2- Introduction to Engineering Geology.pdf

Engineering Geologyand Seismology

Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Presentation Contents

Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies

Geohazards and AdverseGeo-Conditions

Soil and Rock Mechanics

Methods and Reporting

Importance of Geologyfor Civil EngineeringProjects

Role of Engineer in SiteExploration

Relevance of Geology toCivil Engineering

The Science of Geology

Q & A

Engineering Geology and SeismologyIntroduction to Engineering Geology

Dr. Naveed Ahmad

Professor (Asst.), Tenure Track

Earthquake Engineering CenterUET Peshawar, KP

PAKISTANE-Mail: [email protected]

September 15, 2014


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A

Geology, Definition

CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar

The term Geology comes from the Greek g means Earth and logia means study of, discourse.

It is the science comprising The study of solid Earth, The rocks of which it is composed, and The processes by which they change.

Geology can also refer generally to, The study of the solid features of any celestial body (such

as the geology of the Moon or Mars)

Geology gives insight into The History of the Earth, as It provides the primary evidence for Plate Tectonics, The Evolutionary history of life, and Past Climates.


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A

Geology, Aims & Objectives


In modern times, geology is commercially important for, Mineral and hydrocarbon exploration, Exploitation and Evaluating water resources.

It is publicly important for, The prediction and understanding of natural hazards, The remediation of environmental problems and Providing insights into past climate change.

Geology plays a vital role in Geotechnical Engineering.


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A

Geology, Importance


As a Society We may need many things relevant to geology, Energy Resources (oil, gas, petroleum) and the raw material we

need for survival, comfort, and pleasure. Every manufactured object relies on Earths resources - even a

small pencil.


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A

Geology, Geologic Time Scale



Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A

Geology, Geologic Time Scale


Explanations A-Folded rock strata cut by a thrust fault; B-Large intrusion (cutting through A); C-Erosional angular unconformity (cutting off A & B) on which rock strata were deposited; D-Volcanic dyke (cutting through A, B & C); E-Even younger rock strata (overlying C & D); F-Normal fault (cutting through A, B, C & E).


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A

Geology, Solar System Formation


Nebular Hypothesis


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A

Aims and Objectives


Engineering geology is the application of the Geologic Sciences to Engineering Practices for the purpose of assuring that, The geologic factors affecting the location, design,

construction, operation and maintenance of engineering works are Recognized and adequately Provided for.

Engineering geologists investigate and provide geologic and geotechnical recommendations, analysis, and design associated with human development.

The realm of the engineering geologist is essentially in the area of, Earth-Structure interactions: Investigation of how the earth

or earth processes impact human made structures and human activities.


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A

Aims and Objectives


Engineering geologic studies may be performed, During the planning, Environmental impact analysis, Civil or structural engineering design, and Construction phases of public and private works projects.

Works completed by engineering geologists include; Geologic hazards, Geotechnical, material properties, Landslide and slope stability, Erosion, flooding, dewatering, and Seismic investigations, etc.


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A

Aims and Objectives


Engineering geologic studies are performed by a Geologist or Engineering Geologist that is Educated, trained and has obtained experience related to

the recognition and interpretation of natural processes,

The understanding of how these processes impact man-made structures (and vice versa), and

Knowledge of methods by which to mitigate for hazards.

The principal objective of the engineering geologist is The protection of Life and Property against damages caused by geologic conditions.


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A

History


Although the science of geology has been around since the 18th century, At least in its modern form, the science and practices of

engineering geology didnt begin as a recognized discipline until the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The first book entitled Engineering Geology was published in 1880 by William Penning.

In the early 20th century Charles Berkey, an American trained geologist who was considered the first American engineering geologist, Worked on a number of water supply projects for New York City, Then later worked on the Hoover dam and a multitude of other

engineering projects. The first American engineering geology text book was written

in 1914 by Ries and Watson.


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A

History


In 1925, Karl Terzaghi, an Austrian Civil Engineer and Geologist, published the first text in Soil Mechanics (in German).

Terzaghi is known as the father of soil mechanics, but also had great interest in geology.

Terzaghi considered soil mechanics to be a sub-discipline of Engineering Geology.

In 1929, Terzaghi, along with Redlich and Kampe, published their own Engineering Geology text (also in German).


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A

History


The need for geologist on engineering works gained world wide attention in 1928 with the failure of the St. Francis Dam in California

Resulted in the loss of 426 lives, and USD 10 25 Millions economic losses.

More engineering failures which occurred the following years also prompted the requirement for engineering geologists to work on large engineering projects.


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A

Practices


One of the most important roles of the engineering geologist is the interpretation of landforms and earth processes, To identify potential geologic and related man-made hazards that

may impact civil structures and human development.

The background in geology provides the engineering geologist with an understanding of, How the earth works, which is crucial minimizing earth related

hazards.

Most engineering geologists also have graduate degrees where they have gained specialized education and training in, Soil mechanics, rock mechanics, geotechnics, groundwater,

hydrology, and civil design. These aspects of the engineering geologists education provides them

with a unique ability to understand and mitigate for hazards associated with earth-structure interactions.


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A

Scope of Studies


Engineering geologic studies may be performed, For residential, commercial and industrial developments; For governmental and military installations; For public works such as a power plant, wind turbine,

transmission line, sewage treatment plant, water treatment plant, pipeline (aqueduct, sewer, outfall), tunnel, trenchless construction, canal, dam, reservoir, building, railroad, transit, highway, bridge, seismic retrofit, airport and park;

For mine and quarry excavations, mine tailing dam, mine reclamation and mine tunneling;

For wetland and habitat restoration programs; For coastal engineering, sand replenishment, bluff or sea cliff

stability, harbor, pier and waterfront development;

For offshore outfall, drilling platform and sub-sea pipeline, sub-sea cable, etc.


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A

Geohazards and Adverse Geo-Conditions


Typical geologic hazards or other adverse conditions evaluated and mitigated by an engineering geologist include: Fault rupture on seismically active faults; Seismic and earthquake hazards (ground shaking, liquefaction, lurching,

lateral spreading, tsunami and seiche events); Landslide, mudflow, rockfall, debris flow, and avalanche hazards; Unstable slopes and slope stability; Erosion; Slaking and heave of geologic formations, such as frost heaving; Ground subsidence (such as due to ground water withdrawal, sinkhole

collapse, cave collapse, decomposition of organic soils, and tectonic movement);

Volcanic hazards (volcanic eruptions, hot springs, pyroclastic flows, debris flow, debris avalanche, gas emissions, volcanic earthquakes);

Non-rippable or marginally rippable rock requiring heavy ripping or blasting; Weak and collapsible soils, foundation bearing failures; Shallow ground water/seepage, etc.


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A

Common Geohazards in Pakistan



Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A



Soil mechanics is a discipline that applies principles of engineering mechanics e.g.,

kinematics, dynamics, fluid mechanics, and mechanics of material,

to predict the mechanical behavior of soils. Rock mechanics is the theoretical and applied science of the

mechanical behaviour of rock and rock masses;

It is that branch of mechanics concerned with the response of rock and rock masses to the force fields of their physical environment.

The fundamental processes are all related to the behaviour of porous media.

Together, soil and rock mechanics are the basis for solving many engineering geologic problems.


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A



The method used by engineering geologist include Geologic field mapping of geologic structures, geologic formations,

soil units and hazards; The review of geologic literature, geologic maps, geotechnical

reports, engineering plans, environmental reports, stereoscopic aerial photographs, remote sensing data, Global Positioning System (GPS) data, topographic maps and satellite imagery;

The excavation, sampling and logging of earth/rock materials in drilled borings, backhole test pits and trenches, fault trenching, and bulldozer pits;

Geophysical surveys: seismic refraction traverses, resistivity surveys, ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys, magnetometer surveys, electromagnetic surveys, high-resolution sub-bottom profiling

Deformation monitoring as the systematic measurement and tracking of the alteration in the shape or dimensions of an object as a result of the application of stress to it manually or with an automatic deformation monitoring system, etc.


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A



The field work is typically culminated in analysis of the data and the preparation of an engineering geologic report, geotechnical report, fault hazard or seismic hazard report, geophysical report, ground water resource report or hydrogeological report.

The engineering geologic report is often prepared in conjunction with a geotechnical report, But commonly provide geotechnical analysis and design

recommendations independent of a geotechnical report. An engineering geologic report describes

The objectives, methodology, references cited, tests performed, findings and recommendations for development.

Engineering geologists also provide geologic data on Topographic maps, aerial photographs, geologic maps,

Geographic Information System (GIS) maps.


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A

Role of Engineer in Site Exploration


The investigation of the suitability and characteristics of sites as they affect the design and construction of civil engineering works and the security of neighboring structures.

The systematic exploration and investigation of a new site may involve five stages of procedure, Preliminary Investigation using published information and other

existing data; A detailed Geological Survey of the site, possibly with a

photogeology study; Applied Geophysical Surveys to provide information about the

subsurface geology; Boring, Drilling and Excavation to provide confirmation of the

previous results, and quantitative details, at critical points on the site; and

Testing of soils and rocks to assess their suitability, particularly their mechanical properties (soil mechanics and rock mechanics), either in situ or from samples.


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A



In a major engineering project, each of these stages might be carried out and reported on by a consultant specializing in geology, geophysics or engineering (with a detailed knowledge of soil or rock mechanics).

However, even where the services of a specialist consultant are employed, an engineer will have overall supervision and responsibility for the project.

The engineer must therefore have enough understanding of geology, To know how and when to use the expert knowledge of

consultants, and To be able to read their reports intelligently, judge their reliability,

and Appreciate how the conditions described might affect the project.


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A



Engineer may recognize common rock types and simple geological structures, and knows where to obtain geological information for preliminary investigation.

When reading reports, or studying geological maps, it is a must to have complete understanding of the meaning of geological terms and be able to grasp geological concepts and arguments.

For example, a site described in a geological report as being underlain by clastic sedimentary rocks might be considered by a Civil Engineer to consist entirely of sandstones.

However, clastic sedimentary rocks include a variety of different rock types, such as conglomerates, sandstones and shales or mudstones.

Each of these rock types has different engineering properties, which could affect many aspects of the development works,

Such as core drilling into, and excavation of, the rock mass, and deep piling into the underlying strata.


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A

Relevance of Geology to Civil Engineering


Most civil engineering projects involve some excavation of soils and rocks, or involve loading the Earth by building on it.

In some cases, the excavated rocks may be used as constructional material, and in others, rocks may form a major part of the finished product,

Such as a motorway cutting or The site for a reservoir

The feasibility, the planning and design, the construction and costing, and the safety of a project may depend critically on the geological conditions where the construction will take place.

This is especially the case in extended greenfield sites, where the area affected by the project stretches for kilometers, across comparatively undeveloped ground.


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A



Examples include the Channel Tunnel project and the construction of motorways in the UK. In a section of the M9 motorway linking Edinburgh and

Stirling, It crosses abandoned oil-shale workings, realignment of the

road, on the advice of government geologists, led to a substantial saving.

In modest projects, or in those involving the redevelopment of a limited site, the demands on the geological knowledge of the engineer or the need for geological advice will be less, but are never negligible.

Site investigation by boring and by testing samples may be an adequate preliminary to construction in such cases.


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A



For selection of an optimum route (safe, economical and fastest) will require careful consideration of the site geology.


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A

Geological Studies


Geology is the study of the solid Earth. It includes the investigation of The rocks forming the Earth (Petrology) and of How they are distributed (their Structure), and Their constituents (Mineralogy and Crystallography). Geochemistry is a study of the chemistry of rocks and the

distribution of major and trace elements in rocks, rock suites, and minerals.

This can lead to an understanding of how a particular rock has originated (petro genesis), and also, in the broadest sense, to a knowledge of the chemistry of the upper layers of the Earth.


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A

Geological Studies


The distribution of rocks at the Earths surface is found by, Making a geological survey (that is, by geological mapping) It is recorded on geological maps.

This information about rocks is superimposed on a topographic base map.

Knowledge of the nature and physical conditions of the deeper levels of the planet can be gained only by the special methods of geophysics, the twin science of geology.

From the theory and methods of geophysics, a set of techniques (applied geophysics) has been evolved for exploring the distribution of rocks of shallower levels where the interests of geologists and geophysicists are most intertwined.


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A

Geological Studies


Knowledge of the Earth at the present time raises questions about the processes that have formed it in the past: that is, about its history. The interpretation of rock layers as Earth history is called

Stratigraphy, and A study of the processes leading to the formation of sedimentary

rocks is called Sedimentology. The study of fossils (Paleontology) is closely linked to Earth

history, and from both has come the understanding of the development of life on our planet. The insight thus gained, into expanses of time stretching back

over thousands of millions of years, into the origins of life and into

The evolution of man, is geologys main contribution to scientific philosophy and to the ideas of educated men and women.


Dr. Naveed Ahmad


Geology

What It Is About?

Engineering Geology

The Know-How

History

Practices

Scope of Studies








Q & A

Q & A


Many Thanks for Your Attention

Questions & Answers

See You in The Next Class

GeologyWhat It Is About?

Engineering GeologyThe Know-HowHistoryPracticesScope of StudiesGeohazards and Adverse Geo-ConditionsSoil and Rock MechanicsMethods and Reporting

Importance of Geology for Civil Engineering ProjectsRole of Engineer in Site ExplorationRelevance of Geology to Civil EngineeringThe Science of Geology

Q & A

2- Introduction to Engineering Geology.pdf

Documents

Transcript of 2- Introduction to Engineering Geology.pdf