+ Biochemical Compounds You are what you eat!!. 1. What are the 4 main types of biological...

+Biochemical Compounds

You are what you eat!!

1. What are the 4 main types of biological macromolecules and what is their function within cells?

2. How does the structure of each macromolecule contribute to their function within cells?

3. What are the 4 major types of biochemical reactions and why are they important to normal cellular function?

Essential Questions:

Carbon: The Central Atom

What’s so special about ?

The diversity of life relies on carbon!!! Virtually all chemicals of life are carbon based (exceptions – e.g., H2O, CO2) – called organic compounds. It can form four covalent bonds (H, O, N, P, S, C) C-C bonds enable carbon to form a variety of geometrical structures (e.g., straight chains, branched chains, rings)Methane

CH4

EthaneC2H6

BenzeneC6H6

+ CH2 + C4

Molecular Isomers: The same, yet different


Isomer – an organic compound with the same molecular formula, but different

structure

Fructose (fruit sugar)

Galactose(milk sugar)

C6H12O6

Glucose(simple sugar)

Example:

C

C C

C

C C

C

C

C

Metabolized by cells differently due to structure

Structural isomers




structure Structural isomers

Same atoms, bonded differently

Stereoisomers

Same atoms, Same bonds,

Differently arranged in space

Geometrical Optical




structureStereoisomers

Same atoms, Same bonds,

Differently arranged in space

Geometrical Optical

Carvone

Macromolecules

What is the relationship between atoms, bonding and macromolecules?

Atoms

Bonds

Molecules

Macromolecules

join together

that form

that form large structures called

Macromolecules and their subunits

Monomer Monomer Monomer+ + = Polymer = Macromolecule

smaller subunits long chain of monomers

glucose

glycogen

CarbonCompounds

include

Which are made of

which contain

Which are made of Which are made of Which are made of

which contain which contain which contain

Carbohydrates LipidsNucleic acids(e.g., DNA/RNA) Proteins

Simple sugars(e.g., glucose)

Glycerol &3 Fatty Acids

Nucleotides Amino Acids

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon, hydrogenoxygen, nitrogen,

phosphorus

Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,

Macromolecules and their subunits

1 2 3 4

ENERGYSTORAGE

short-term

main function main function main function main function

ENERGYSTORAGE

long-term

CATALYSIS&

STRUCTURE/SUPPORT

ENCODINGHEREDITARY

INFORMATION

CarbonCompounds

include

Which are made of

which contain



Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Simple sugars(e.g., glucose)



Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen


phosphorus


Carbohydrates

1 2 3 4

Main Function: quick and short-term energy storage

Groupings: C, H, and O atoms (1 : 2 : 1 ratio)

Two types: 1. Simple Carbohydrates 2. Complex Carbohydrates

ENERGYSTORAGE

short-term

main function

(4 cal/g)

Carbohydrate molecule with 3-7 carbon atoms is called a monosaccharide. (mono = one, saccharide = sugar)

Broken down quickly in the body to release energy.

e.g., GLUCOSE – hexose (six-carbon) sugar with 7 energy-storing C-H bonds

Carbohydrates – Simple (glucose)

C6H12O6 (ring structure – when dissolved in water)

1

23

4

5

6

Primary source of energy used by all cells

MONOSACCHARIDESQUIZ: Select the formula that represents a monosaccharide

C4H8O4 C5H10O10 C6H6O12 C6H6O6

Making & Breaking Carbohydrates

Condensation (dehydration) synthesis

Hydrolysis

Two important biochemical reactions

monosaccharide monosaccharide+

disaccharide (di = two)

Carbohydrates – Complex (Polysaccharides)

Starch Granules (purple) in Potato Cells

Starch = energy storage in plants

Main Function: quick and short-term energy storage

Contain many units of glucose in long chains

Examples: Starch, glycogen, cellulose

Glycogen = energy storage in animals

Glycogen (red) in Hepatocytes (liver cells)

Glucose (monomer)

Glycogen (polymer)


livermuscle


Cellulose = polysaccharide found in plant cell walls

Cellulose fibers

Macrofibril

Microfibril

Chains of cellulose


What is the difference between starch and cellulose?

Starch

Cellulose

Starch Cellulose

Glucose repeat units are facing

the same direction

Each successive glucose unit is upside-down in relation to each of the glucose molecules that it is connected to

Both polymers

Same repeat base

Same monomer(glucose)

Stronger (good for building)Weaker

Enzymes to digest Cannot digest (no enzymes)

Insoluble (fiber / roughage)Soluble



LipidsNucleic acids(e.g., DNA/RNA) Proteins



Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen


phosphorus


2 3 4

main functionmain function main function

ENERGYSTORAGE

long-term

CATALYSIS&

STRUCTURE/SUPPORT

ENCODINGHEREDITARY

INFORMATION

Lipids (fats)

Animal fat (solid @ room temp)Plant oils (liquid @ room temp)

Main Function: long-term energy storage

Special Feature: contain more energy per gram than any other biological molecule (9 cal/g)

Groupings: Mostly C and H atoms (hydrocarbons)

Types: 1. Fats and oils 3. Steroids2. Phospholipids 4. Waxes

Structure of Lipids (fats)

Glycerol

Fatty acids

1

2

3

Adipocytes (rat)

FA

FA

FA= TG (Triglyceride)

Courtesy of Dr. Ceddia – York University

TG

TG

TGTG

TG

TG

Lipid droplet

Making and Breaking Lipids (fats)

Fats and oils are called triglycerides because of their structure

CondensationSynthesis

Hydrolysis

What functional groups are present on the glycerol and fatty acid molecules?

+ 3 H2O

Ester linkage

Saturated Unsaturated Polyunsaturated

# of double bonds between carbons

Orientation

State at Room Temp.

Origin

Which are better for you?

Example

Types of Fatty Acids

SaturateSaturatedd

UnsaturatUnsaturateded

Poly - Poly - unsaturatunsaturat

eded

# of # of Double Double Bonds Bonds

between between CarbonsCarbons

NoneNone(contains (contains

maximum # maximum # of H atoms)of H atoms)

At least one At least one double bond double bond

between between carbon atomscarbon atoms

Several Several double bondsdouble bonds



Fewer hydrogens – “unsaturated”

SaturateSaturatedd



eded

OrientatiOrientation of on of Fatty Fatty AcidsAcids

Straight Straight chainschains

Kinks / Kinks / bends at bends at

the double the double bondsbonds

Kinks / Kinks / bends at bends at

the double the double bondsbonds


CH2-CH

BEND DUE TO

DOUBLE BOND

BEND DUE TO

DOUBLE BOND


SaturateSaturatedd



eded

ExamplesExamples butter, butter, lardlard

olive oil, vegetable oil, olive oil, vegetable oil, peanut oil, canola oilpeanut oil, canola oil


Trans Trans FatFat


Taking a perfectly good fat and making it bad!

Addition of hydrogen atoms to the acid, causing double bonds to become single ones. (unsaturated becomes saturated) LDL HDL

Fat derivatives in which one fatty acid Fat derivatives in which one fatty acid has been replaced by a phosphate has been replaced by a phosphate group and one of several nitrogen-group and one of several nitrogen-containing molecules.containing molecules.

an important part of the cell membrane an important part of the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)(phospholipid bilayer)

Phospholipids

Phospholipids

Phospholipids

Nitrogen-containing group

The phospholipid can also be represented as:

Polar Head – hydrophilic (water-loving)

Non-Polar Tails (fatty acids) – hydrophobic (water-hating)

Phospholipids

Testosterone

Steroids consist of 4 fused carbon rings

Cholesterol• Precursor for other steroids• Component of animal cell membranes• Contributes to atherosclerosis

Steroids

Proteins

Which are made of

which contain

Proteins

Amino Acids


main function

CATALYSIS&

STRUCTURE/SUPPORT

Types Function/ExampleEnzymatic Acceleration of chemical reactions

E.g., digestive enzymes, cellular respiration

Structural Collagen & elastin, keratin in hair and nails

Transport Transport of other substancesE.g., hemoglobin transports O2 to cells

Hormonal Cellular communicationE.g., insulin secreted by the pancreas

Contractile MovementE.g. actin and myosin in muscle cells

Defensive Protect against diseaseE.g., antibodies combat viruses and bacteria

Proteins are essential parts of living organisms and participate in virtually every process in cells.

Proteins and their subunits

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

Amino Acid Structure

Amino Group Carboxyl (acid) GroupAny one of the 20 different

side-chains


Examples of amino acids

Fig. 1.14B, pg. 18


20 Major Amino Acids

Types of Amino Acids

NonpolarPolarPolar/AcidicPolar/Basic

Amino acids each have their own unique chemical properties.

Some dissolve in water – some do not.This is essential for transport and storage.

Fig. 1.14B, pg. 18

8 are considered “essential”1. Phenylalanine 2. Valine 3. Threonine 4. Tryptophan 5. Isoleucine6. Methionine 7. Leucine8. Lysine

The other 12

1. Glycine 7. Glutaimine2. Alanine 8. Histidine3. Proline 9. Tyrosine4. Serine 10. Aspartic acid5. Cysteine 11. Glutamic acid6. Asparagine 12. Arginine

Making and Breaking Proteins

Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds

- a special covalent bond found in proteins

+

H2O

Dipeptide

Peptide bond


A chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide

Condensation synthesis• two amino acids join (dipeptide)• a peptide bond is formed• a water molecule is formed

Hydrolysis• water is added• a peptide bond is broken• amino acids are split apart

Gly LysPhe

Arg

Ser

H2N-end

-COOHend

Peptide Bonds


A chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide

Gly LysPhe Arg Ser

H2N-end

-COOHend

Peptide Bonds

The type of protein is determined by: sequence of polypeptides

orientation in space3-D shape

Four levels of protein structure:

Primary - exact sequence of amino acids before folding.

Secondary - simple folding create simple structures.

Tertiary - folding results in complex 3D structures.

Quaternary - multiple 3D subunits organized into a bigger structure.

Sulfhydryl (-SH) functional groupscan form disulfide (-S-S) bonds which contribute to a proteins tertiary structure.

Hemoglobin

Carries oxygen in the blood- It's made up of 4 specific 3D subunits

Proper protein function depends on correct 3D structure. Any change in the specific primary structure can cause the protein to fold differently.

A different shape can lead to a different function (or lack of proper function).

Sickle cell anemia is an example.

Which are made of

which contain

Nucleic acids(e.g., DNA/RNA)

Nucleotides


phosphorus

Nucleic Acids

main function

ENCODINGHEREDITARY

INFORMATION

Nucleic acids are macromolecules composed of chains of nucleotides.

Nucleic acids carry genetic information

Types:

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Types of Nucleic Acids

DNA

Long-term storage of hereditary information

Carries genetic instructions or “blueprints” for building parts of the cell

Segments of DNA are responsible for carrying genes (genetic information), have structural purposes, or regulate the use of genetic information

RNA

Involved in the process of transcribing genetic information from DNA into proteins

Protein synthesis (the process of making proteins) is carried out by organelles called ribosomes, which take “instructions” from RNA

DNA & RNA NucleotideDNA & RNA Nucleotide

OO=P-O O

PhosphatPhosphatee GroupGroup

N

Nitrogen baseNitrogen base (A, G, C, or T/U)(A, G, C, or T/U)

CH2

O

C1C4

C3 C2

5

SugarSugar(deoxyribose (deoxyribose or ribose)or ribose)

DNA

NitrogenNitrogenBase (A,T,G or C)Base (A,T,G or C)

““Rungs of ladderRungs of ladder””

““Legs of ladderLegs of ladder””

Phosphate &Phosphate &Sugar BackboneSugar Backbone

Double Helix

DNA Nitrogen BasesDNA Nitrogen Bases

• PURINESPURINES1. Adenine (A)Adenine (A)

2. Guanine (G)Guanine (G)

• PYRIMIDINESPYRIMIDINES3. Thymine (T)Thymine (T)

4. Cytosine (C)Cytosine (C)

RNA Nitrogen BasesRNA Nitrogen Bases

• PURINESPURINES1. Adenine (A)Adenine (A)

2. Guanine (G)Guanine (G)

• PYRIMIDINESPYRIMIDINES3. Uracil (U)Uracil (U)

4. Cytosine (C)Cytosine (C)

• AdenineAdenine must pair with ThymineThymine

• GuanineGuanine must pair with CytosineCytosine

G CT A

DNA

P

P

P

O

O

O

1

23

4

5

5

3

3

5

P

P

PO

O

O

1

2 3

4

5

5

3

5

3

G C

T A

Hydrogen bonds

DNA Structure Compared to RNA Structure

DNA RNASugar Deoxyribose Ribose

Bases Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

Adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine

Strands Double stranded with base paring

Single stranded

Helix Yes No

+ Biochemical Compounds You are what you eat!!. 1. What are the 4 main types of biological...

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