Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3
-
Upload
ammedicine-medicine -
Category
Health & Medicine
-
view
179 -
download
2
description
Transcript of Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3
![Page 1: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Warm-Up1. What type of reaction – synthesis,
decomposition, or exchange – occurs when fats are digested in your small intestine?
2. Salts, acids, and bases are electrolytes. What is an electrolyte? (See Ch. 2)
3. Which ion is responsible for increased acidity?
![Page 2: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Warm-Up1. What are monomers of carbohydrates
called?
2. Which monomer is blood sugar?
3. What is the animal form of stored carbohydrate called?
![Page 3: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Warm-Up1. Describe the four levels of protein structure.
2. List and describe the two main types of proteins.
3. List 3 differences between DNA and RNA.
![Page 4: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Chapter 2Part 3: Organic Compounds
![Page 5: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Organic CompoundsAll contain C, H, OTypes:
CarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic acids (DNA, RNA)ATP
![Page 6: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
PolymerPolymer: chainlike molecules made of repeating units called monomersmonomers
Organic molecules are made by dehydration dehydration synthesissynthesis
monomer monomer polymer polymer macromolecule macromolecule
![Page 7: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Polymers are broken down (digested) by hydrolysishydrolysis
![Page 8: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
CarbohydratesStructure: contains C, H, O (C:H:O in 1:2:1 ratio)Function: main fuel for cells; some structureTypes:
MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides ( (monomersmonomers) ) – simple sugarsGlucose, galactose, fructose, deoxyribose
DisaccharidesDisaccharides – double sugarglucose + fructose sucroseEg. lactose, maltose
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides – polymer (many sugars linked)Starch: storage carb in plantsGlycogen: storage carb in animal tissues (liver,
skeletal muscle)
![Page 9: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
LipidsStructure: contains C, H, O (much more CH than O)Function: store energy, cell membranes, hormonesTypes:
TriglyceridesTriglycerides: oils, fatsFatty acid + glycerolSaturated, unsaturatedunsaturated (mono- or poly-), trans,
omega-3omega-3PhospholipidsPhospholipids: lipid bilayer in cell membranesSteroidsSteroids: cholesterol, hormonesEicosanoidsEicosanoids: prostaglandins (blood clotting,
blood pressure, inflammation, labor)
![Page 13: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
ProteinsStructure: contains C, H, O, N (+ some S, P)
Monomer = amino acidamino acidFunctions:
Enzymes (lactase)Hormones (insulin)Transport (hemoglobin)Immunity (antibodies)Movement (muscles)Support (collagen)
![Page 21: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Structural Levels of Proteins1.1. PrimaryPrimary:
Amino acid sequence forms polypeptide
20 different amino acids AA’s linked by peptide bondspeptide bonds
![Page 22: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Structural Levels of Proteins2.2. SecondarySecondary:
Hydrogen bonds make spirals and sheets
Spirals = Alpha (Alpha ()-helix)-helix Sheets = Beta (Beta ()-pleated sheet)-pleated sheet
![Page 24: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Structural Levels of Proteins3.3. TertiaryTertiary:
More folding to produce globular (compact, ball-like) molecule
![Page 25: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Structural Levels of Proteins4.4. QuaternaryQuaternary:
2+ polypeptides
![Page 27: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
amino acids polypeptide protein
![Page 28: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Two Types of ProteinsFibrous ProteinFibrous Protein
StructuralEg. collagen,
keratin
Globular ProteinGlobular ProteinFunctionalEg. antibodies,
enzymes
![Page 29: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Protein DenaturationDenatureDenature = protein unfolds and loses 3D
shapeCauses: pH, temperatureChange in STRUCTURE change in FUNCTION!!!
![Page 30: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Nucleic AcidsStructure: contains C, H, O, N, P
Monomer = nucleotidenucleotide (sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base)
Function: store hereditary informationTypes: DNA, RNA
Nucleotide
![Page 31: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
DNADNA RNARNA
![Page 32: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
DNADNA RNARNAInstructions for building
proteinsDouble-stranded
(double helix)Sugar: DeoxyriboseBases: A, G, C, Thymine
Complimentary: A-T, G-C
Carry info from DNA to ribosomes
Single-strandedSugar: RiboseBases: A, G, C, UracilmRNA, tRNA, rRNA
![Page 33: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)Structure: adenine base + ribose +3
phosphatesFunction: main energy compound of cells
ATP ADP + Pi + energyenergy
![Page 34: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
EnzymesBiological CatalystBiological Catalyst: speeds up chemical
reactions, but not used up or changedLowers activation energyactivation energy (E required to start
reaction)
![Page 36: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
EnzymesSubstrateSubstrate: what an enzyme acts onActive siteActive site: where substrate binds (very specific
shape to fit substrate)
![Page 37: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
EnzymesEnzymes are proteins affected by pHpH and
temperaturetemperature
![Page 38: Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 2 chemistry - part 3](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102815/55841b81d8b42a40018b5088/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Protein DenaturationDenatureDenature = protein unfolds and loses 3D
shapeCauses: pH, temperatureChange in STRUCTURE change in FUNCTION!!!