©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

1819-1832

CREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ

CHAPTER 11 Moving Westward:

Society and Politics in the “Age of the Common

Man”

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“I believed it was a wicked, unjust measure, and that I should go against it, let the cost to myself be what it might.”

Davy Crockett, on his vote opposing the Indian removal policy

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TIMELINE1819 Spain cedes East Florida to the U.S.

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819 Depression begins

1820 Missouri Compromise

Land Act of 1820

1823 Monroe Doctrine

1824 John Quincy Adams elected President

Russo-American Treaty

1827 Cherokee written constitution

1828 Andrew Jackson elected President1830 Church of the Latter Day Saints established

1831 New York bans debtors prison

1832 Nullification Proclamation

Jackson reelected

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THE RISE OF THE WEST Overview

The Politics Behind Western ExpansionFederal Authority and Its OpponentsReal People in the “Age of the Common

Man”Ties that Bound a Growing Population

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THE POLITICS BEHIND WESTERN EXPANSION

The Missouri CompromiseWays West: The Erie CanalSpreading American Culture—and SlaveryMigration and Its Effects on the Western EnvironmentThe Panic of 1819 and the Plight of Western DebtorsThe Monroe DoctrineAndrew Jackson’s Rise to Power

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The Missouri Compromise

ProposalsTallmadge Amendment: favored CongressPinckney: favored states’ rights

The CompromiseMissouri joined Union as slave stateMaine joined Union as a free stateIn future, slavery prohibited from north Louisiana

Purchase (north of present day Missouri and Kansas)

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The Missouri Compromise

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Ways West: The Erie Canal

Land Act of 1820: minimum of 80 acres at $1.25 acreEncouraged European Americans to move west

1825: Eric Canal completedGreat economic, political, and religious significanceEngineering featRaised the material standard of living of people

outside of the citiesFarm towns changed to robust trading centers

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Principal Canals Built by 1860

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Spreading American Culture—and Slavery

Southern migration across the Appalachians By 1832, Tennessee, Louisiana, Alabama,

Mississippi, Florida become the largest cotton producers

The new planter elite

Austin, and the Texians

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Migration and Its Effects on the Western Environment

Clearing land for agricultureHunting game with firearmsDamming riversJohn Godman, 1831, American

Natural History (effects on the beaver and its environment)

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Mexico’s Far Northern Frontier in 1822

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The Panic of 1819 and the Plight of Western Debtors

The Second Bank of the U.S. granted charter in 1816Regulation of “wildcat” banks affected western

farmers with foreclosures, farm equipment confiscated

Panic, followed by depression1831: New York passed law banning debtors’ prisonDavy Crockett and the system of bankruptcy

auctions

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The Monroe DoctrineFeeling threatened by Russian and the

monarchies of Europe, President Monroe and John Quincy Adams formulated the statement that no foreign nations would be allowed to intervene in the Western Hemisphere.

Russo-American Treaty of 1824: Russia pulled back to the area north of present day Alaskan panhandle.

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Andrew Jackson’s Rise to Power

Presidential Election of 1824: 3 candidates with no majorityRepresentative Henry Clay: withdrew from race,

promising Jackson supportSecretary of State John Q. Adams: named Clay

secretary of stateSenator Andrew Jackson: charged Adams of

corruption

Jackson’s overwhelming victory in 1828

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FEDERAL AUTHORITY AND ITS OPPONENTS

Judicial Federalism and the Limits of Law

The “Tariff of Abominations”The “Monster Bank”

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Judicial Federalism and the Limits of Law

Chief Justice John Marshall: Limiting states powerMcCulloch v. MarylandCohens v. VirginiaCherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester

v. GeorgiaThe Indian Removal Act

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Cherokee Nation Intercensus Changes, 1809-1824

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The Cherokee Nation After 1820

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The “Tariff of Abominations”

A higher tariff on English goods affected Southern cotton planters who named the new tariff an “Abomination.”

South Carolina evoked state sovereignty and nulls and voids the tariff.

Jackson’s Nullification Proclamation of 1832:States cannot nullify federal laws or secede from the

Union

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The “Monster Bank”Jackson vetoed the renewal of the Second Bank

of the United States advocating hard money and opposing large commercial institutions

Congress and Sen. Clay opposed the veto citing the necessity of the bank for the Union’s financial future.

Election of 1832: Clay challenged Jackson, but a third party, the Anti-Masonics drew votes from Clay and led to Jackson victory.

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REAL PEOPLE IN THE “AGE OF THE COMMON MAN”

Wards, Workers, and Warriors: Native Americans

Slaves and Free People of ColorLegal and Economic Dependence:

The Status of Women

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Wards, Workers, and Warriors: Native Americans

Native Americans responded to the encroachment of white settlers, hostility from Congress, and the loss of land Farming and adopting the white ways Spanish missionaries converted Indians and forced

them to workSequoyah and the Cherokee Phoenix (1828)Revolt and attack:

1826 and 1827: Winnebagos attacked in Wisconsin1829: Coalition of tribes formed1832: U.S. soldiers massacre 300 at Bad Axe River

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Slaves and Free People of Color

New Jersey, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania revoked the vote for black men

Walker’s Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World: integrate

Maria Stewart, “Knowledge is Power”American Colonization Society and the founding of

MonroviaNat Turner and the slave revolt in Virginia…and the

white response of strengthening slavery’s hold on the South

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Legal and Economic Dependence: The Plight of Women

Prosperous Northeast and Mid-Atlantic states: women as consumers

Spanish settlements: household productionIndian women: collective workersNew England textile machine operatorsNew York home needleworkersEmma Willard and Catharine Beecher

females schools1832: Elizabeth Cady graduated from Troy Female Seminary

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TIES THAT BOUND A GROWING POPULATION

New Visions of Religious FaithLiterate and Literary in America

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New Visions of Religious Faith

White Cloud, Winnebago prophetSecond Great Awakening: religious

revivalsRev. Finney: the connection of the spiritual life to

politics

The revival of the primitive Christian1830: The Church of the Latter Day Saints

(Mormons)

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Literate and Literary in America

1828: Sarah Hale and the Ladies MagazineMotherhood, piety, and self-sacrifice

Regional historiesIrving, Rip Van Winkle, Legend of Sleepy HollowCooper, Last of the Mohicans

American VictorianismSignificance of the individualFreedom of advancementWork is noble