A01 logbook final submission

Constructing Environment (ENVS10003) A01 LOGBOOK FINAL SUBMISSION Ka Yan CHAN 683550

Constructin

g+Environm

ent+0Week+2+

Structural+Jo

ints+

•Ro

ller)Joints)

!Allow)to

)slide)an

d)rotate)

!Always)u

se)in)brid

ge)

) •Pin)Joints)

!Allow)to

)rotate,)not)allow)to

)slide)

) •Fixed)Joints))

!Not)allow)to

)rotate)and

)slide)

!In)all)direction)

Wee

k+2+lecture+expe

rimen

t++Use)straws)to)supp

ort)the

)plastic)bow

l)and

)use)pins)to)fix)th

e)structure.)The

n)measure)th

e)weigh

t)of)m

ass)the

)structure)can)

afford.)

Fig.+1+

Fig.+3+

Fig.+2+

The)ab

ove)structures)are)th

e)few)examples)th

at)disp

lay)on

)the)lecture.)))

Fig+.+1)simply)pins)fo

ur)straws)e

qually)on)the)plastic)bow

l.)Th

e)mass)it)can

)afford)is)200

g)that)whe

n)the)force)ap

plies)o

n)the)structure,)it)collapses)

immed

iately)as)the

)legs)of)the

)structure)be

nd)out.)The

)structure)is)very)

unstable.)

Fig.+2)pins)the

)straws)in)“W

”)shap

e)on

)the)plastic)bow

l.)It)applies)

triangular)structure.)It)is)able)to)affo

rd)800

g)which)is)m

uch)larger)th

an)

Fig.1)‘s.)H

owever,)the

)legs)of)the

)structure)be

nd)out)fina

lly)as)w

ell.))

It)show

s)that)tria

ngular)structure)is)more)stab

le)and

)able)to)affo

rd)m

ore)

weight)o

f)mass.))

Fig.+3)is)very)sim

ilar)to)Fig.)1)th

at)it)pins)fou

r)straw

s)equ

ally)on)the)plastic)

bowl.)Bu

t)it)p

ins)a

n)ad

ditio

nal)straw

)as)a

)beam)on)the)middle)of)th

e)legs.)

It)is)able)to)affo

rd)m

ore)mass)w

eight)a

nd)m

ore)stable)com

pare)to

)Fig.)1.)It)

show

s)the

)effe

ct)of)the

)straw)in)th

e)middle)of)th

e)legs.))

Conclusio

n+Th

e)exam

ples)of)the

)structure)show

)that)triangular)structure)is)more)

stab

le)th

an)simply)pins)on)the)plastic)bow

l.)Th

e)straw)app

ly)in)th

e)middle)

of)th

e)legs)of)Fig.)3)has)a)effe

ct)of)b

race)in)building)that)m

ake)the)

structure)more)stab

le.))

)

Wee

k+2+Stud

io+Activity

+Use)long,)thin)pieces)of)b

alsawoo

d)an

d)tape

)to)build)a)fram

e)tower)as)h

igh)

as)possib

le.))%

Fig.)3)

Fig.)2)

Fig.)1)

Our)group

)cho

oses)to

)con

struct)th

e)fram

e)tower)in)triangular)as)w

e)have)limit)

pieces)of)b

alsawoo

d)an

d)we)were)trying)to

)aim

)for)a

)high)tower.)

)We)make)several)tria

ngular)fram

es)with

)balsawoo

d)in)sa

me)siz

e)an

d)sim

ply)

tape

)long

,)thin)pieces)of)b

alsawoo

d)on

)each)corner)of)the

)triang

ular)fram

e.)

We)pu

t)tria

ngular)fram

es)in)every)1/3)heigh

t)of)the

)balsawoo

d)piece)to)m

ake)

it)stab

le.)Tape)is)used

)to)con

nect)th

e)pieces)of)b

alsawoo

d)as)colum

n)to)aim

)he

ight.)W

e)pu

t)a)brace)on)the)bo

ttom

)of)the

)structure)to)m

ake)it)more)stable.))

) Whe

n)the)tower)going)highe

r,)its)weight)start)to

)go)on

)one

)corne

r)and

)be

come)no

t)stable.)It)m

ight)cau

se)by)the)conn

ectio

n)of)balsawoo

d)pieces)as)

column)do

)not)transfer)th

e)weight)w

ell.)Whe

n)cut)the

)highe

r)colum

n,)th

e)tower)collapse)(Fig.)3).)It)show

s)that)the

)bottom)part)canno

t)affo

rd)th

e)weigh

t)of)th

e)higher)part.)Also)whe

n)cut)the

)brace)of)the

)tower,)it)d

oes)n

ot)sh

ow)

affect)to

)the)tower,)w

hich)m

ean)the)brace)apply)is)no

t)effe

ctive.))

) To)m

ake)a)more)stab

le)fram

e)tower,)the

)colum

n)shou

ld)con

nect)better)so)the)

force)is)ab

le)to

)transfer)to

)the)grou

nd.)A

lso,)to)make)the)bo

ttom

)part)a

fford)

the)weight)w

hen)the)tower)goe

s)highe

r,)the)triangular)fram

e)can)be

come)

smaller.)Moreo

ver,)more)effectively)bracing)can)be

)used)to)m

ake)the)tower)

stab

le.)

WEEK 3 -‐ Knowledge Map

(Newton, 2014)

Proper3es/Material Brick Concrete Blocks Stone

Hardness Medium-‐High Medium-‐High Large Range

Fragility Medium Medium Large Range

Duc3lity Very Low Very Low Very Low

Flexibility/Plas3city

Very Low Very Low Very Low

Porosity /Permeability

Medium-‐Low Medium Large Range

Density Medium Medium Large Range

Conduc3vity Poor Poor Poor

Durability/Life Span

High High Extremely High

Reusability/Recyclability

High Medium Very High

Glossary

Moment

“The tendency of a force to produce rotaGon of a body about a point or a lone, equal in magnitude to the product of the

force.”(Ching, 2008)

Retaining WallIt Provides support for the structure and enclose a basement partly or wholly under

ground.(Ching, 2008)

Pad FooGngThe individual fooGng supporGng column

and piers.(Ching, 2008)

Strip fooGng ConGnuous spread fooGng of foundaGon

walls.(Ching, 2008)

Slab on ground“Support of a level, stable, uniformly dense or properly compacted soil base containing

no organic maTer.” (Ching, 2008)

SubstructureFoundaGon, the lowest part of a structure constructed partly or wholly under the surface of the ground. (Ching, 2008)

(Newton, 2014)

2. Underground carpark & South Lawn

The car park is supported by arc column and column is placed according to the spaces of car parking.

It is a solid system and the load above apply compression force to the column.

Above the car park is lawn and tree is built. It is significant how the relationship between the tree root and arch as the root of truss may burst the car park.

1. Lot 6 Cafe

This building is constructed by concrete, steel and glass.

The steel framing system is not carrying the upper concrete load.

Because the frame member used in this structure is thin and not very strong. Concrete is strong in compression and is the load bearing column in this structure.

3. Arts West Student Centre

From here truss system is used. Compression force is apple apply form top of the truss and tension apply on bottom. The truss is constructed by steel.

wood rod is extend from the building, it carry the truss load and transfer back to the building.

5. North Court Union House

Membrane system is used. The fabric is stretched by tension to the corner. This system allow the shelter to cover large area of space.

Steel is used in the centre of the structure. The circular steel use in center concentrate the structure and push back to the ground.

The slope from corner to the center allow rainwater to flow to the centre and get in to drain.

Rotate joint is used on the ground allow tension force to stretch is the best direction

4. Stairs on west end of Union House

Cable structure is used on this stairs.

The material used is steel

This stair is hold up by the cable, joining the upper beam of union house and the ground, by tension force. So the force of the stair transfer back to the building

Rotated joint is used in the stair for wind movement.

8. Oval Pavilion

Timber is used on roof and steel frame system is used for the building. Wood column can be seem inside the building , it might be the bearing column. The roof load transfer back to the building, the steel column outside assist to support the roof load.

Concrete is used for step and wall system.

7. Beaurepaire Sport Centre

The construction of this building is combination of steel frame system and brick wall.The hole between brick allow water to get out to prevent it from expand and degradation of the structure.

There is a steel drain from roof to bottom of building to let water get out.

6. Beaurepaire Centre Pool

Steel frame system is used in this building. brick wall is used on the side.

Sunlight can get in at day time and to save energy.

10. Old Geology South Lecture Theatre Entry Structure

This entry uses timber, steel and brick. This is a small entrance stand out from the building. Timber column can be seem inside the entry and steel column can be seem outside of the entry.

The load of this entry is to transfer back to the billing by steel incurve wall.

9. New Melbourne School of Design under construction

Frame system as wall. ground is built by concrete and steel column inside the building bear the load, the glass is not bearing the concrete load. The concrete is heavy so need stronger column to carry. The concrete column on the edges of the building is significantly thick, they are the main bearing column that most load transfer to these column.

From the bottom of the structure, it is seem that metal is used. The load of outstanding part of the building, cantilever, will transfer back to the building by the diagonal bracing.

11. Frank Tate Pavilion

The steel member is painted to protect it from weather as it is set in a exterior environment.


(Newton, 2014)

Glossary

Joist Parallel set of beams. (Ching, 2008)

Steel decking Steel corrugated to increase its sGffness and spanning capability. (Ching, 2008)

SpanThe distance measured between two structural supports.(Ching, 2008)

Girder Main beam.

Concrete Plank Solid, flat beam used for floor. (Ching, 2008)

SpacingThe repeaGng distance between a series of

similar elements.(Ching, 2008)

Beam“Horizontal structural element that carry

loads along the length of beam and transfer to verGcal support.”(Ching, 2008)

Proper3es/Material Concrete

Hardness High

Fragility Low

Duc3lity Very Low

Flexibility/Plas3city Low

Porosity /Permeability Medium-‐Low

Density Medium-‐High

Conduc3vity Poor

Durability/Life Span Very Durable

Reusability/Recyclability Medium-‐Low

(Newton, 2014)

How does the informa3on in your drawing set compare to what you observed at site last week?

It is much more detail in the drawing set , we can see the inner and small part, inner material joints, how elements joint together. The scale is magnify or reduce due to different use. For example, the scale is reduce to give a general image of the structural, but the scale is magnify to explain Gny detail.

How does the scale of the building compare to the scale of the drawings?

The scale of the drawing is mostly smaller than the scale of building.

!ow do the architectural and structural drawings differ?

Architectural drawings show the exterior or appearance of the structure while structural drawings show the material, joints, foundaGon, structural system used in the structure.

Why and how scale is used for documenta3on ?

Scale is widely used in documentaGon such as map or showing detail of Gny object.

It can give a closer or farer view with the informaGon you want to get.


(Newton, 2014)

Glossary Stud

VerGcal member that cut to accurate length to form framing system. (DicGonary of construcGon, 2014)

NoggingHorizontal Gmber placed between studs to give lateral support. (DicGonary of construcGon, 2014)

LintelA horizontal supporGng member, placed above an opening to carry weight above. (DicGonary of construcGon, 2014)

Axial Load Force acGng along the lines of an axis of an object.

Buckling

Sudden lateral or torsional instability of a slender structural member induced by the acGon of an axial load before the yield stress of the material is reached. (DicGonary of construcGon, 2014)

Seasoned Timber Wood with moisture content less than 15%. (Newton, 2014)

Short column

RaGo of column length to smallest cross secGon dimension less than 12:1. -‐become shorter when compression load apply. -‐Fail by crushing.

Long column

RaGo of column length to smallest cross secGon dimension greater than 12:1. -‐Fail by buckling. actual length of columns and how they are fixed at top and boTom determines how they will buckle.

Proper3es/Material Timber

Hardness Medium-‐Low

Fragility Medium-‐Low

Duc3lity Low

Flexibility/Plas3city High/Medium

Porosity /Permeability High

Density Large range

Conduc3vity Poor


Can be very durable. -‐Varies depending on type, seasoning, finishing, fixing

Reusability/Recyclability Very High

(Newton, 2014)

3D illustration

In this activity, we have to build a model of part of Oval Pavilion.

We have some material including bamboo skewers, cardboard, iron wire, balsa wood and we plan to use glue as joints.

The foundation is plan to use cardboard, Some parts use two pieces of cardboard to imitate the real structure. The deeper part of foundation is estimate to integrate with the soil in order to make the structure more stable. Glue is used as fixed joint to connect the cardboards.

The support column of the roof estimated to be have to support less load, bamboo skewers are used to built the column, and iron wire is used to reinforce it.

However due to the poor connection between the skewers using glue as joints. The outcome is not really obvious.

Photos of the model making is lost.

The roof frame, we use the bamboo skewers to build the truss system in the roof as it is light that can support by the column easily.

One cardboard is planed to attach to the top of the truss system as surface of roof.

Glue is used as fixed joint. However, it does not work with the skewers well and lead to failure of connection.

Pin is estimated to be a better joints for skewers.

The column in the foundation and stair and floor system is also planned to use cardboard as it is a stronger material.

The load path of the structure is simple that the load go down to the foundation through the column. If there are load add on the floor system, the load will distribute in two way and transfer to the column.

Truss

Steel truss-fabricated by welding or bolting structural angles and tees together to form

members are slender-require steel gusset plates for connection

Mechanical service can pas through web space

Truss type-Flat trusses-not as efficient-Pratt trusses - vertical member in compression, diagonal member in tension —> More efficient as longer member in tension-Howe trusses- opposite to Pratt

Wood truss

Load apply at panel point—avoid additional bending stress

Bracing-Horizontal cross bracing required in plane of top/bottom-Knee bracing connect to top/bottom chord at panel point

Can carry greater load-trussed rafter and spaced further apart-require bracing, anchorage

Roof system

Flat roof pitch: 1-3 degree-require continuous membrane roofing material-slop lead to interior drain

Pitched and sloping roof Pitch: > 3 degreeMed-High slope roofs - may covered with shingles, tiles pr sheet materialLow slope rood - require roll or continuous membrane roofing

Not completely flat-if completely flat-can’t get water away, increase weight

Concrete roof-more expensive than timber/steel-support on load bearing frame-Flat plates of reinforced concrete-top surface is sloped toward drainage point

Structural steel framed roof-consist of primary and secondary roof beam for heavier roof finishes such as metal deck, concrete-roof beam and purlins for lighter sheet metal roof

Structural steel framed roof-consist of roof beam and purlins and lighter sheet metal roofing

Flat truss

Trusses

Primary sheltering element

Slope must be compatible -shed rainwater and melting snow to system of drain, gutter

Control passage of moisture vapor, infiltration of air, flow of heat, solar radiation, resist spread of fire

Fold Plate structures-composed of thin, deep elements joined rigidly along their boundaries and forming sharp angles to brace each other against buckling-can span long distance

Plate-rigid, planar structures that disperse applied loads in mutidirection-loads follow shortest, stiffest route to support

Square or nearly square—> ensure it goes 2 way


(Newton, 2014)

(Ching, 2008)

Metal

Malleable, ductile, not brittle<— atom closely packed together

Ferrous-iron —> most common —> cheap-Magnetic, very reactive, good compression

Non- Ferrous -other metal -More expensive-less likely to react with oxygen

Alloys- combine of 2 or more metals

Consideration -Metal reacts with other metalswhen directly in contact with each other-in environment(water, moisture) that facilitate the transmission of ion-Metal ion react with oxygen —> oxide

Reduce this corrosion?-> separate metals by insulator-> kept away from moisture

some cause metal corrode, some protect

-avoid prolonged exposure to moisture - crevices, flat horizontal surface-seal against moisture - paint -chemical treatment (galvanized steel)

Wrought Iron-used in bars for window and door and decorative element-expensive—> labour intensive

Cast iron-High compression-contemporary construction-heavy Steel

-alloy of iron with carbon-alloy with other elements to form steel with different properties

-Strong, resistant to fracture-conductor of heat and electric-form in any shape ( beam, column, wire)-long last

Structural steel

Framing

Hot rolled steel -used as primary structural element-Joint: welded or bolted

Cold framed steel-folded from sheetJoint:bolted or dcrewed

Reinforcing bar-good tension-with concrete-deformation on bar to assist bonding

Steel sheeting-cladding and roofing-must protected from weather exposure

Stainless steel alloys

Aluminum-light, lack strength—> window frame, door handleCopper -electrical cabling, pipezine -roofing material

Truss(Ching, 2008)

(Newton, 2014)

Glossary

Rader“Extend from a wall plate to a ridge board or ridge beam and support the sheathing and covering of a roof.” (Ching, 2008)

PurlinAny horizontal members in roof. (DicGonary of construcGon,

2014)

CanGleverCreated when structural element is support by only one end -‐cary load along the length of member and transfer to load support. (Ching, 2008)

Portal frameStructural steel framed roof that consist of series of braced rigid

frames. (Newton, 2014)

Eave Overhanging lower edge of a roof. (Ching, 2008)Alloy CombinaGon of two or more types of metal. (Newton, 2014)Soffit Underside of an overhanging roof eave. (Ching, 2008)

Top ChordThe principal member of a truss extending from end to end

connected by web members. (Ching, 2008)

Truss“Structural frame based on the geometric rigidity of the triangle and composed of linear members subject only to axial tension

or compression.” (Ching, 2008)

GridPrincipal points and lines of support for a structural system (Ching, 2008).

Proper3es/Material Metal

Hardness Varied

Fragility Low

Duc3lity High

Flexibility/Plas3city Medium-‐High/High

Porosity /PermeabilityGenerally

impermeable

Density High

Conduc3vity Very good conductor


Varies depending on type, treatment,

finishing(protecGon) and fixing.

Reusability/Recyclability High

(Newton, 2014)

Edge water

Williamstown

Other groups’ site presenta3on

Arches Domes

Shells

curved form structures

For spanning an opening

support load by axial compression-into inclined components and transmit to abutments on either side of archway

Masonry arches-individual wedge shaped stone or brick

Rigid arches-timber, steel, reinforced concrete—> capable to carry compression.

Have a circular plan-constructed of stakes blocks—> rigid material-short, linear elements

compressive near the crown and tensile in lower part

thin, curved plate structures constructed of reinforced concrete Transmit forces by membrane

stress-compressive, tensile, and shear stress act on plane

can sustain relatively large force when uniformly appied

thin: little bending resistance, unsuitable for concrete load.

Detailing for MoistureBasement-water site -fully tank - waterproof membrane-dry ground -drain —> get water out

3 conditions must occur together —> water penetrate

An opening-planned - window, doors, skylights-unplanned- poor construction workmanship, deterioration of material

Water present the opening

force to move water through opening

remove opening-seal water with sealants/ gaskets-rely on correct installation and will deteriorate over time due to weathering.

Grading rood-collect water in gutter—> transfer to downpipes and stormwater system

Overlapping cladding and roofing elements e.g.roof tiles

sloping window, door sills, roof/wall flashing

sloping ground surface from wall at base of building

Gravity-slope, overlap

Surface tension and capillary action-use drip or break between surface e.g. window sill

Momentum -break, construct gap-complex shape—> slow the momentum and deflect water away from gap entry

Air pressure differential -water flow from high pressure to low

Use air barrier, internal become high air pressure—> water not go inside


(Newton, 2014)

(Newton, 2014)

(Ching, 2008)

Paints

Liquid-become solid when contact with air

Oil based - High gloss finished-not water soluble

Water base-durable, flexible

protect element

color should resist fading

need to resist chipping, cracking, peeling

Paint on exterior -resist rainging

Type

(Newton, 2014)

(Ching, 2008)

(Newton, 2014)

Glossary Drip Dripping liquid. (The free dicGonary, 2014)

Vapor barrierMaterial used to prevent moisture flow into structure.

(DicGonary of construcGon, 2014)

GuTerShallow channel along the eaves for collecGng water from

roof. (DicGonary of construcGon, 2014)

ParapetPart of wall that extend above the rood level. (DicGonary

of construcGon, 2014)

Down pipePipe carry rainwater from roof to ground level. (DicGonary


FlashingSheet of material to prevent direct flow of water.

(DicGonary of construcGon, 2014)

InsulaGonMaterial that is poor conductor to heat and electricity.

(Newton, 2014)

Sealant Use to seal surface in order to prevent water flow. (DicGonary of construcGon, 2014)

Proper3es/Material Rubber Plas3c

HardnessHarder:resist abraision Soder: provide beTer

sealsMedium-‐Low

Fragility Low Low-‐Medium

Duc3lity High(Heat), Varied(Cold)

High

Flexibility/Plas3city High High

Porosity /Permeability Waterproof

Many are waterproof

Density Approx. 1.5 x density of water

Low

Conduc3vity Very Poor Very poor

Durability/Life Span Can very durableVaries depend on

types

Reusability/Recyclability High

Varies depend on types

Useseals, gasket, control

joints, flooring, insulaGon, hosing,

piping

Polyethelyne, Finishing surface, insulaGon panels

(Newton, 2014)


(Newton, 2014)

(Ching, 2008)

(Newton, 2014)

(Ching, 2008)

Glossary

Window Sash “Fixed or movable framework of a window in which panes of glass are set.” (Ching, 2008

DeflecGon The perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from a true course under transverse loading. (DicGonary


Moment of InerGaThe sum of the products of each element of an area and

the square of its distance form a coplanar axis of rotaGon.(Ching, 2008)

Door Furniture Fixtures on the door. (DicGonary of construcGon, 2014)

Stress Pressure on object. (Ching, 2008)

Shear ForceForce act on body which tend to slide one porGon of body against the other side of body. (DicGonary of

construcGon, 2014)

Proper3es/Material Glass

Hardness High

Fragility High

Duc3lity Very Low

Flexibility/Plas3city Very High(when molten) Low to Very Low (when cooled)

Porosity /Permeability Non-‐Porous/waterproof

Density Medium-‐High

Conduc3vityTransmit heat and light, not

electricity

Durability/Life Span Very durable

Reusability/Recyclability Very high

(Newton, 2014)

AL-‐01 Aluminium fascia AL-‐06 Flashing RFS-‐03 Fibreglass roof sheet Tim-‐07 External 3mber ba]en screen

Steel as secondary structural system to support roof

brick single skin

steel cladding


(Newton, 2014)

(Ching, 2008)

(Ching, 2008)

(Newton, 2014)(Ching, 2008)

Glossary Sandwich Panel Panel formed by combing two thin sheet of different materials. (DicGonary of construcGon, 2014)

Bending Force something in to a curve. (DicGonary of construcGon, 2014)SkirGng Wooden board placed at base of interior wall. (DicGonary of construcGon, 2014)

Composite Beam Beam compose of two of more materials. (Newton, 2014)Shadow line Joint Overlap joints.

Cornice Horizontal molding around the wall just below the ceiling. (DicGonary of construcGon, 2014)

Composite material CombinaGon of two or more materials that individual materials retain their character and improve the structural characterisGc. (Newton, 2014)

The site we visit is a four storey building for residen3al use. This building is mainly constructed by concrete. And the basement is for carpark.

The carpark is to access from the ground level. The concrete column used there are all precast concrete. The column is organize with the func3on of the car park , so it has more capacity to place more cars. !Service system is on the ceiling.

This line shows the joining line of two precast concrete.

Temporary joints to assist construc3on It is supported by steel column from ground.

The wall panels transfer loads from upper column to lower column.

The hole on the concrete floor is for fire protec3on.

The steel frames here is not load bearing, the divides the floor into spaces. Service system on ceiling and wall.

Bracing for concrete wall as it is not stable yet. Rotate joints can be seem to use in bracing to be work in best direc3on.

Post tension is used to reinforce the concrete floor. The strong steel cable pull toward two sides of the concrete floor and reinforce its tension force. !This outstanding steel cable in the photo will be cut and the ending part will fill with concrete.

Steel framing is set in this floor. !The steel column is connect with the floor by screws. The joints part will be filled with concrete in order to have a smooth flooring.


(Newton, 2014)(Ching, 2008)

(Hes, 2014)(Ashford, 2014)

Glossary

Shear wall“Structural element made of rigid materials that resist lateral loads in the verGcal

plane.“ (Newton, 2014)

Sod StoreyOne of more floors are significantly weaker or more flexible than those above and/ or below.

(Newton, 2014)

Braced Frame“EssenGally truss structures that provide diagonal paths for moving the lateral loads through

the structure in the verGcal plane.” (Newton, 2014)

Lifecycle How easy is the material to clean and how long will it last. (Hes, 2014)

DefectAny condiGon that detracts from the appearance, strength, durability of an object. (DicGonary


Fascia Board used on outside verGcal face of a cornice. (DicGonary of construcGon, 2014)

Corrosion OxidaGon of material by exposure to chemical acGon. (DicGonary of construcGon, 2014)

IEQ Indoor environment quality. (Hes, 2014)

The “Fall” and the arrow shows the moisture flowing direc3on of the structure. Timber crosses create slope for water to flow to drain.

AL-‐01 Aluminium fascia AL-‐06 Flashing RFS-‐03 Fibreglass roof sheet Tim-‐07 External 3mber ba]en screen

Insect screen exist to prevent insect . It is the net in the actual structure.

Aluminum flashing is applied on the top of the roof. It is waterproof so it prevents water going into the structure and cause any damage.

3D illustration

Economic implica3ons The material used in this stru]er is common that should cost effec3vely. Also the elements are light that it is easy to transport.

In the workshop, our group get a 1200 x 3.2 x 90 mm ply wood and three 1200 x 42 x 81 rectangular pine posts. (The material is in fact longer than 1200mm when we measure it) In the workshop we are aiming to make a most load bearing beam that can span for 1000mm.

However as 2 3mes of wide of cross sec3on of the post do not fit the length of the cross sec3on. We decide to add some ply woods inside to fit the length of the post, so the load is able to transfer be]er. !We use construc3on saw cut the post into 1200mm so it is enough to span for 1000mm.

We group is look simply method to construct the beam by organize the post and ply wood together. As first we are think put 2 post on the top and one at the bo]om. If we use the longer side of cross sec3on as ver3cal length, the post is deeper so it reduces more bending stress. So we plan to place two post in deeper way on top and the one post places in shallower way at the bo]om. So the strong post will afford the compression force of the load apply and the bo]om which is the weaker post will afford the tension force.

Construc3on workshop report

Then we apply joints to fix the beam. At first, we use hammer and and long joints to connect the 2 post and the ply wood. However, the joints does not go straight through the beam and we have to pull it out from the beam. This lead to damage to the beam and may affect its performance. Then we turn to electric drill to make a shallow hole before apply the joints and use hammer. The joints get into the beam be]er in this way and cause less risk.

Joints are applied through the 2 post and ply wood in both side to 3ght the beam and make it more stable. Joints are also applied at the bo]om of the beam to concoct the bo]om post with the upper posts. All the joints used are fixed joints.

Destruc3ve tes3ng phase Aher we finish our beam, we put it in the tes3ng cradle to test how many load it is able to bear and how it will be broken.

The beam finally failed by crushing on the upper post at 550kg. It is because the direct stress exceed the compression force the beam is able to bear. It shows that the upper posts are less flexible than the bo]om post, it might because the joints limit its flexibility. So when the load increase, the upper posts and bo]om post are not s3ck together, it allow the bo]om beam to bear more tension force. However, the upper load is not able to transfer to the bo]om beam. !The weight it bears reduce over 3me as the beam relaxes and not bearing so much load.

The deflec3on increase with the increasing amount of loads.

Other groups’ beams

Beam 1 This beam is consisted of three square pine posts and a ply wood on the side.

The beam is failed at 680kg due to the buckling of the bo]om post by the tension force. This beam bears larger amount of load than our groups. It is es3mate to result in this beam is able to transfer the load be]er from one post to another. So the beam is able to bear more compression force. Also the ply wood helps bracing the beam.

Beam 2 This beam is consisted of two rectangular pine posts and two ply wood. One of the post is cut in to half and form a triangle frame with another post. Two ply wood is a]ached to two sides of the bo]om post respec3vely.

The beam starts to deflect when more amount of load apply and is failed at 690kg due to the buckling of the top of the beam. This is fail for the compression force. This is the strongest beam as the load transfer effec3vely in triangular frame. The triangular structure distribute the load to larger area.

Beam3 This beam is consisted of two square pine posts and two ply wood. 2 post is set as upper and lower chord while the ply wood connect them by two sided.

This beam fails very soon as there is a knot on the upper post. Knot is the weak point of the point that it is not able to bear the compression force effec3vely. It is es3mate to bear more force to places the beam in another side, so the knot will not bear the load directly.

The ply wood is in compression to transfer load from upper post to the bo]om post. The direc3on of the ply wood is placed may also affect the effec3ve of the beam as the load may not be able to transfer as well. Some of the ply wood in this beam is inclined from centre, this allow the load to distribute to larger area.

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A01 logbook final submission

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