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A.D. 500 TO 1500

CHAPTER 1 FIRST FOUNDERS

CREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ

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“As for our gods, we will die before giving up serving and worshiping them. This is our determination; do what you will.”

Bernardino de Sahagún’s recollection of an Aztec leader’s response to

Franciscan attempts at conversion

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TIMELINE2.5 million years ago Human’s ancestors first appear in Africa70,000 years ago Ancestors of modern humans moved from Africa to

Europe and Asia25,000 to 11,000 yrs Ice Age14,000 years ago Clovis hunters appear in North America10,000 years ago Paleo-Indian era in North America6,000 years ago Domestication of sheep, goats, pigs, cows, and horses4,000 years ago Cultivation of crops500 A.D. Mississipian cultures750 A.D. Anasazi in the Four Corners Region800 A.D. Moches great pyramids collapse870 A.D. Lief Eriksson names Gulf of St. Lawrence Vinland

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TIMELINE continued1000 A.D. Vikings at Straumfjord 1270-1292 Marco Polo travels the Silk Road1440s Portuguese initiate Atlantic slave trade1487 Dias proves link between Indian and Atlantic oceans1497 da Gama returns from India1492 Columbus in San Salvador (Watling’s Island)1494 Treaty of Tordesillas

Columbus returns to Hispaniola1497 Cabot in Newfoundland1513 Balboa at the Pacific1519 Cortés at Vera Cruz1520 Martin Luther excommunicated1542 de Verrazzano reaches North Carolina

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TIMELINE continued1542 de Vaca’s Relation

The Inquisition established1533 Pizarro’s conquest over the Incas1534 Cartier at the Gulf of St. Lawrence1539 de Soto in Florida1540 Native American Tuscaluza attacks the Spanish in Mabila1570 Jesuits in Chesapeake Bay1580 Drake claims California for England1581 Spain acquires Portugal1584 Raleigh sends explorers to the Outer Banks1585 Lane builds a fort at Roanoke Island1588 The Spanish Armada sinks

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FIRST FOUNDERS OverviewAncient AmericaA Thousand Years Of ChangeLinking The ContinentsSpain Enters the AmericasThe Protestant Reformation Plays

Out in America

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ANCIENT AMERICAThe Question of OriginsThe Newest ApproachesThe Archaic WorldThe Rise of Maize Culture

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The Question of OriginsThe higher primates in AfricaEarly homo family may have gone as far as Black

SeaHuman ancestors travel to Europe and Asia about

70,000 years ago40,000 years ago Stone Age hunter-gatherers reach

AustraliaMigration through SiberiaIce Age allows bridge from Siberia to Alaska

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The Newest ApproachesAfter the discovery of artifacts in Florida and

Chile, scientists believe that Paleo-Indians may have migrated in boats down the Northwest Coast.

Asian ancestry

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The Archaic World10,000 years agoLarge mammals disappearDiverse cultures of the Archaic IndiansHunter-gatherers with simple social structureAgricultural societies more complexPriests top the social order, with slaves at the

bottom of the hierarchy

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The Rise of Maize CultureMammals not domesticated in the AmericasDomestication of plant life

Potatoes, cassava, squash, beans, and maize

Maize spreads slowly across the continentThe Olmecs and Poverty Point cultures

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The Earliest Americans

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A THOUSAND YEARS OF CHANGE A.D. 500 to 1500

Valleys of the Sun: The Mesoamerican Empires

The Anasazi: Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde

The Mississippians: Cahokia and Moundville

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Valleys of the Sun: The Mesoamerican Empires

The Mayans 300 to 900 A.D. Yucatan to Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador Worship of the sun, huge stone temples, blood-letting rituals Elaborate calendar 52 year cycle Mysterious decline

The Aztecs Twelfth century Tenochtitlán (Mexico City) Large temples, adapting from displaced cultures 52 year cycle calendar A warring culture looking for human sacrifices to the gods Drought, harsh policy for the conquered

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The Anasazi: Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde

About 750 A.D.Four corners region (Utah, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico corners)Chaco Canyon hub with giant pueblosGiant cliff dwellings: Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde

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The Mississippians: Cahokia and Moundville

500-1300 A.D.Mound-building society,

Oklahoma to GeorgiaWoodhenge calendarStrong regional chiefdoms

Trade, corn agriculture, craft production and elaborate rituals

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LINKING THE CONTINENTSThe Vikings Reach Newfoundland and

BeyondOceanic Travel and the Beginnings of

GlobalizationLooking for the Indies: da Gama and

ColumbusIn the Wake of Columbus: Competition and

Exchange

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Expectations of Christopher Columbus

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The Vikings Reach Newfoundland and Beyond

Eric the Red (830s-870s): Greenland

Leif Eriksson (Eric’s son) explores Gulf of St. Lawrence (Vinland)

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Oceanic Travel and the Beginnings of Globalization

Asia Marco Polo travels the Silk Road (1270s) Kublai Khan’s navy (1281) Admiral Zheng He (1405-1433) Indian Ocean to Africa

Europe Portugal Islamic kingdom bars the trade routes to Asia; Europeans seek other

avenues via the seas Prince Henry of Portugal “Henry the Navigator” and his crusade-at-sea The lateen sail The Atlantic slave trade

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Looking for the Indies: da Gama and Columbus

Vasco da Gama (1497-1499) finds his way to India and back

Christopher Columbus sponsored by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain crosses Atlantic to Asia. Lands instead in San Salvador and Hispaniola (1492)Miscalculates circumference of globe by 25%, the

breadth of Eurasia’s landmass, and Japan’s distance

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In the Wake of Columbus: Competition and Exchange

Pope divides the world for Spain and Portugal (Inter Caetera)

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) Spain and England move to counter Portugal’s gains

Columbus in HispaniolaCabot in Newfoundland

The Columbian Exchange From Europe: horses, cows, sheep, chickens, coffee, peaches, oranges and

smallpox, measles, malaria From the New World: corn, potatoes, chili peppers, tobacco, turkeys and syphilis

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SPAIN ENTERS THE AMERICAS

The Devastation of the IndiesThe Spanish Conquest of the AztecsMagellan and Cortés Prompt New

SearchesThree New Views of North America

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The Devastation of the Indies

Human and ecological disasterThe newcomers enslaved and killed natives; disease

claimed many livesSpanish livestock destroyed gardens

Catholics protest the treatment of potential convertsDrop in native population prompts the Spanish to

bring in African slavesThe quick decline of the new islands initiates

Spanish to explore further

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The Spanish Conquest of the Aztecs

Magellan (1519-1522) discovers throughway around southern South America

In 1519 Cortés comes to Vera Cruz. With a small army and some smallpox he conquers the Aztecs at Tenochtitlán and their gold

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Magellan and Cortés Prompt New Searches

Pizarro in 1531 conquers the Incas in Peru, also with a small army and smallpox and their treasures

Verrazzano arrives in North Carolina in 1524 and north to New York

Vásquez de Ayllón settles and explores in South Carolina

Narváez meet disaster in FloridaDe Vaca’s Relation

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Three New Views of North America

Cartier: France challenges Spain Gulf of St. Lawrence 1534 and up the St. Lawrence into Canada. In 1541 he

returns to Quebec and later another mission tries to settle in Quebec, but scurvy and bitter winter end their expedition

De Soto: Spain explores Florida In 1539 de Soto and party travel to Tampa Bay and up into the continent to the

Mississippi River searching for wealth and bringing violence and death. And his own in 1542.

De Coronado Rumors of golden cities brings Coronado up to the Zunis. The Zunis send

Coronado on a wild goose chase up into the plains. Never finding the golden city of Quivira, Coronado leaves.

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THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION PLAYS OUT IN AMERICA

Reformation and Counter-Reformation in Europe

Competing Powers Lay Claim in Florida

The Background of English ExpansionLost Colony: The Roanoke Experience

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Reformation and Counter-Reformation in Europe

Martin Luther’s reform movement brings excommunication by pope and the Reformation spreads throughout Europe.

John Calvin and his strict interpretation of Lutheranism: northern Europe

The Church of England: Henry the VIII breaks with the Catholic Church

Counter-Reformation: the defense of Roman CatholicismJesuits; The Inquistion; Royalty in France, Spain

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Competing Powers Lay Claim in Florida

France’s Coligny brings the Huguenots to Florida to being Protestant settlementsFort Caroline at present-day Jacksonville

Spain sends Menéndez to raid the French colonies; Menéndez massacres the settlers and Spain pushes to convert the natives to ChristianityJesuits in Chesapeake Bay, but killed by Native

Americans

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The Background of English Expansion

Henry VIII builds large navy and merchant fleet

English population doubles in 16th century

Land at a premium, and the “enclosure movement” by landowners pushes tenants off of their land

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North American Exploration in the 16th Century

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Lost Colony: The Roanoke Experience

An outpost on the North American coast To attack Spanish ships, search for new commodities,

and convert Indians to Protestantism

Raleigh’s 3 tries at settlements1585: Ralph Lane fails due to scarce food and hostile

relations with nativesSecond expedition ended up mainly in the Caribbean1587: John White brings 110 people and returns for

supplies. Upon his return to Roanoke, settlers gone.