isup and running.

• Cover the four steps toinstalling the video card.



Final Steps

Fi i h C T h



Fitting the Case Together

• Once all the components andparts have been installed in thecase, it is time to complete thePC assembly process.

• Check to make sure that all ofthe pin 1 indicators on the cables

match up with all of the pin 1indicators on the sockets andthat connections are snug.

• Make sure that all of the screwsare properly tightened.

• When securing the case, makesure no cables or wires aresticking out or are caughtbetween the parts of the case.

Connecting the Keyboard,



Connecting the Keyboard,

Mouse, Monitor, and Power Cord

• Connect the basic input andoutput (I/O) devices that thecomputer needs to start.These devices can beconnected in any order.

– Connect the keyboard to theback of the case

– Connect the mouse to theback of the computer

– Connect the monitor

– Plug in the main powersupply



Booting the System for the First Time

Wh t i BIOS?



What is BIOS?

• BIOS stands for Basic InputOutput System.

• It contains the programcode required to control allthe basic operating

components of thecomputer system.

• BIOS contains the softwarerequired to test hardware at

boot up, load the operatingsystem, and support thetransfer of data betweenhardware components.

Wh t i BIOS?



What is BIOS?

• The BIOS function runs basic device test programsand then seeks to configure these devices.

• The system BIOS and the information required toconfigure it is stored on a Complementary Metal-

Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) chip.• CMOS is a battery-powered storage chip located on

the system board.

• The CMOS chip has rewritable memory since the

configuration data can be changed or updated as thecomponents or devices in the computer are changed.

E t i th BIOS C fi ti



Entering the BIOS Configuration

• When setting up thecomputer for the first time, itis necessary to run theCMOS Configuration Setuputility.

• Simply pressing the deletekey during the opening bootsequence provides accessto the BIOS on some

computers.

St d d CMOS S t S



Standard CMOS Setup Screen

• Standard CMOS setup screenincludes the basic operatingparameters that need to be setfor the system to workcorrectly.

• These BIOS features aretypically universal for all PCs.

• The fields available forentering configuration datathat are commonly find in this

screen are: Date, Time, HardDisks, Drive A, Drive B, Video,and Halt On.

BIOS Features and



Chipset Features Setup Screens

• The BIOS Features Setupscreen provides advancedfeatures that control thebehavior of the system.

• This screen is where the

system hardware can be fine-tuned for optimal performance.

• The Chipset Features Setupscreen allows the fine-tuning

of the control parameters forthe main system chipset.

P M t d Pl d Pl



Power Management and Plug and Play screens

• The Power Management Setupscreen controls the optionalpower management for deviceson the computer.

• The PnP/PCI Configuration

screen contains the featuresettings used to control thesystem I/O bus and InterruptRequest (IRQ) and DirectMemory Access (DMA) allocationfor ISA and PCI Plug and Play(PnP) devices.

P M g m t d Pl g d Pl



Power Management and Plug and Play screens

• The “Resource Controlled By” setting when set bydefault to Automatic Configuration, the BIOS willautomatically manage the interrupts and directmemory access channels on the I/O bus for the PnP

devices to avoid conflicts with any legacy (non-PnP)ISA devices.

• In general, the default settings should be used for thissection of the BIOS setup when working on newersystems, because any manual configurations requirea good knowledge of the bus devices installed.

Integrated Peripherals and



g p

Fixed Disk Detection Screens

• Used to configure thecontrol of integratedperipheral support on themotherboard.

• Integrated peripheralstypically include suchdevices as the onboardfloppy and hard drivecontrollers, USB controller,serial ports, parallel ports,and the sound card chip.

Password Screens and the



Load Setup Defaults Screen

• There are two passwordscreens that will beencountered in the BIOSsetup:

1. Supervisor Password

2. User Password

• The Load Setup Defaultsscreen resets the BIOSsetup to default settings.

BIOS Exit Options



BIOS Exit Options

• There are two BIOS exitoptions:

1. Save and Exit Setup

2. Exit Without Saving Setup

• When exiting and savingsettings, the computer willrestart according to the

new configuration.

Startup Sequence



Startup Sequence

• Whenever a computer startsup, a series of tests areautomatically performed tocheck the primary componentsin the system, such as theCPU, ROM, memory, andmotherboard support circuitry.

• The routine that carries outthis function is referred to asPower-on self-test (POST).

• The POST routine provideserror or warning messageswhenever it encounters afaulty component.

Startup Sequence



Startup Sequence

• The POST routine provides error or warning messageswhenever it encounters a faulty component.

• Post error codes take the form of a series of beeps thatidentify a faulty hardware component.

• If a problem is detected, a different number of beeps will

be heard, sometimes in a combination of short and longtones.

• These are mainly BIOS-dependent codes. They varyaccording to BIOS manufacturer and even betweendifferent versions of BIOS.

• Problems that occur during the POST are usually causedby incorrect hardware configuration or installation. Actualhardware failure is rare.

Assembling the Computer 2

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