Unit III1800-1832

Part 3

Forces Holding the Union Together

No Foreign Entanglements Common Language and Institutions Unified Geography Nationalism from War of 1812 Rapid Westward Expansion Economic unity: New England found

markets and raw materials in the U.S.

Economic Nationalism Two big economic nationalists:

Clay Calhoun

The BUS The charter of the first BUS ran out

in 1811 and was not renewed

Resulting problems: State banks were inconsistent Often lacked capital Many were shady

A Second BUS Was chartered by Congress in 1816 A 20-year charter Was much like the first BUS but this

one had more capital $1 million was spent on the charter 20% owned by the federal

government 80% owned by private individuals

The Second BUS Madison signed the BUS into law in

1816 and it was approved by a Republican congress

What does this say about constructionism?

The Bonus Bill Calhoun (SC) suggested that the

money gained from the charter of the Second BUS be used for federal transportation projects

Almost everyone in the United States agreed that what the U.S needed was internal improvements

BUT Madison vetoed the Bonus Bill He said he did not think it was

constitutional and asked Congress to amend the Constitution so that spending federal funds on internal improvements WOULD be legal!

Congress just waited until Monroe was elected and went ahead…

Consider… With respect to the federal Constitution,

the Jeffersonian Republicans are usually characterized as strict constructionists who were opposed to the broad constructionism of the Federalists.

To what extent was this characterization of the two parties accurate during the presidencies of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison?

First Paragraph… Background: Discuss the original

argument regarding constructionism during the Washington Administration.

Thesis: Answer the question…ALL of it in your own words and include the time period.

THEN tell what issues you will discuss to prove your thesis.

Body Paragraphs One paragraph per issue that you

mentioned in the last sentence of your first paragraph

Try to give equal time to EACH party.

A conclusion if you have time.

Organize Your Thoughts 1801-----------------1809

1809-----------------1817 ( Jefferson)

(Madison)___________________________________________

_Republicans: Cumberland Road

Second BUS Louisiana Purchase

Bonus Bill___________________________________________

_Federalists: Louisiana Purchase (War of

1812) (Essex Junto) Hartford

Convention (Embargo Act, etc)

The Tariff During the war Americans could not

buy British products so we ended up making our own

Also, it was the only thing Americans could invest during the war as farm prices were falling and shipping was virtually non-existent

The Tariff of 1816 Was a 20% duty on the value of the

goods

The Vote:

New England 17-10 For Middle States 44-10 For The West 4-0 For The South 23-34 Against

Election of 1816 One Party Democratic

Republicans

Monroe 183 v Rufus King 34

John Quincy Adams…Sec. of State John C. Calhoun….Sec of War

Monroe will be reelected in 1820 with only one opposing vote

The Era of Good Feelings Political differences seemed to

disappear Much nationalistic legislation

(internal improvements)

Cumberland Road completed in 1818

When Ohio entered the union (1803) money from the land sales was dedicated to road building

Internal Improvements 1790-1820 The Turnpike Era Pennsylvania: The Lancaster Pike

Steamboats: Fulton’s Clermont (1807) on the Hudson River

By 1850 there were 800 steamboats on the Mississippi

Some problems: lasted only 3-6 years…bursting boilers, fires, sandbars, ice, etc.

The Erie Canal The greatest engineering feat in the

Western Hemisphere Built by NY 1817-1825 From Albany to Buffalo Lowered the cost of shipping a ton of

goods from $100 to $8 Canal building craze in Ohio and

Penn Linked the Northeast with the

Northwest

Railroads Began in 1828 with the Baltimore

and Ohio line Was completed in 1852

The BIG RR building in the 1850’s Most work done by Chinese Most big lines completed 1869 but

did continue

Nationalism and John Marshall

Cases expanded the authority of the Court

Cases expanded the authority of Congress

Cases weakened the power of the States

Clearly…Marshall was still a Federalist

He favored a strong central government

Expansion of the Powers of the Court

Marbury v Madison (1803)…Judicial Review

U.S. v Peters (1809)…established the Court’s authority over STATE LEGISLATURES

Martin v Hunters Lessee (1816) confirmed the Court’s right to overrule a state court

Cohens v Virginia (1821) Again Court’s authority over state courts

Cases expanding the powers of Congress

McCulloch v Maryland (1819) Federal agencies cannot be taxed by states

Gibbons v Ogden (1824) only the federal government has control of interstate commerce

Cases weakening the States

Fletcher v Peck (1810) state laws are invalid if in conflict with the Constitution

Dartmouth College v Woodward (1819) contracts cannot be impaired by states

Martin v Mott (1827) a state may not withhold its militia from military service

Marshall and the Indians Although it LOOKED like Marshall

was intent on defending the Indians, all three of these cases either expanded the power of the Federal government OR weakened the powers of the states

Marshall and the Indians Johnson v McIntosh (1823)

established that only the federal government could take or buy Indian land

Cherokee Nation v Georgia (1831) Indians had a “special relationship” with the Federal Government and COULD sue states in Federal Courts (Amendment 11: a citizen may not sue states in federal courts)

Worchester v Georgia 1832

Indians were NOT subject to state laws

Foreign Affairs Treaties were needed with England

and Spain to resolve border issues

John Quincy Adams (Sec of State) will take the lead:

The Rush –Bagot Agreement (1817) The Convention of 1818 The Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

The Rush-Bagot Agreement 1817

The first example of mutual naval disarmament in history

The U. S. and Britain were each limited to ONE 100-ton (first class) ship on Lake Champlain, the same on Lake Ontario and TWO each for the rest of the Great Lakes

Also demilitarized the border (BUT border not set)

Convention of 1818 Established the 49th // (parallel) as

the boundary between the U.S. Louisiana Purchase and Canada

NOTE: It did not include the area between Lake-in-the-Woods and Lake Superior

Did not extend to the Pacific…only to the Rockies

Spain Friction with the U.S. over Florida

and the western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase

In 1818 the Andrew Jackson and troops seized St. Mark’s and Pensacola in Florida

Jackson also executed two British officers there for inciting the natives

International Incident! Big protests from Spain and Britain

Jackson claimed that he had Monroe’s approval

Monroe denied this

It was up to J.Q. Adams to fix it

Bad Blood Adams apologized to the Brits and

tried to sooth the Spanish by suggesting a treaty

Jackson was furious with how Adams handled it and will never get over Monroe’s lack of support or Adam’s apology to Spain and Britain

The Adams-Onis Treaty 1819

The U.S. got Florida and paid $5 million in claims of U.S. citizens against Spain

Also set the western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific

U.S. gave up claims to Texas Spain gave up claims to Oregon

Was also called the Transcontinental Treaty

The Monroe Doctrine Several South American nations

fought for and won independence from Spain

The U.S. and Britain had trade relationship with these weak newly-independent countries

These new nations were threatened by the Quadruple Alliance

The Quadruple Alliance Russia, Prussia, Austria, France

Claimed the right to intervene into the affairs of other countries to make the world safe for monarchy and suppress liberal revolutions

The U.S. and Britain were worried about the trade that they had with the South American

countries

The British Wanted to issue a joint statement

warning the Quadruple Alliance to stay away

BUT the U.S. did not want increased British presence in the Western Hemisphere so we issued our own statement: The Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine

Hands off South American Republics (warning to Quadruple Alliance)

No new colonization in the Western Hemisphere (warning to Russia due to presence in Oregon)

Existing European colonies in Western Hemisphere were in no danger from the United States

The U.S. would not intervene in purely European affairs (like the Greek Revolution)

Economic NationalismThe Quadruple Alliance feared

Britain…not the U.S. so they stayed away

Although the U.S. DID protect the South American republics, we were concerned about our trade

Economic problems 1/3 of all land in the West was bought on

credit

The Europeans bought a great deal from U.S. farmers

Farmers bought as much land as they could (much on credit)

Then the Napoleonic Wars ended (1815) No more exports, farm prices dropped

and NO BUS

When the 2nd BUS was chartered

They began to regulate other banks once again

Some were shady, insolvent, had to close

BUS tightened credit, called in loans = bank failures and misery Many farmers lost everything Many people blamed their economic

problems on the BUS…not the shady banks

The Land Act of 1820 Abolished buying land on credit and

lowered the price of land to $1.25 an acre…minimum purchase 80 acres

Relief Act: allowed farmers to turn unpaid for land back in to government