©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

1848-1860

CREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ

CHAPTER 13 The Crisis over

Slavery

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“This day some kind of mettle was found…that looks like goald.”

Henry William Bigler’s diary, 1848

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TIMELINE1848 Gold Rush begins

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Seneca Falls Convention in New York

Free-Soil Party founded

1850 Compromise of 1850

The Fugitive Slave Law

1851 Fort Laramie Treaty

Indiana approves its state constitution

1852 California’s Fugitive State Law

Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin

1852 Frederick Douglass’ speech, “The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro”

The American Party founded

1853 Gadsden Purchase

Commodore Matthew Perry in Tokyo Harbor

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TIMELINE

1854 McCormick patents horse-drawn mechanical reaper

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

The Republican Party created

Thoreau’s Walden

1855 Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass

John Brown and the massacre at Pottwatamie Creek

1856 Presidential Election

1857 Dred Scott v. Sanford

Depression in the Northeast and Midwest

1858 The Douglas/Lincoln debates

1859 Harriet Wilson’s Our Nig; or Sketches from the Life of a Free Black, in a Two-Story White House, North

John Brown and Harpers Ferry attack

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THE CRISIS OVER SLAVERY Overview

Regional Economies and ConflictsIndividualism Versus Group IdentityThe Paradox of Southern Political

PowerThe Deepening Conflict over Slavery

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REGIONAL ECONOMIES AND CONFLICTS

Regional economies: California: Gold Midwest: Food Northeast: Textile Mills South: Cotton

These regional economies were being molded into a national economy with: Railroads Factories Farm Equipment

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Regional Economies and Conflicts

Native American Economies TransformedLand Conflicts in the SouthwestEthnic and Economic Diversity in the MidwestRegional Economies of the SouthThe Ideal and the Reality of a Free Labor

Ideology in the North

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Territorial Expansion in the 19th Century

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Native-American Economies Transformed

The Five Southern Tribes relocateNomadic Tribes prosperPlains Indian treaties

Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 and the Treaty of Fort Atkinson

Patterns of Euroamerican territorial conquest

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Land Conflicts in the Southwest

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and The Gadsden Purchase

Tejanos and Euroamericans clash over land in Texas

Juan Cortina (Cortina’s War) and Joaquin Murrieta“Social Bandits”

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Ethnic and Economic Diversity in the Midwest

The Breadbasket of the NationThe Yankee Strip:Germans, Belgians, Swiss,

and ScandinaviansThe Lower Midwest: Many originated from

the South.The Rural Midwest

John Deere and Cyrus McCormick

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The Varied Regional Economies of the South

The South Atlantic StatesThe Rural South

Slavery discouraged immigrants

The Southern Coastal CitiesEthnic diversity

The Southern Cities

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A Free Labor Ideology in the North

IndustrializationIrish ImmigrationIndentured servitude/apprenticeshipWage slaveryEconomic integration

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INDIVIDUALISM VERSUS GROUP IDENTITY

Putting into practice Ideas of Social Inferiority

“A Teeming Nation”—America in Literature

Challenges to Individualism

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Putting into Practice Ideas of Social Inferiority

Ideas of racial inferiority barred people from rights of citizenship, landownership and better employment.Texas: Anglo laws facilitated the seizure of land by U.S. law

enforcement agents and the courtsCalifornia: U.S. officials justified exclusion of blacks,

Indians, Chinese, and Mexicans from citizenship rightsPatterns of work: CA—Chinese laundries and domestic

servants; TX —Mexican cowboys, freighters; MA —African Americans confined to kitchens, and menial jobs

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“A Teeming Nation: — America in Literature

American individualism and universal equality

Critique of American materialism and wonders of natureEmerson and Thoreau

Celebrated busy-ness, individualityWhitman

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Challenges to Individualism

Collective IdentitiesNative Americans: primacy of kinship and

village over individualAfrican Americans: Northern and Southern

blacks’ destiny linkedWomen: Seneca Falls Convention, women

linked their plight with slaves

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The Paradox of Southern Political Power

The Party System in DisarrayThe Compromise of 1850Expansion and Political UpheavalThe Republican Alliance

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The Party System in Disarray

Free SoilersWilmot Proviso

Popular SovereigntyThe abolitionist threat to the South

California, Utah and New Mexico, and the Underground Railroad

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The Compromise of 1850

California: admitted as a free stateUtah and New Mexico: held

referendums on slaveryThe Fugitive Slave Law of 1850: the

compromise with the SouthThe return of runaway slaves

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Expansionism and Political Upheaval

Clayton-Bulwer TreatyCuba and the Ostend ManifestoManifest DestinyKansas-Nebraska ActThe Know-Nothings

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The Republican Alliance

The Presidential Race of 1856Democrats: BuchananKnow-Nothings: FillmoreRepublicans: Frémont

New-comer, Abraham Lincoln

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THE DEEPENING CONFLICT OVER SLAVERY

The Rising Tide of ViolenceThe Dred Scott DecisionThe Lincoln-Douglas DebatesHarpers Ferry and the Presidential

Election of 1860

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The Rising Tide of Violence

African-American ConventionsHarriet Beecher Stowe and Uncle

Tom’s CabinFrederick Law Olmsted and The

New York Times

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Bleeding Kansas

John BrownLecompton ConstitutionUnited States Senators Fight: Sumner

vs. Brooks

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The Dred Scott Decision

Chief Justice Taney: slave-owners cannot be deprived of their property without due process

Economic depression in the Northeast and Midwest

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The Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Douglas: “I care more for the great principle of self-government, the right of the people to rule, than I do for all the negroes in Christendom.”

Lincoln: “…my wish is that the spread of [slavery] may be arrested, and that it may be placed where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction.”

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Harpers Ferry and the Presidential Election of 1860

John Brown vs. Robert E. Lee. A failed attempt to incite a slave rebellion.

Democratic party dividedRepublicans nominate LincolnRepublic of equal rights vs. the

Southern way of life