©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

1763-1775

CREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ

CHAPTER 6 The Limits of

Imperial Control

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

“We are taxed without our own consent, we are therefore Slaves.”

John Dickinson, “Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

TIMELINE1763 Pontiac’s Uprising

1764 Sugar and Currency Acts

1766 Declaratory Act

1767 Jesuits expelled from Spanish realm

Revenue Acts

1768 Treaty of Hard Labor in South Carolina

Treaty of Fort Stanwiz in New York

British troops in Boston

1770 Boston Massacre

1771 North Carolina Regulators defeated

1772 Gaspee incident

1773 Boston Tea Party

1774 “Intolerable Acts”

First Continental Congress

Declaration of Rights

(March-June) Coercive Acts

1775 Second Continental Congress

(April) Revere warns Provincial Congress “The British are coming…”

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

THE LIMITS OF IMPERIAL CONTROL Overview

New Challenges to Spain’s Expanded Empire

New Challenges to Britain’s Expanded Empire

“The Unconquerable Rage of the People”A Conspiracy of Corrupt Ministers?Launching a Revolution

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

NEW CHALLENGES TO SPAIN’S EXPANDED EMPIRE

Pacific Exploration, Hawaiian ContactThe Russians Lay Claim to AlaskaSpain Colonizes the California Coast

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

Spanish Exploration After 1760 and the Start of the California Missions

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

Pacific Exploration, Hawaiian Contact

1766: Bougainville searched for “Terra Australis Incognita”

1778: Cook in the Hawaiian Islands1779: Cook returned to Hawaii but

killed by Hawaiians after pilfering

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

The Russians Lay Claim to Alaska

1728: Vitus Bering crossed Siberia and the strait into North America.

Russian trappers kidnapping of Alaskan natives to barter for furs

Shelikov forms company which became the Russian-American Company in 1799

Russian posts established in Kodiak, Sitka and extended reach to Spanish California

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

Spain Colonizes the California Coast

San Diego Bay established in 1769Monterey established in 1770Franciscan missionariesSan Francisco established in 1775Exploration by land and sea Yuma revolt in 1781

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

British North America, 1763-1766

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

NEW CHALLENGES TO BRITAIN’S EXPANDED EMPIRE

Midwestern Lands and Pontiac’s War for Indian Independence

Greenville’s Effort at ReformThe Stamp Act ImposedThe Stamp Act Revisited

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

Midwestern Lands and Pontiac’s War for Indian Independence

French had been good trading partners with Indians; but Britain initiates prohibitions on trade and ceremonial gifts

Pontiac, Ottawa warrior built coalition and attacked Detroit in 1763

1765: Pontiac assassinated 1763: Proclamation Line, no settlers west of the

Appalachian Divide1768: Treaty of Hard Labor and Treaty of Fort Stanwix

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

Greenville’s Effort at Reform

1763 Greenville inherited large national debt A military presence in the colonies enforced

peace with Indians, protected Canada and Florida, and employed young men. Asks colonies to pay their stipends.

American Duties Act of 1764The Currency Act of 1764Quartering Act

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

The Stamp Act Imposed

A statute that would require the purchasing of stamps for paper documents from agents raising 7.5% of all stamp sales for England

Some colonists consulted and England anticipated easy acceptance of the Act.

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

The Stamp Act RevisitedPatrick Henry’s 5 resolutions (Virginia Resolves)Stamp Act Congress in New York in October, 1765The Loyal Nine forcds stamp distributor to resignThe Sons of LibertyBoycott of goods from BritainParliament repealed the Stamp Act and enacted the

Declaratory Act“to make Laws…to bind the Colonists and People of

America…in all Cases whatsoever.”

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

“THE UNCONQUERABLE RAGE OF THE PEOPLE”

Power Corrupts: An English Framework for Revolution

Americans Practice Vigilance and Restraint

Rural Unrest: Tenant Farmers and Regulators

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

Power Corrupts: An English Framework for Revolution

Aristotle and “mobocracy”Real Whigs

Two signs to watch for: concentration of wealth in few hands and the political and social corruption that follow

Trenchard and Gordon’s Cato’s LettersTyranny is often imposed through small, subtle steps

John Adams“Rage of the People”

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

Americans Practice Vigilance and Restraint

Cato’s Letters: “Yoke of Servitude”People should be alert to corrupt ministers

Expensive wars, damaging treaties, promotion of “yes-men” officials, jury trials replaced by arbitrary proceedings, curtailment of freedom of press or religion

Response must be circumspect, and first avenue taken should be legal methods of redress

Stamp Act demonstrations followed this restraint with results

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

Rural Unrest: Tenant Farmers and Regulators

John Wilkes imprisoned in 1768 and St. George’s Field massacre

1765: William Prendergast and the Levellers and the Hudson Valley Revolt

1771: The Regulator Movement in the Carolina

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

A CONSPIRACY OF CORRUPT MINISTERS?

The Townshend DutiesThe Boston MassacreThe Gaspée Affair

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

The Townshend Duties

Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townsend Revenue Act of 1767Customs Act of 1767

February, 1768, Sam Adams petitioned the king, caledl the Revenue Act unconstitutional-- using taxation without representation

June, 1768, Hancock’s ship the Liberty seized The Boycott/Nonimportation movement

Daughters of Liberty March, 1770, Lord North had Parliament repeal the Townshend Duties,

except for the one on tea

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

The Boston Massacre

February, 1770: 11-year old Seider killed by a customs informer.

March 5, 1770: Protestors outside a custom hours provoked soldiers who then fired into the crowd.Crispus AttucksJohn Adams, defender of the soldiers

Sons of Liberty took up cause naming the incident The Boston MassacreAdams: “On that night the foundation of American

independence was laid.”

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

The Gaspée AffairJune 1772, the customs boat, Gaspée, rad aground

and was attacked by raiders in Pawtuxet.Earl of Hillsborough attempted to extradite the

raiders for trial in England prompting colonists to resist, citing that their fundamental rights to trial by a jury of their peers was being denied.

March 1773: Henry, Jefferson, and Lee established investigating committee and kept in contact with sister colonies.

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

LAUNCHING A REVOLUTIONThe Tempest Over TeaThe Intolerable ActsFrom Words to Action

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

The Tempest Over Tea

The Tea Act of 1773 confirmed the right of Parliament to collect a tea tax of threepence per pound.

10,000 pounds of tea arrived in Boston and Governor Hutchinson decided to unload amid Sons of Liberty’s vow to resist.

December 16: 150 men disguised as Mohawks boarded and dumped the tea in the harbor

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

The Intolerable Acts

March-June, 1774: Coercive Acts designed to isolate and punish MassachusettsBoston Port ActAdministration of Justice ActThe Quartering ActMassachusetts Government Act

The Quebec ActJefferson’s A Summary View of the Rights of British

AmericaMinutemen

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

From Words to Action

September 1774: 56 delegates at the First Continental Congress in PhiladelphiaOctober 1774: Declaration of Rights

April 1775: Gage ordered to arrest members of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress.Revere and Dawes warnings and British greeted by colonial

militiamen“The shot heard round the world” at Concord; the British

retreat

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

British North America, April 1775