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1848–1860

CHAPTER 13 THE CRISIS OVER

SLAVERY

CREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ

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“This day some kind of mettle was found…that looks like goald.”

Henry William Bigler’s diary, 1848

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TIMELINE1848 Gold Rush begins

Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoSeneca Falls Convention in New YorkFree-Soil Party founded

1850 Compromise of 1850The Fugitive Slave Law

1851 Fort Laramie TreatyIndiana approves its state constitution

1852 California’s Fugitive State LawHarriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin

1852 Frederick Douglass’ speech, “The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro”The American Party founded

1853 Gadsden PurchaseCommodore Matthew Perry in Tokyo Harbor

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TIMELINE continued1854 McCormick patents horse-drawn mechanical reaper

The Kansas-Nebraska Act The Republican Party createdThoreau’s Walden

1855 Walt Whitman’s Leaves of GrassJohn Brown and the massacre at Pottwatamie Creek

1856 Presidential Election 1857 Dred Scott v. Sanford

Depression in the Northeast and Midwest1858 The Douglas/Lincoln debates1859 Harriet Wilson’s Our Nig; or Sketches from the Life of a Free Black, in

a Two-Story White House, NorthJohn Brown and Harpers Ferry attack

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THE CRISIS OVER SLAVERY Overview

Regional Economies and ConflictsShifting Group IdentitiesThe Paradox of Southern Political

PowerThe Deepening Conflict over

Slavery

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REGIONAL ECONOMIES AND CONFLICTS

Regional economies: California: Gold Midwest: Food Northeast: Textile Mills South: Cotton

These regional economies were being molded into a national economy with: Railroads Factories Farm Equipment

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Regional Economies and Conflicts

Native American Economies TransformedLand Conflicts in the SouthwestEthnic and Economic Diversity in the

MidwestThe Varied Regional Economies of the SouthThe Ideal and the Reality of a Free Labor

Ideology in the North

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Territorial Expansion in the 19th Century

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Native-American Economies Transformed

The Five Southern Tribes relocateNomadic Tribes prosperPlains Indian treaties

Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 and the Treaty of Fort Atkinson

Patterns of Euroamerican territorial conquest

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Land Conflicts in the Southwest

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and The Gadsden Purchase

Tejanos and Euroamericans clash over land in Texas

Juan Cortina (Cortina’s War) and Joaquin Murrieta“Social Bandits”

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Ethnic and Economic Diversity in the Midwest

The Breadbasket of the NationThe Yankee Strip:Germans, Belgians,

Swiss, and ScandinaviansThe Lower Midwest: Many originated

from the South.The Rural Midwest

John Deere and Cyrus McCormick

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The Varied Regional Economies of the South

The South Atlantic StatesThe Rural South

Slavery discouraged immigrants

The Southern Coastal CitiesEthnic diversity

The Southern Cities

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The Ideal and the Reality of a Free Labor Ideology in the North

IndustrializationIrish ImmigrationIndentured

servitude/apprenticeshipWage slaveryEconomic integration

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SHIFTING COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES

Ideologies of Social InferiorityLiterary Expressions of

IndividualismCritiques of Individualism

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Ideologies of Social Inferiority

Prejudice: Notions of gender and “racial” inferiority

Social status of groups revealed in patterns of work

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Literary Expressions of Individualism

Universal equalityEmersonThoreauWhitmanMelville

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Critiques of IndividualismCollective Identities

Native Americans: primacy of kinship and village over individual

African Americans: Northern and Southern blacks’ destiny linked

Women: Seneca Falls Convention, women linked their plight with slaves

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The Paradox of Southern Political Power

The Party System in DisarrayThe Compromise of 1850Expansion and Political UpheavalThe Republican Alliance

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The Party System in DisarrayFree Soilers

Wilmot Proviso

Popular SovereigntyThe abolitionist threat to the South

California, Utah and New Mexico, and the Underground Railroad

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The Compromise of 1850California: admitted as a free stateUtah and New Mexico: hold

referendums on slaveryThe Fugitive Slave Law of 1850:

the compromise with the SouthThe return of runaway slaves

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Expansion and Political Upheaval

Clayton-Bulwer TreatyCuba and the Ostend ManifestoManifest DestinyKansas-Nebraska ActThe Know-Nothings

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The Republican AllianceThe Presidential Race of 1856

Democrats: BuchananKnow-Nothings: FillmoreRepublicans: Frémont

New-comer, Abraham Lincoln

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The Deepening Conflict of Slavery

The Rising Tide of ViolenceDred Scott v. SanfordThe Lincoln-Douglas DebatesHarpers Ferry and the Presidential

Election of 1860

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The Rising Tide of ViolenceAfrican-American ConventionsHarriet Beecher Stowe and Uncle

Tom’s CabinFrederick Law Olmsted and The

New York Times

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Bleeding KansasJohn BrownLecompton ConstitutionUnited States Senators Fight:

Sumner vs. Brooks

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The Dred Scott DecisionChief Justice Taney: slave-owners

cannot be deprived of their property without due process

Economic depression in the Northeast and Midwest

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The Lincoln-Douglas DebatesDouglas: “I care more for the great

principle of self-government, the right of the people to rule, than I do for all the negroes in Christendom.”

Lincoln: “…my wish is that the spread of [slavery] may be arrested, and that it may be placed where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction.”

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The Election of 1860

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Harpers Ferry and the Presidential Election of 1860

John Brown vs. Robert E. Lee. A failed attempt to incite a slave rebellion.

Democratic party dividedRepublicans nominate LincolnRepublic of equal rights vs. the

Southern way of life