Construction Logbook Paul Caile 698599

Final submission for Constructive Environments ENVS10003

2

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Index

Week Page Chapter

1 2-5 One

2 6-12 Two

3 13-23 Three

3 24-26 Construction workshop

4 27-37 Four

5 38-48 Five

6 49-58 Six

7 59-62 Seven

8 63-69 Eight

9 70-79 Nine

10 80-87 Ten

1-10 88-92 Glossary

93-95 References

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Chapter 1: WEEK 1

Topics:

1.01 Materials

1.02 Loadpaths

1.03 Activity

1.04 Glossary terms

Learning Goals:

This week the aim was to

MINDMAP

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1.01 MATERIALS (W01 m1 Introduction to Materials 2014) Materials are chosen for a number of reasons. These can include:

Strength – Steel vs Timber

Stiffness – Flexible vs Ridged

Shape – Dimensions (mono, bi tri)

Material Behaviours – Isotropic, anisotropic

Economy + Sustainability – cost 1.02 – Load Paths (WO1 s1 Load Path Diagrams 2014)

Force leaves structure in easiest

way. Last reaction force is going

down because the structure wants

to go down to remain upright.

Compression and tension

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Week 1 – Activity

Initially, a square base with a brickwork pattern was used. A small enclosure was used so that the arch would be easier to close off.

A corbelling pattern was used to make the structure appear decorative.

A running brick pattern was then put on top in an effort to make the corbelling sections more stable and for the structure to gradually close at the top.

Early on issues began to appear. The side closest in this image was moving in faster than the other side and the corners were not developing into strong parts of the structure.

As the structure increased in height, different laying techniques were used to close the structure at the top.

The five bricks under the hand were intended to strengthen the back section of the structure and attempt to stop the walls from collapsing

A front on view of the structure. From this perspective the walls are not straight which also caused the problem of the walls wanting to fall inwards.

The arch was weighted down on one side to ensure that it would be able to join to the other side. This was a structurally week design because any force applied on

The top structure failed, causing the arch to fall. To develop a strong structure and have an archway, the entry should have been knocked out instead of being

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to any brick near the arch would cause it to fail.

built in.

Similar to the other tower, the arch in this construction was built was it grew taller. This structure is both artistic and strong because of the bonds and how a load would be distributed.

This tower was the best out of all of the ones from within the tute because the arch knocked out. By doing this, the tower was able to develop both a strong base and an arch that would be able to distribute a load successfully.

This image shows that the top of the structure is even and the walls are relatively straight. Even though some parts of the corners were not perfect, as the structure was sound, it was able to hold the load that was applied to it in one of the following images.

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Week 1 Glossary terms

Load path: The distribution of forces through a structure. Masonry: Building with various natural or manufactured products (brick, stone, etc) usually with mortar as a bonding agent. (Ching 2008, p. 12.06) Compression: Dictionary.com’s page <http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/compression.html> describes compression as ‘a force that pushes together or crushes.’ Reaction Force: Caused by an action. Point load: Dictionary.com’s page <http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/point-load.html> describes a point load as ‘the concentrated load on a structural member.’ Beam: Members designed to transfer loads across to supporting elements. (Ching 2008, p. 2.15)

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Chapter 2: WEEK 2

Topics:

2.01 Structural joints

2.02 Construction Systems

2.03 Structural Systems

2.04 Environmentally Sustainable Design (ESD) and Selecting materials

2.05 Life cycle of materials

2.06 Activity: Tower construction and destruction

2.07 Glossary terms

Learning Goals:

This week the aim was to

MINDMAP

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Week 2 Structural joints (W02 s2 Structural Joints 2014)

There are three basic types of joints. The roller joint, pin joint and fixed joint.

Roller Joint

The simplest joint with loads only transferred in one direction.

Pin Joint Very common in the

construction industry and are found in a truss system.

Fixed Joint

Complicated to calculate because bending can occur at the joint if one member experiences a heavy load.

Week 2 Construction Systems

The construction process involves numerous systems that have their own requirements and complexities. In a building these systems are the Enclosure system, Structural system and service system.

Enclosure system: Is the shell of the building (Ching 2008, p. 2.03). An example of this is the façade of a building or a roof. If it was removed the building would remain standing and structurally sound. Structural System: Is designed and constructed to enable it to be able to support and transmit loads. (Ching 2008, p. 2.03) Service System (or Mechanical System): Provides services such as gas, water and sewage to a building. (Ching 2008, p. 2.03)

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Week 2 Structural Systems (W02 s1 Structural Systems 2014)

A structure can be classified as a solid, surface, skeletal, membrane or hybrid structure.

Before construction takes place a number of aspects need to be considered. These include

performance requirements, aesthetic qualities, economic efficiencies and environmental

impacts.

Week 2 Environmentally Sustainable Design (ESD) and Selecting materials (ESD and

Selecting Materials 2014)

Put simply, the building becomes a filter to the environment.

ESD intends to reduce the impact of a construction on the environment. It can include using

local materials, using materials efficiently, solar energy, wind energy, insulation, thermal

mass, night air purging, cross ventilation and smart sun design.

Life Cycle of materials

System description

A SOLID STRUCTURE uses compression as the main structural action.

A SURFACE STRUCTURE is

A SKELETAL STRUCTURE is a very efficient way of transferring loads to the ground.

A MEMBRANE STRUCTURE is useful when large areas need to be covered at a cheaper price

A HYBRID STRUCTURE is a mixture of a variety of the ones mentioned above. Uses an ETFE membrane.

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Week 2 – Activity - Frame

The aim of this activity was to understand the nature and behaviour of frame construction

and how loads are transferred in frame structures.

This was done through using tape and a single piece of Balsa wood cut long ways into strips.

Construction

Initially, a quick plan was drawn up. This involved how the base would look and efficiently use the resources. Cutting the strips up even more caused some small materials (top of image) to be wasted.

The structure became top heavy so legs had to be used.

After testing a variety of options a triangular base was chosen to avoid the possibility of unevenness as the structure grew.

Support braces were used to stop the sides of the structure from contorting.

One of the earliest issues encountered was the weakness of the wood in its thin state. As the tap was being used, some beams needed to be repaired before construction could continue.

Tape was used to hold the spire upright using tension to keep it from falling at hitting the roof.

As the tower grew taller deformities and bending began to occur. As demonstrated in the lecture, braces were used to make the structure become less malleable.

The final structure.

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Destruction

As a force is applied the columns are bending. While the areas with supports remain relatively unaffected.

With even more force applied, the supportive leg is also bending and moving out of the correct position.

If more materials were available, additional supports could have been used. Cross bracing could also have made a big difference.

With a force applied on a different angle the structure fails. The tape joins remain strong but the long columns break under pressure.

Supporting leg could have been made thicker or had additional legs on either side. If it was buried into the ground or taped to the floor, it would have failed in the centre like most of the other long columns.

In hindsight, the spire should have been removed and the materials used to strengthen the structure or to allow a different shape to exist. For example a three levelled square that slowly goes inward.

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Week 2 Glossary terms

Structural joint: How structural elements are joined. (Ching 2008, p. 2.30) Stability: Able to carry vertical loads and withstand lateral winds and seismic forces from any direction. (Ching 2008, p. 2.22) Tension: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tension?&o=100074&s=t> describes tension as a ‘force that pulls apart.’ Frame: A beam supported by two columns. (Ching 2008, p. 2.17) Bracing: Diagonal members that stabilize a structure. (Ching 2008, p. 2.22) Column: Structural members designed to support loads applied to its ends. (Ching 2008, p. 2.13)

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Chapter 3: WEEK 3

Topics: 3.01 Mass construction 3.02 Footings and foundations 3.03 Materials 3.04 Activity 3.05 Glossary terms

Learning Goals: This week the aim was to learn about scale and to be able to identify basic construction elements. Such as structural systems, construction systems and materials.

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MINDMAP

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Clay

Expands

Absorb moisture

Concrete

Shrinks over time.

Cement past reduces in

volume

3.01 Mass Construction (W03_m1 INTRODUCTION TO MASS CONSTRUCTION 2014)

MODULAR

NON-MODULAR

Clay brick Concrete

Mud brick Rammed earth

Concrete block

Monolithic stone

Ashlar stone

Concrete: Strong in Compression, but weak in Tension

3.02 FOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONS (W03_c1 FOOTINGS & FOUNDATIONS 2014)

Pressure = Force/Area

Can be shallow or deep.

Geotechnical engineers test ground

Deep foundations are typically used for large

scale constructions.

Movement in joints.

Figure 1 Different foundations

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3.03 Materials

WEEK 3- BRICK (W03_m3 BRICKS 2014) There is a wide variety of colour to bricks because it is a natural material. Its fabrication methods have changed over time. Initially they were handmade, then they were machine moulded and now they are extruded and wire cut. (W03_m3 BRICKS 2014) The durability of a brick when it is exposed to weathering is referred to as Brick grade (Ching 2008, p. 12.06)

Concrete Blocks (W03_m5 CONCRETE BLOCKS 2014) Two hands are needed while clay bricks usually need one as they weigh around 11 kilograms each. They also have holes that allow for reinforcements such as steel to be also used. They are made with cement, sand, gravel and water through a process of mixing, moulding and curing.

Stone (W03_m4 STONE 2014) Igneous – Rocks formed when molten rock cools – Usually used in footings – Example = Granite Sedimentary – Rocks formed from accumulated particles subjected to moderate pressure – Prone to damage – Carved and shaped easily. Metamorphic – Igneous or sedimentary rocks that have been subjected to pressure, high temperature or chemical processes. Types Monolithic – Are difficult to move because of their size. One example is Stone Henge. Ashlar – Big rocks that are carved into smaller modular elements. One example is part of the Great Wall of China. Rubble – Used as it is found.

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BRICK (W03_m3 BRICKS 2014)

CONCRETE BLOCKS (W03_m5 CONCRETE BLOCKS 2014)

STONE (W03_m4 STONE 2014)

Properties

Hardness – Medium to high as a metallic object can scratch it

Fragility – A trowel can break a brick - Medium

Ductility – Very Low

Flexibility/Plasticity – Very Low

Porosity – Medium to low

Density – Medium – 2 to 2.5 times more dense than water

Conductivity – Poor

Durable – Very

Reusability – High

Cost – Generally cost effective but labour can be an issue

7Properties

Hardness – Medium to high as a metallic object can scratch it

Fragility – A trowel can break a brick - Medium

Ductility – Very Low

Flexibility/Plasticity – Very Low

Porosity – Medium – sealed to reduce absorption.

Density – Medium – 2 to 2.5 times more dense than water

Conductivity – Poor

Durable – Very

Reusability – Medium

Sustainability – Waste and recycled products

Cost – Generally cost effective but labour can be an issue

Properties

Hardness – Igneous then metamorphic then sedimentary

Fragility – Geometry dependant

Ductility – Most are low

Flexibility/Plasticity – Most are ridged. Thus very low.

Porosity – Pumice = Very, while Granite = Not

Density – Dependant on stone type

Conductivity – Generally Poor

Durable – Extremely

Reusability – Very High

Sustainability – Transport and energy it the main factor

Cost – Labour and scarcity increase cost

3.04 Masonry

Figure 3 Different mortar joints

Figure 2 Some different courses

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3.05 Week 3 Activity

The activity this week was a tour around University grounds to the following structures:

Precast concrete columns are used. The buildings around LOT 6 café (shown in figure 1) had to be supported while construction was taking place. This was done in order to protect the structural strength of the buildings. Columns transport loads down into the footings and foundations of the building. Depending on the soil underneath, Lot 6 could have a shallow or deep foundation. Because of its size, a deep foundation would provide the highest stability and structural strength. The building also contains an aesthetic steel beam that has no impact on the load distribution of the structure.

Using a Flemish bond course, the wall of Building 1888 show in figure 2 contains numerous weep holes and an expansion joint. Weep holes allow moisture to leave the building without damaging the structure. Additionally, the bricks use a raked mortar joint shown in figure 5. Expansion joints are sealed joints that allow for the expansion that occurs in the masonry (Ching 2008, p. 5.22) A structure behind the bricks would be supporting the load of the buildings. This is most likely a steel frame. Bricks could have been chosen for this building because of the variety of colours available, or the cost and availability at the time of construction. (W03_m3 BRICKS 2014)

Figure 4 LOT 6 Cafe

Figure 6 Mortar joint

Figure 5 BUILDING 1888

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The concrete in the garage shown in figure 4 was poured in-situ and would have required formwork. The columns are hollow in the centre to allow the trees above to survive. Each section of the garage is self-supporting so if one fails, only that area will fail. This causes the price of fixing an individual area cheaper and makes it an easier task to undertake. The columns have circular steel reinforcement that has in some cases breached the surface. This steel is then causing concrete cancer to occur (white in image) and weakening the structure. It is very expensive to fix and the steel would need to be replaced because it is rusting.

This pathway was been lowered from its original

height. This explains why the basalt has a rough

surface because it was intended to be underground

and less care taken with its shaping process. The

ventilation hole allows air to circulate from the

building to prevent wood from rotting and reduce

moisture build up.

Figure 8 OLD ARTS

Figure 7 GARAGE

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The Arts West

Building uses various

beams to transfer the

load of the structure.

It is made up of

polished metal,

concrete and timber.

The aesthetic appearance of the structure also provides

structural support for a section of the first floors roof.

The two tutors who were guiding the tour could not

agree on this structure. One believed that it was self-

supporting and that the wires actually did something.

While the other felt the wires were aesthetic and that

the walkway was held up by Union house. The main

material being used here is stainless steel.

2DIAGRAMS

This part of Union house uses a membrane

structure. It is designed so that water falls

through the hole in the centre shown in figure

8. It is supported by giant metal columns that

are not shown in figure 8.

Figure 11 North Court Union House

Figure 10 Stairs on west end of Union House

Figure 9 Arts West Student Centre

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The pre-existing part of the Oval

Pavilion is shown in figure 9. With a

cladding exterior, the main structural

element is timber. It uses stump or

pole foundations which raise the

structure whilst also stabilising it. The

pre-existing section of the pavilion had

to be incorporated into the new design

and this would have influenced the

materials used in construction.

This entrance way shown in figure 11 also contains a ventilation hole that is not shown. Additionally, as the structure around the entry is brick, it also has weep holes. The roof section shown in figure 11 is supported by the building as the door and window section would not be load bearing.

Figure 14 Old Geology South Lecture Theatre Entry

Figure 12 Oval Pavilion

Figure 13 Pole foundation diagram

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The Frank Tate Pavilion in figure 12 is built above a

lecture theatre. Because of this, its structure would

have to be lighter and have shallower foundations

than if there was no lecture theatre beneath it. This

would explain the use of timber and steel in the

construction.

3.05 Week 3 Glossary terms

Moment: An applied load or force that creates bending in members (Ching 2008, p. 2.14). Strip footing: The continuous spread footing’s of foundation walls (Ching 2008, p. 2.09). Retaining wall: Wall that holds back earth on the uphill side of a grad change (Ching 2008, p. 1.31). Slab on ground: Concrete slab positioned on the ground (Ching 2008, p. 3.18). Pad footing (Isolated Footings): Helps spread a point load over a wider area of ground (Ching 2008, p. 3.08). Substructure: The foundation of a structure (Ching 2008, p. 3.02).

Figure 15 Frank Tate Pavilion

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CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP-UNDERTAKEN WEEK 3

Through using a range of tools

and abiding by safety

requirements, groups were to

construct a structure spanning

1000mm from a variety of

materials. Once the structures

were completed they were to

be put into the testing cradle

and an increasing load placed

at the centre of the structures.

Areas of failure were noted

along with the maximum

deflection and load the

structures were able to

withstand.

To span the group decided it

would be best to allow for a

greater span than the required

1000mm. This meant cutting

the 1200mm long pine to

1100mm. The plywood was

then used as the top surface

and cut to be 1050mm. The left

of pinewood was used in an

attempt to strengthen the

base of the bridge. It seemed

like a good idea at the time

but in reality they could have

been used elsewhere. The

groups design was simple

and did not use the left over

plywood.

Figure 17 Materials used by group

Figure 16 Tools used

Figure 15 Measurements and plan of structure

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The performance of the group’s structure and others in the workshop

By turning the handle shown in figure 16

clockwise, the load was increased. The ruler

measured the amount of deflection. This

was taken at the start of the test and

compared to the deflection of when the

structures failed.

Deflection 233mm -198mm = 35mm Failure load = 262kg The structure performed well considering it was not positioned in the best way. The plywood should have been at the bottom instead of at the top because it is better in tension than compression. The nails in the additional pieces of wood on the bottom caused the failure in the structure. In hindsight, these pieces of wood should not have been placed on the structure.

Figure 16 Testing Cradle

Figure 18 Structure failure group

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Deflection 240mm – 193mm = 47mm Failure load = 470 kg Nails were once again the cause of the failure. This was an interesting design as it appeared to use all the materials the other group had available to them. In this design the plywood and pine moved as if connected by pin joints. This allowed a greater deflection and a larger load to occur.

Deflection 40mm

Failure load 430kg

This structure was built by the

teacher because there was only two

groups in the class. It took advantage

of the shear that the pieces of wood

allowed. When the nails failed, it

caused the wood to fail with them.

Scale model making materials and actual construction materials would be different because

of the different size and the tools that would have to be used. Scale modal materials are

easy to move around while construction materials sometimes require machinery like cranes

and trucks to move around a construction site. However, model making materials do allow

for an understanding of the planning involved in structures, the effect of different types of

joints and where failures occur and the benefits of using certain materials over others.

Figure 19 Group 2 structure failure

Figure 20 Another structure’s failure

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Chapter 4: WEEK 4

Topics: 4.01 Concrete 4.02 Insitu-concrete 4.03 Precast concrete 4.04 Floor systems 4.05 Week 4 activity 4.06 Glossary terms

Learning Goals: This week the aim was to understand the concept of scale and to understand how construction documentation applies and works.

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MINDMAP

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4.01 CONCRETE (W04_m1 CONCRETE 2014)

1 Cement

2 Fine aggregate

4 Course aggregate

0.4-0.5 Water

Formwork is often reused. Reinforcement is essential as concrete is strong in compression and weak in tension. Steel mesh is usually used as reinforcement because of this. Vibration and moisture or issues.

Properties

Hardness – High

Fragility – Low

Ductility – Very low

Flexibility/Plasticity – Low

Porosity – Med to low

Density – Med to high

Conductivity – Poor

Durable – Very

Reusability – Med to low

Sustainability – High

Cost – Generally cost effective

4.02 INSITU –CONCRETE (W04_m2 IN SITU CONCRETE 2014)

Is cast and cured on site. Usually poured into framework and is a labour intensive process.

There is a limited time for this to harden to full strength.

Footings, retaining walls and no-standard structural elements can use in-situ concrete.

This can also be sprayed into place (shotcrete) and an example of this is pool construction.

Construction joints divide site into smaller areas, while control joints absorb expansions and

contractions. Both are potential weak points.

4.03 PRECAST CONCRETE (W04_m3 PRE CAST CONCRETE 2014)

Is manifested in a controlled environment (e.g. factory). This process can allow work on a

site to progress faster and can achieve a very high level of quality in finishes. This type of

concrete is used in retaining walls, walls and columns. It is rarely used in footings. At

construction joints one precast element meets another and structural joints refer to the

type and performance of structural connections.

4.04 FLOOR SYSTEMS (W04_c1 FLOOR SYSTEMS 2014)

Load – Slab – Beams – Columns – foundation

Concrete slab – One way or two way span. – Thickness = Span/30

Steel – Sometimes is combined with concrete slabs.

Cost and fire rating effects what material is used.

Figure 21 Basic formwork example

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Figure 22 Joist diagram (Ching 2008, p. 4.24)

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4.05 WEEK 4 ACTIVITY

Task 1

1. Scale is used for documenting building projects because it enables the entire building

to be drawn on a computer program or on a single piece of paper. Scale is used by

reducing the size of the building to, for example, one one-hundredth its actual size.

Scaled drawings also use a variety of symbols and lines that represent different

materials and items. Some are shown below:

2. The range of scales that would be appropriate to use for construction

documentation would be dependent on the size required and the size of the item

being scaled. Some possible

scales include 1:10, 1:20,

1:50, 1:100, 1:200 and

1:400.

3. Some examples are to the

right:

Task 2 Scale, Annotation and working drawing conventions activity

1+2)

1- Title Block

a. List the types of information found in the title block on the floor plan page:

Consultants, key plan, client, project, drawing title.

b. Why might this information be important?

Stage of designs and allows you to identify the most recent plans and clarify

any issues with the people responsible or the designers.

2- Drawing content PLANS

a. What types of information is shown in this floorplan?

Materials used, locations of services and stair locations.

b. Provide an example of the dimensions as they appear on this floor plan?

What units are used for the dimensions.

Units in millimetres (mm), area of rooms and wall height.

(Ching 2008, p. A.18)

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c. Is there a grid? What system is used for identifying the grid lines?

Yes/ Numeric and Alpha

d. What is the purpose of the legend?

Representation of detail through illustration.

e. Why are some parts of the drawing annotated? Illustrate how the

annotations are associated with the relevant part of the drawing.

Providing additional information that is not on the plan.

f. Illustrate how references to other drawings are shown on the plan. What do

these symbols mean.

g. How are windows and doors identified? Provide an example of eah. Is there a

rationale to their numbering? What do these numbers mean? Can you find

the answer somewhere in the drawings.

h. Illustrate how floor levels are noted on the plan?

FFL 4.500 = Finished floor level above Datum.

RL 4.500 Spot level – reduced level above datum

i. Are some areas of the drawing clouded? Why?

Revision cloud. Information revised or changed

from a previous drawing.

3- Drawing content ELEVATIONS

a. What type of information is shown in this

elevation? How does it differ from the information shown on the plan?

Level changes. Different viewpoint. Drawing standards.

b. Are dimensions shown? If so, how do they differ from the dimensions on the

plan? Provide an example of the dimensions as they relate to the elevation

No.

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c. What types of levels are shown on the elevations? Illustrate how levels are

shown in relation to the elevation.

RL-51000 or FFL-47100

d. Is there a grid? If so, how/where is it shown?

Yes. It is shown in line with the elevation.

e. What types of information on the elevations are expressed using words?

Illustrate how this is done.

Revised plans.

f. Illustrate how the doors and windows are identified on

the elevations.

g. Find where this elevation is located on the plans.

One almost all of the pages

4- Drawing content SECTIONS

a. What types of information is shown in this section? How does it differ from

the information shown on the plan and elevation?

This section splits the building into smaller areas that are drawn in greater

detail. It differs because of this extra detail.

b. Illustrate how the section drawing differentiates between building elements

that cut through and those that are shown in elevation (beyond).

Shows greater detail.

c. Provide examples of how different materials are shown on the sections.

d. Find where this section is located on the plans.

5- Drawing content DETAILS

a. What sorts of things are detailed?

Sides of building. Measurements of rooms. Walls. Floors

b. Are the details compressed using break lines? Why?

Yes. Allows easy reference to other pages and can also go into greater detail

elsewhere.

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c. Provide examples of how different materials are shown on drawings at this

scale. They use a variety of different line and symbols like the one to previous

questions.

d. Find the locations of these details on the plans, elevations and sections.

At the back and front of the pavilion set.

3) The information in the drawing set provides more information than what could be

observed from the fence line last week. From the drawings, the floor plan can easily be

interpreted at a glance and how the existing structure was incorporated into the design can

also be viewed more clearly. This is because the drawings can give the reader numerous

perspectives including a birds-eye view. The scale in the Pavilion book is 1:100. However,

the size of the book was made smaller for the convenience of students and as a result the

drawings are actually 1cm:200cm. Because of this scale, the drawings are considerably

smaller than the building and allow the reader to visualise the finished structure more easily

the next time they visit the site. The architectural and structural drawings both depict the

building. However, the architectural drawings focus more on aesthetics and layout, while

the structural drawings depict how each section will function. The legend at the bottom of

the page has also been moved and contains different information

Figure 23 Architectural drawing (Cox Architecture & Wood and Grieve Engineers 2014)

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Figure 24 Structural drawing (Cox Architecture & Wood and Grieve Engineers 2014)

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4.06 Week 4 Glossary terms

Joist: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/joists?s=t> describes a joist as the parallel beams used to support floor and ceiling systems. Steel Decking: Corrugated steel that acts as formwork and a working platform during construction. (Ching 2008, p. 4.22) Span: The distance between supports. (Ching 2008, p. 4.27) Girder: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/girder?s=ts> describes a girder as a large beam used to support other structural members. Concrete Plank: Precast concrete plank used for floor or rook decking. (Ching 2008, p. 4.03) Spacing: Distance between joints, members, joists, etc. (Ching 2008, p. 4.20)

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Chapter 5: WEEK 5

Topics: 5.01 Walls, grids and columns 5.02 Wood and timber 5.03 Timber properties and considerations 5.04 Engineered timber products 5.05 Week 5 activity 5.04 Glossary terms

Learning Goals: This week the aim was to develop an understanding of the structural system. The readings and activity reflected this aim.

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MINDMAP

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5.01 Walls, grids and columns (W05_c1 WALLS, GRIDS AND COLUMNS 2014)

Structural frames – concrete, steel and timber.

Bracing is required to stabilise structure. (timber)

Load bearing walls are usually concrete or masonry with reinforcement.

Bond beams are used as an alternative to steel or concrete Lintels.

Stud walls – light gauge steel or timber.

Brick Veneer construction

5.02 Wood and timber (W05_m1 From Wood to Timber

2014)

Light rings = Early wood.

Dark rings = Late wood.

Gain 1 ring per year.

Wood is week perpendicular to grain.

When wood is seasoned it is stronger.

Soft woods and hard woods. This classification is

determined by the tree that the wood comes from.

Figure 25 Framing

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An example of a hardwood is oak (broad leaf flowering trees) and is used for interior

structures. A softwood is pine (evergreen, cone bearing) and is used for general

construction. (Ching 2008, p. 12.11)

5.03 Timber properties and considerations (W05_m2 Timber Properties and

Considerations 2014)

Properties

Hardness – Med to low

Fragility – Med to low

Ductility – Low

Flexibility/Plasticity – High, Med

Porosity – High

Density – Varies

Conductivity – Poor

Durable – Very

Reusability – Very high

Sustainability – Low

Cost – Effective

Knots are weak points in timber. They are a natural characteristic of wood and are good in compression, but not tension. So the knots must be at the top of a piece of wood when it is used in construction. (Ching 2008, p. 12.12)

5.04 Engineered timber products. (W05_m3 Engineered Timber Products 2014)

LVL

o High strength, construction grade beams

o Strands bonded under pressure

I - BEAM

o Cross section resembles the letter I

LVL would be preferred because of this additional strength over other types pf timber

products.

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5.05 WEEK 5 ACTIVITY

The activity this week was to build a 1:20 scale model of a section of the Oval Pavilion. The

section of my group was number 3 to 5 and A to B depicted by the grid on the floor plan.

The aim was to classify structural elements and identify different joints, materials and

fixings.

Pages used: A26.01 A40-01 A46-03 A60-02

Figure 26 Page A26-01 (Cox Architecture & Wood and Grieve Engineers 2014)

Figure 27 Page A40-01 (Cox Architecture & Wood and Grieve Engineers 2014)

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IL-01 =Impact resistant plasterboard

IL-03 =Impact and fire resistant plasterboard

CLG-02 =Suspended impact plasterboard ceiling

FL-11 = Vinyl flooring

FL-02 = Clear floor sealer

TIL-01 = Ceramic wall tiling

Figure 28 Page A46-03 (Cox Architecture & Wood and Grieve Engineers 2014)

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Materials used in the structure

From the various plans in the Oval Pavillion set, it is seen that the primary structure uses

the following materials CONCRETE and STEEL FRAMES

The bricks used would make up the brick veneer of the building and would not be load

bearing because it classified as BRK-01 which means that it is face brickwork. It is highly

likely that the structure is supported by steel columns and the floors are concrete.

Figure 29 Ideal load path

Figure 30 Plan of materials used

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The materials chosen were easy for group members to bring to class and were found around the house. To transport the polystyrene sheet, it had to be broken into smaller pieces. As a result the ideal load path (figure 29) was not achieved. The skewers were strong as the structure went with the stands or grain instead of being perpendicular to it.

Due to these results, it might have been better to have sourced better materials like some

other groups did. Their structures could handle a heavier load and required less tape. This

activity could also be seen to encourage more organisation and teamwork within the

groups.

Our group delegated tasks on the day and

switched if someone could do a better job. We

had people determining the measurements of

various parts of our section. However, our

structure was not structurally sound and over

Figure 32 Actual load path

Figure 33 Work distribution

Figure 31 Ground floor

Figure 34 Another groups structural elements

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the course of the next week was completely destroyed. This could be a result of

communication between group members. Other groups were more organised and were

able to effectively communicate instructions and ideas. Each person had a section of the

structure to build and used thin and light timber as materials. Many commented that glue

was a time consuming activity and if it was not successful, tape had to be used. This would

support the e-readings of this week as timber is a cost effective material that has medium to

low hardness. While skewers and polystyrene are cost effective, they are difficult to shape

and can be difficult to connect to each other.

The final structure shown to the left (figure 34)

does not represent the plans of the structure well.

The materials we chose to represent the main

structural elements were unable to clearly

represent each member. Additionally, members

had to be added to the scale model in order for

floor sections to remain stable.

Figure 36 Types of connections

Figure 35 Final picture of structure

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5.06 Week 5 Glossary terms

Stud: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/stud?s=t> describes a stud as ‘upright members used to form a frame.’ Nogging: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/nogging?s=t> describes nogging as using bricks to fill in the space between timber framing members. Lintel: A horizontal support member that carries the weight above openings (e.g. doors). (Ching 2008, p. 5.21) Axial Load: The vertical force acting on a structural member. (Ching 2008, p. 2.13) Buckling: Lateral or torsional instability caused by a load before the yield stress is reached (Ching 2008, p. 2.12). Seasoned Timber: Timber that has been dried to reduce moisture content. This timber has an increased strength, stability and resistance to fungi, decay and insects. (Ching 2008, p. 12.12)

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Chapter 6: WEEK 6

Topics: 6.01 Introduction to metals 6.02 Ferrous metals 6.03 Non-ferrous metals 6.04 Roofing systems 6.05 Spanning spaces 6.06 Activity 6.07 Glossary

Learning Goals: This week the aim was be able to effectively communicate information about various elements of the construction world.

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Mindmap

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6.01 Introduction to metals (W06_m1 Introduction to Metals 2014)

Ferrous - e.g. Iron Non-Ferrous – less likely to react to oxygen Alloys = 2+ metals – e.g. brass Metals react with other metals.

Figure 37 Galvanic Diagram (W06_m1 Introduction to Metals 2014)

Properties Hardness – Varied Fragility – Low Ductility – High Flexibility/Plasticity – Med-high (f), high (nf) Porosity – Generally impermeable Density – High Conductivity – Very good Durable – Can be very. Varied Reusability – High Sustainability – Very High Cost – Effective Damage – Oxidisation and corrosion. Avoided by avoiding exposure, seal and the use of chemical treatment.

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6.02 Ferrous metals (W06_m2 Ferrous Metals 2014) Iron. Magnetic Very chemically reactive Wrought to cast to steel Steel = Alloy of iron and carbon, very strong, many different shapes Framing – Hot rolled, cold formed and reinforcing bars Steel – Roof sheeting Stainless steel alloy = Chromium added. Seels over if scratched

6.03 Non-Ferrous metals (W06_m3 Non Ferrous Metals 2014) Aluminium – Used in window framing. Very light Non-magnetic Easily formed, machined and cast. PURE FORM = SOFT Rolled aluminium is used for cladding panels. FINISH = Power coating and anodisation. Copper – Used as roofing material – red to green patina Very reliable and ductile. Very good conductor of heat and energy Zinc – Used in galvanising and protects ion from rusting. Also used in cladding. Lead and water is toxic (lead poisoning). Tin – Rarely used in construction now Titanium – Very expensive, excellent corrosion resistance, cladding Bronze – bearings, clips, springs, electrical connectors Brass – handles, taps, low melting point

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6.04 Roof systems (W06_c1 Roof Systems 2014)

School of design has a variety of roof systems Flat Pitch under 3 degrees Pitched and sloping Pitch greater than 3 degrees

Tiles are used at a greater slope than sheet metal. Artificial rubber membranes can be used. Steel frames are common Trussed roof = efficient and high strength to material ratio. 3d Truss frames

Figure 38 Slope Variations

Figure 39 Example of a roof system (Ching 2008)

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6.05 Spanning spaces (Spanning Spaces 2014) History of architecture 2 propositions 1. Architecture is mainly about enclosing space 2. The main problem in building is spanning space Nature of material effects what can be done Columns important for creating internal space Architecture in one country affects another

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6.06 Week 6 Activity

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Currently site 1 is in the middle of construction with most of the main structural elements in place. These include precast elements and the insitu-concrete floors that utilized sacrificial steel. As it is a large structure it still has a large amount of sections to complete before it is able to be used by the client. The crane being removed from site and stairwells being completed are indicators that most of the structural work has been completed. The enclosure system, internal aspects such as ceilings and finishes and some of the services would still have to be completed. The use of concrete and steel for main structural elements allows for an increased weight bearing ability of the structure but can increase construction time and costs.

Site 2 is a smaller construction than site one and as a result is harder to determine its current stage of construction. From the information provided by the students who visited the site, Site 2 sounds as I it is at early stages of construction. The concrete slab is down but a large amount of work is still to occur. This includes the enclosure system, roofing, framing and the connection of services. The use of insitu concrete is common as precast concrete is not usually used for flooring. The use of concrete frames would be more expensive than a timber frame, but would offer the building an increased source of strength and could benefit further construction in the future. Due to the location, a crane would not be practical. Therefore human labour would be an important aspect of the construction. Additionally, pumps could have been needed to pour the concrete slab and trucks to transport materials to the site.

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6.07 Week 6 Glossary terms

Rafter: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/rafter?s=t> describes rafters as being ‘parallel beams used to support a roof covering. Purlin: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/purlin?s=ts> describes a purlin as ‘horizontal structural members that support roof loads and transfer them to roof beams.’ Cantilever: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cantilever?s=ts> describes a cantilever as a member supported at only one end and extends beyond its vertical support horizontally. Portal Frame: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/portal+frame?s=t> describes a portal frame as being a frame made up by two vertical beams and 1 horizontal beam. E.g. Doorway. Eave: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/eaves?s=t> describes an eave as the part of a roof that goes past the outside walls. Alloy: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/alloy?s=t> describes an alloy as a mixture of two or more metals. Soffit: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/soffit?s=t> describes a soffit as ‘the underside part of a member or structure.’ Top Chord: Upper section of a truss. (Ching 2008, p. 6.09)

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Chapter 7: WEEK 7

Topics: 7.01 Paints 7.02 Plastics 7.03 Rubber 7.04 Glossary terms

Learning Goals: This week the aim was to develop an understanding of rubber, plastics and paints that can then be applied to the construction industry.

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Mindmap

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7.01 Paints (W07_m3 Paints

2014)

Protects and colour Binder. Diluent. Pigment. Clear = Lacquers or varnishes Types = oil and water Red dyes are unstable in sunlight Matte to Gloss 7.02 Plastics (W07_m2 Plastics 2014)

Carbon, silicon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and chloride Chemical reactions = Monomers - Combine to form Polymers Weather can damage Expands and contracts Thermoplastics: Mouldable when heated - e.g. PVC Thermo setting plastics: Can only be shaped once - e.g. Polystyrene

Properties

Hardness – Med-low

Fragility – Low-med

Ductility – High

Flexibility/Plasticity – High

Porosity –Many are waterproof

Density – Low

Conductivity –Very poor

Durable – Very

Reusability – High (thermo+elast), limited (setting)

Sustainability – Embodied energy varies greatly

Cost – Effective

7.03 Rubber (W07_m1 Rubber 2014)

Elastomers (synthetic rubber) = Made in a laboratory Uses: EPDM, Neoprene, Silicone Natural rubber = Rubber tree sap Uses: Seals, Floor lining, Insulation Sun can damage

Properties

Hardness – Hard and soft

Fragility – Low

Ductility – High

Flexibility/Plasticity – High

Porosity – Waterproof

Density – 1.5x water

Conductivity – Very poor

Durable – very

Reusability – High

Sustainability – Embodied energy varies

Cost – Effective

Figure 40 Colour Matters n.d.

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7.04 Week 7 Glossary terms

Drip: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/drip?&o=100074&s=t> describes a drip as ‘the front lower edge of sill or cornice’ that prevents water from running back into the building. Vapour Barrier: Used to prevent moisture from going through a material or into a structure. (Ching 2008, p. 5.46) Gutter: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gutter?&o=100074&s=t> describes a gutter as a system that collects and diverts water. Parapet: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/parapet?s=t> describes a parapet as the part of a wall that goes above roof level. Usually is a low protective wall. Down pipe: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/downpipe?s=t> describes a down pipe as a pipe that carries water from the gutter to a drain. Flashing: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/flashing?s=t> describes a flashing as a thin, impervious sheet of material used to prevent water penetration or the flow of water. Insulation: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/insulation?s=t> describes insulation as being able to reduce the effects of heat, cold or sound. Sealant: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sealant?s=t> describes sealant as being used to fill joints and protect them from water and other foreign bodies.

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Chapter 8: WEEK 8

Topics: 8.01 Activity 8.02 Glossary terms

Learning Goals: This week the aim was to understand the size of structural elements and the task of using scale to draw and represent a structure.

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Mindmap

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8.01 Activity

The activity involved visiting the oval pavilion to gain a better understanding of the section

we were going to draw and annotate at 1:1 scale.

The section that was assigned to me:

(Cox Architecture & Wood and Grieve Engineers 2014)

This section depicted the box gutter of the canopy. Points of interest were the fibreglass

roof sheeting, metal deck roof, external timber panels and the structural steel.

What the visit to the pavilion showed me about the section.

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An issue that existed when converting the measurements onto the paper was that if one

was slightly off, it affected almost all of the other lines. While the initial area of the section

varied, (line was not straight), a difficulty that existed was the angles of the structure. At

times they were difficult to calculate when the lines were short to use a protractor. If the

drawing was wrong on the plans before the structure was being built, the structure would

not be able to carry the loads required and would not meet structural and aesthetic

requirements.

The final drawing is on the next two pages and attached to the back of this logbook.

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8.02 Glossary terms

Window Sash: Dictionary.com’s page

<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/window+sash?s=t> describes a window sash as ‘the

frame holding the pane of a window.’

Deflection: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/deflection?s=t>

describes a deflection as ‘the bending of a structural member as a result of its own weight

or an applied load.’

Moment of Inertia: Dictionary.com’s page

<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/moment+of+inertia?s=t> describes the moment of

inertia as ‘the product of each element of mass times the square of the distance from an

axis in a structural member.’

Door Furniture: Dictionary.com’s page

<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/door+furniture?s=t> describes door furniture as

accessories for a door. E.g. locks, handles, etc.

Stress: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/stress?s=t>

describes stress as ‘the physical pressure, pull, or other force exerted on one thing or

another.

Shear Force: Dictionary.com’s page

<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/shear+force?s=t> describes shear force as ‘the

force acting on a substance in a direction perpendicular to the extension of the substance.’

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Chapter 9: WEEK 9

Topics: 9.03 Activity 9.04 Glossary terms

Learning Goals: This week the aim was to understand an unfamiliar construction site and the different systems operating at this site.

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Mindmap

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9.01 Activity

This week’s activity was a visit to a construction site. Information and photos retrieved from

the site are shown below. These are split between the four sections the tour stopped at. To

build a structure like the one visited, many different permits are needed.

SECTION 1

This section was the underground garage. To

conserve space the garage is placed six metres

underground and utilizes a three storey car

stacker. As a result, the walls have water

protection and are lined with corrugated drip

systems. These measure help protect the concrete of the building and ensure its structural

strength for the future. The garage also uses drainage systems to stop the garage from

flooding. The services, sewer and electrical, are suspended and along the ceiling of the

garage. The concrete slabs were poured on site, but the columns close to the centre of the

structure, boyd piers, were precast on site. This means they were cast onsite and then

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moved into the correct position.

Formwork sheets are the lines on the roof. 99% of

the penetrations were done before the slab was

poured.

The beams are weaker in the car park because of

the required vertical space and this can cause

issues.

A crane was used on site of concrete and panel

works.

SECTION 2

Concrete structure roof. There are areas

that have a different thickness and this is

determined by what is on the slab. All

slabs in the structure are transfer slabs.

As the structure is made out of concrete,

openings such as windows and doors

provide ventilation. Additionally the

building takes advantage of heating

panels in the walls and a split system

cooling system. Before and during the

construction process, the heights of

ceilings need to be taken into account to

meet building standards. From the

photos taken on the roof, scaffold can be

seen. This allows work to be done on the

sides of the building with increased

safety and also makes it harder for

people to fall off the building.

The government is pushing for

environmental incentives in all new

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buildings. One side of the roof will have a rooftop garden. The holes in the roof are openings

for light wells to the town houses below.

One of the major issues of this roof was

water proofing. To combat this, the

builders used two times scree and some

other measures. However, due to

changes in the design, one section of the

roof holds water. It was originally

intended to be a runoff point. The

solution for this issue is to scree the roof

level.

SECTION3

This section of the

structure revealed how the

rooms and ceilings were

going to be constructed.

The framing consists of

light weight metal and

metal studwork. While this

is more expensive, it saves

on time, is cheaper in

labour required and is

better at lockup stage. This type

of metal is used internally, while

a thicker gauge is usually used

externally. Gridlines determine

the layout of the building.

The different floors have

suspended ceilings that must be

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in the habitable range. The pluming lines are placed on the ceiling. The various colours of

piping represent different services. Yellow is gas, copper is mainlines, red is hot water and

blue is cold water.

The external walls are 200 thick and have

expansion joints between panels. The

windows are full height and width. The issues

with the balcony (flooding on roof) still need

to be resolved at meetings.

This area also showed signs of the location of the crane. This had to be patched up and

made structurally sound once the crane was removed.

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SECTION 4

The next area showed where a wooden staircase would be situated and other important

information from the site was discovered. The site is behind schedule because of council,

permit and material issues. Usually the planning process takes 1.5 to 2 years and the

construction takes 1 year. The site has passed this timeframe.

As the council is pushing for traffic off the street, bicycle storage is more important. This

could mean having a car space in the garage to be more expensive than not having one.

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This ramp would use pumps and a

variety of drains not shown in the

image to keep water out of the

building.

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Precast concrete walls are shown in

the picture to the right. This was

initially going to be covered but the

design was changed. This could now

become a full story window like in

other places around the structure.

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9.02 Glossary terms

Sandwich Panel: Dictionary.com’s page

<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sandwich+panel?s=t> describes a sandwich panel

as ‘a structural panel consisting of a core of one material enclosed between two sheets of a

different material.’

Bending: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bending?s=t >

describes bending as the changing of a straight form to a curved one or vice versa.

Skirting: Dictionary.com’s page

<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/skirting+board?s=t> describes a skirting as a

material fixed to the base of interior walls to protect it.

Composite Beam: A beam combining different materials to work together. (Ching 2008, p.

4.22)

Shadow Line joint: A joint that has a slight protrusion that causes a shadow.

Cornice: Dictionary.com’s page

<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cornice?&o=100074&s=t> describes a cornice as

a moulding of materials like wood or plaster that encircles the point where the wall meets

the roof.

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Chapter 10: WEEK 10

Topics: 10.01 Activity 10.02 Glossary terms

Learning Goals: This week the aim was to improve the understanding of the link between a site and documentation drawings.

Mindmap

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10.01 Activity

Activity 1

This week the activity was to access the pavilion for issues and also to turn the drawing from

week 8 into a 3D drawing.

Figure 41 3D drawing of section

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Activity 2

Another visit to the pavilion was to identify where things have gone wrong. Some of these

are shown and explained below.

To fit the prefabricated window frame into its

position, figure 33 shows that the bricks on both

sides and the frame itself had to be cut. This

could have been a result of an error in

measurements or from an issue with the

conversion between scales. Not only does this

ruin the aesthetics of this part of the building,

when it was cut it broke the corrugated part of

the steel and has put it into a position where it

could rust. This could be a costly issue to fix

with parts of the metal or building having to be

replaced, or to render the building to meet the

aesthetic needs of the client.

Another issue with the window frame is shown

in figure 34. While this photo does not show it

very clearly, the bottom of the window frame

has started to rust. To fix this, the rust would

have to be removed and the surfaces would

have to be painted in order for rust to not

occur in the future. This could be time

consuming and costly for the client. The best

result would have been for this section to have

been completed correctly when it was

installed.

Figure 42 Pavilion window frame

Figure 43 Under the window frame

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The lines shown in figure 35 left by the

concrete formwork could be intentional, or

they could still need work done to them. A

render could improve the aesthetics. The

crack at the connection between the slab and

the ramp, bottom of figure, is also an issue. It

could just be an error caused by the trades,

or it could be an issue with the connection

between the slab and the wall.

The railing shown in figure 36 initially looked like

there was something wrong. On closer

investigation, the wooden section could be

almost completely removed. Additionally, the

wood overhangs the edge of the concrete and

this leaves it more prone to chips and cracks

caused by people walking past. This could be

costly to fix if parts of the railing have to be

replaced. However, if left as it is, the quality of

the building will be diminished if the railing is

missing and could also put the glass in danger of

being broken.

Figure 44 Wall beside the ramp

Figure 45 Railing

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The part of the pavilion shown

in figure 37 already shows

signs of rust. This would need

to be removed and painted

correctly to stop rust form

occurring in the future.

Additionally, a part of the

structure has already come

loose. While this is easily fixed,

it could be an issue if other

sections of the exterior were

connected in a similar way.

Considering the cost of such a project, these issues add unnecessary costs to the client.

While most are aesthetic issues, some will need to be fixed to ensure that the required level

of quality is achieved. This could be done by rendering the section around the window

frame to cover up the cuts to the bricks and frame. However, these changes would have to

meet the clients own vision for how the building should look. If they wanted bricks, changes

would have to be made to ensure that the quality around the window is improved.

Figure 46 Pre-existing section

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10.02 Glossary terms

Shear Wall: ‘A wood, concrete or masonry wall capable of resisting changes in shape and

transferring lateral loads to the ground foundations.’ (Ching 2008, p. 2.22)

Soft Storey: Soft story buildings have less ridged first floors than the stories above. (W10 s1

Lateral Supports 2014)

Braced Frame: A timber or steel frame braced with diagonal members. (Ching 2008, p. 2.22)

Lifecycle: Dictionary.com’s page

<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/life+cycle?o=100074> describes a lifecycle as the

time a building will be able to complete its function before it reaches its next stage in

existence.

Defect: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/defect?s=t> describes a

defect as a ‘short coming, fault or imperfection.’

Fascia: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fascia?s=t>

describes Fascia as ‘a flat band or surface usually a part of a cornice.’

Corrosion: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/corrosion?s=t>

describes corrosion as the oxidisation or eating away of a solid by exposure to chemical or

electrochemical action.

Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ): ‘Promotes the enhanced comfort, productivity and well

being of building occupants by improving indoor air quality, maximizing daylight, etc.’

(Ching 2008, p. 1.05)

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Glossary

Week 1 Glossary terms

Load path: The distribution of forces through a structure. Masonry: Building with various natural or manufactured products (brick, stone, etc) usually with mortar as a bonding agent. (Ching 2008, p. 12.06) Compression: Dictionary.com’s page <http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/compression.html> describes compression as ‘a force that pushes together or crushes.’ Reaction Force: Caused by an action. Point load: Dictionary.com’s page <http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/point-load.html> describes a point load as ‘the concentrated load on a structural member.’ Beam: Members designed to transfer loads across to supporting elements. (Ching 2008, p. 2.15)

Week 2 Glossary terms

Structural joint: How structural elements are joined. (Ching 2008, p. 2.30) Stability: Able to carry vertical loads and withstand lateral winds and seismic forces from any direction. (Ching 2008, p. 2.22) Tension: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tension?&o=100074&s=t> describes tension as a ‘force that pulls apart.’ Frame: A beam supported by two columns. (Ching 2008, p. 2.17) Bracing: Diagonal members that stabilize a structure. (Ching 2008, p. 2.22) Column: Structural members designed to support loads applied to its ends. (Ching 2008, p. 2.13)

3.05 Week 3 Glossary terms

Moment: An applied load or force that creates bending in members (Ching 2008, p. 2.14). Strip footing: The continuous spread footing’s of foundation walls (Ching 2008, p. 2.09). Retaining wall: Wall that holds back earth on the uphill side of a grad change (Ching 2008, p. 1.31). Slab on ground: Concrete slab positioned on the ground (Ching 2008, p. 3.18). Pad footing (Isolated Footings): Helps spread a point load over a wider area of ground (Ching 2008, p. 3.08). Substructure: The foundation of a structure (Ching 2008, p. 3.02).

4.06 Week 4 Glossary terms

Joist: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/joists?s=t> describes a joist as the parallel beams used to support floor and ceiling systems.

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Steel Decking: Corrugated steel that acts as formwork and a working platform during construction. (Ching 2008, p. 4.22) Span: The distance between supports. (Ching 2008, p. 4.27) Girder: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/girder?s=ts> describes a girder as a large beam used to support other structural members. Concrete Plank: Precast concrete plank used for floor or rook decking. (Ching 2008, p. 4.03) Spacing: Distance between joints, members, joists, etc. (Ching 2008, p. 4.20)

5.06 Week 5 Glossary terms

Stud: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/stud?s=t> describes a stud as ‘upright members used to form a frame.’ Nogging: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/nogging?s=t> describes nogging as using bricks to fill in the space between timber framing members. Lintel: A horizontal support member that carries the weight above openings (e.g. doors). (Ching 2008, p. 5.21) Axial Load: The vertical force acting on a structural member. (Ching 2008, p. 2.13) Buckling: Lateral or torsional instability caused by a load before the yield stress is reached (Ching 2008, p. 2.12). Seasoned Timber: Timber that has been dried to reduce moisture content. This timber has an increased strength, stability and resistance to fungi, decay and insects. (Ching 2008, p. 12.12)

6.07 Week 6 Glossary terms

Rafter: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/rafter?s=t> describes rafters as being ‘parallel beams used to support a roof covering. Purlin: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/purlin?s=ts> describes a purlin as ‘horizontal structural members that support roof loads and transfer them to roof beams.’ Cantilever: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cantilever?s=ts> describes a cantilever as a member supported at only one end and extends beyond its vertical support horizontally. Portal Frame: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/portal+frame?s=t> describes a portal frame as being a frame made up by two vertical beams and 1 horizontal beam. E.g. Doorway. Eave: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/eaves?s=t> describes an eave as the part of a roof that goes past the outside walls. Alloy: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/alloy?s=t> describes an alloy as a mixture of two or more metals. Soffit: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/soffit?s=t> describes a soffit as ‘the underside part of a member or structure.’ Top Chord: Upper section of a truss. (Ching 2008, p. 6.09)

7.04 Week 7 Glossary terms

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Drip: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/drip?&o=100074&s=t> describes a drip as ‘the front lower edge of sill or cornice’ that prevents water from running back into the building. Vapour Barrier: Used to prevent moisture from going through a material or into a structure. (Ching 2008, p. 5.46) Gutter: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gutter?&o=100074&s=t> describes a gutter as a system that collects and diverts water. Parapet: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/parapet?s=t> describes a parapet as the part of a wall that goes above roof level. Usually is a low protective wall. Down pipe: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/downpipe?s=t> describes a down pipe as a pipe that carries water from the gutter to a drain. Flashing: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/flashing?s=t> describes a flashing as a thin, impervious sheet of material used to prevent water penetration or the flow of water. Insulation: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/insulation?s=t> describes insulation as being able to reduce the effects of heat, cold or sound. Sealant: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sealant?s=t> describes sealant as being used to fill joints and protect them from water and other foreign bodies. 8.02 Glossary terms

Window Sash: Dictionary.com’s page

<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/window+sash?s=t> describes a window sash as ‘the

frame holding the pane of a window.’

Deflection: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/deflection?s=t>

describes a deflection as ‘the bending of a structural member as a result of its own weight

or an applied load.’

Moment of Inertia: Dictionary.com’s page

<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/moment+of+inertia?s=t> describes the moment of

inertia as ‘the product of each element of mass times the square of the distance from an

axis in a structural member.’

Door Furniture: Dictionary.com’s page

<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/door+furniture?s=t> describes door furniture as

accessories for a door. E.g. locks, handles, etc.

Stress: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/stress?s=t>

describes stress as ‘the physical pressure, pull, or other force exerted on one thing or

another.

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Shear Force: Dictionary.com’s page

<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/shear+force?s=t> describes shear force as ‘the

force acting on a substance in a direction perpendicular to the extension of the substance.’

9.02 Glossary terms

Sandwich Panel: Dictionary.com’s page

<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sandwich+panel?s=t> describes a sandwich panel

as ‘a structural panel consisting of a core of one material enclosed between two sheets of a

different material.’

Bending: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bending?s=t >

describes bending as the changing of a straight form to a curved one or vice versa.

Skirting: Dictionary.com’s page

<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/skirting+board?s=t> describes a skirting as a

material fixed to the base of interior walls to protect it.

Composite Beam: A beam combining different materials to work together. (Ching 2008, p.

4.22)

Shadow Line joint: A joint that has a slight protrusion that causes a shadow.

Cornice: Dictionary.com’s page

<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cornice?&o=100074&s=t> describes a cornice as

a moulding of materials like wood or plaster that encircles the point where the wall meets

the roof.

10.02 Glossary terms

Shear Wall: ‘A wood, concrete or masonry wall capable of resisting changes in shape and

transferring lateral loads to the ground foundations.’ (Ching 2008, p. 2.22)

Soft Storey: Soft story buildings have less ridged first floors than the stories above. (W10 s1

Lateral Supports 2014)

Braced Frame: A timber or steel frame braced with diagonal members. (Ching 2008, p. 2.22)

Lifecycle: Dictionary.com’s page

<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/life+cycle?o=100074> describes a lifecycle as the

time a building will be able to complete its function before it reaches its next stage in

existence.

Defect: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/defect?s=t> describes a

defect as a ‘short coming, fault or imperfection.’

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Fascia: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fascia?s=t>

describes Fascia as ‘a flat band or surface usually a part of a cornice.’

Corrosion: Dictionary.com’s page <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/corrosion?s=t>

describes corrosion as the oxidisation or eating away of a solid by exposure to chemical or

electrochemical action.

Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ): ‘Promotes the enhanced comfort, productivity and well

being of building occupants by improving indoor air quality, maximizing daylight, etc.’

(Ching 2008, p. 1.05)

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