Anatomy & Physiology of Cells Chapters 3 & 4 Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body
-
Upload
barbara-nicole -
Category
Documents
-
view
9 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body
![Page 1: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth EditionElaine N. Marieb
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, University of Kentucky
1The Human Body: An Orientation
Part B
![Page 2: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Today! We will learn about…….
Life functions and survival needs Homeostasis and Feedback
mechanisms Anatomical position and
directional terms
![Page 3: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Necessary Life Functions
Maintaining boundaries – the internal environment remains distinct from the external Cellular level – accomplished by plasma membranes
Organismal level – accomplished by the skin
![Page 4: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Necessary Life Functions
Movement – locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), and contractility
Responsiveness – ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them
Digestion – breakdown of ingested foodstuffs
![Page 5: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Necessary Life Functions
Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body
Excretion – removal of wastes from the body
![Page 6: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Necessary Life Functions Reproduction – cellular and
organismal levelsCellular – an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells
Organismal – sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person
Growth – increase in size of a body part or of the organism
![Page 7: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Survival Needs
Nutrients – chemical substances used for energy and cell building
Oxygen – needed for metabolic reactions
Water – provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions
![Page 8: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Survival Needs
Maintaining normal body temperature – necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates
Atmospheric pressure – required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
![Page 9: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium
Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis
![Page 10: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms The variable produces a change in the
body The three interdependent components of
control mechanisms are: Receptor – monitors the environments
and responds to changes (stimuli) Control center – determines the set point
at which the variable is maintained Effector – provides the means to respond
to the stimulus
![Page 11: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Stimulus:Produceschangein variable
1
2
3
Changedetectedby receptor
Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to
5 Response ofeffector feedsback to influencemagnitude of stimulus andreturnsvariable tohomeostasis
Variable (in homeostasis)
Imbalance
Imbalance
Receptor (sensor)
Controlcenter 4 Output:
Information sentalong efferentpathway to
Effector
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Figure 1.4
![Page 12: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Negative Feedback
In negative feedback systems, the output shuts off the original stimulus
Example: Regulation of blood glucose levels
![Page 13: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Negative Feedback
Figure 1.5
![Page 14: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Positive Feedback
In positive feedback systems, the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
Example: Regulation of blood clotting
Figure 1.6
![Page 15: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Homeostatic Imbalance
Disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal equilibrium
Overwhelming of negative feedback mechanisms allowing destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over
![Page 16: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomical Position
Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body
Figure 1.7a
![Page 17: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Directional Terms
Superior– toward the head
Inferior –away from the head
![Page 18: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Directional Terms
Anterior– toward the front of the body
Posterior – toward the back of the body
![Page 19: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Directional Terms
Medial– toward the midline Lateral - away from the midline Intermediate –between a more
medial and lateral structure
![Page 20: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Directional Terms
Proximal – closer to the origin of the body
Distal – farther from the origin of the body
![Page 21: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Directional Terms
Superficial – toward the body surface
Deep –away from the body surface
![Page 22: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Directional Terms
Table 1.1
![Page 23: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Directional Terms
Table 1.1
![Page 24: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Regional Terms: Anterior View
Axial – head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular – appendages or limbs
Specific regional terminology
Figure 1.7a
![Page 25: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Regional Terms: Posterior View
Figure 1.7b
![Page 26: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomical Variability Humans vary slightly in both external
and internal anatomy Over 90% of all anatomical structures
match textbook descriptions, but: Nerves or blood vessels may be
somewhat out of place Small muscles may be missing
Extreme anatomical variations are seldom seen
![Page 27: Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1b Lecture Human Body](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/563dbad3550346aa9aa85f46/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Quiz next time over the material in this lecture! Quiz next time over the material in this lecture!
Work on study guide – Will be a check on pages 11-16