WORLD WAR I: CANADA’S ROLE

The M.A.I.N. causes of WWI

• Militarism - the competition to build bigger/more weapons

• Alliance System – the two sides form competing gangs

• Imperialism – the competition over colonies and business

• Nationalism – the fierce pride in one’s country

• History – there is a long history between the European countries

• Spark – the event that causes the long-term problems to blow

There were many long-term causes of the war.

At the turn of the century Europe was a mess of affairs.

Triple Entente vs. Triple AllianceThe two “gangs”

How ready are you? Explain how Canada came to be involved

in WW I. Once Canada declared war, what

happened in the first few months of the war for Canada?

CANADA GOES TO WAR

As soon as Britain declared war on Germany, Canada was automatically at war because we were part of the British Empire.

Widespread support for war in Canada at the start of war

Patriotism Feelings of excitement and adventure – people

thought it would be a short war – home by Christmas

Sam Hughes (Minister of Militia and Defense) set up training camp at Valcartier Quebec which got soldiers to Europe in a hurry

How ready are you? Explain how Canada came to be involved

in WW I. Once Canada declared war, what

happened in the first few months of the war for Canada?

How ready are you? Explain trench warfare Explain stalemate

WAR IN EUROPE

Stalemate and Trench Warfare Germans attacked through Belgium and into

France but were stopped by French and British (including Canadians).

Neither side could advance = stalemate Both sides dug into trenches and attacked

periodically by ‘going over the top’ into ‘no man’s land’ toward the other opposing trenches

Particularly because of the machine gun this tactic did not work well and very little progress was made by either side for the next three years = stalemate

Conditions in the trenches were awful – wet, cold, rats, lice, dangerous

How ready are you? Explain trench warfare Explain stalemate

How ready are you? Explain total war Explain attrition

WAR IN EUROPE

The Changing Face of WarNew Types of Fighting

Battles of Attrition (grinding down) – rather than trying to win a decisive victory the two sides are trying to grind each other down (‘bleed the enemy white). You could also think of the whole war as one of attrition

Total War – when all resources of a country are organized to win the war – A new concept in the 20th century -massive materials needed, money through victory bonds and income tax, women in factories,

How ready are you? Explain total war Explain attrition

How Ready Are You? List and explain the significance of 4 new

technologies used in WW I

WAR IN EUROPE

New Technology Tanks – Not used until 1916 (Somme) but

became increasingly effective and ultimately proved to be one of the reasons for allied victory

Poison Gas – First used by Germans at Ypres – nasty but not a major factor in the war

Machine Guns – Hugely important – responsible for most deaths during the war

Submarines – Germans used these very effectively until 1917 to destroy GB merchant ships trying to starve GB into submission

Airplanes – not a big impact – used for scouting and dogfights

How Ready Are You? List and explain the significance of 4 new

technologies used in WW I

How ready are you? List and explain the significance of four

battles in which Canadians played a significant part.

Land Battles

Ypres, April 1915 Germans attacked allies with

poison gas First taste of trench warfare for

Canadian troops 6000 Canadians killed

Somme, July 1916

Huge Allied attack which failed 20000 + Canadians killed 90% casualty rate in Newfoundland

regiment 1.25 million casualties in total “das

Blutbad” 23 Canadians “shot at dawn”

Vimy Ridge, April 1917

Captured successfully by Canadians alone even though French and British had failed

Extremely well planned and executed Turning point in the war – first decisive victory Became a symbol for Canadian independence and

nationhood Canadian troops recognized as some of the best

on the western front Resulted in the Canadian corps being led by a

Canadian, General Arthur Currie, rather than a British general – we ran our own show after that

Passchendale, October 1917

A muddy nightmare Canadians ordered to attack despite

protests from General Currie They attacked and took

Passchendale but 16000 died (4 out of 5) for only 7 km of mud that the Germans soon won back

The Hundred Days

By early 1918 Russia had made peace leaving Germany with just the Western front to worry about

The US had entered the war in 1917 but still needed time to train

Germans tried one last massive offensive and by summer of 1918 made it within 75 km of Paris

However, they had overextended themselves. In the next 100 days, with Canadians playing a

huge part, the allies drove them back until they surrendered

How ready are you? List and explain the significance of four

battles in which Canadians played a significant part.

Essay outline How significant was Canada’s contribution

to WW I?

I will use random cards to pick one from each team and I’ll mark it out of six.

How ready are you? Who was Sam Hughes and why was he

significant?

IV THE WAR AT HOME

A. Economy boomed because Canada supplied all kinds of war supplies

Sam Hughes (Minister of Militia and Defense) in charge of Canada’s armament industry

Gave lots of contracts for weapons to his friends who were profiteers people more interested in making money than making quality products. Ex. Cardboard soled shoes

Hughes fired in 1916 and government took over munitions and grain production in 1917

How ready are you? Explain the War Measures Act and how it

was used in WW I

B. War Measures Act Passed in 1914

Gov’t could control the economy and censor the mail

Could arrest people without laying charges

Recent immigrants from Germany and AH (enemy aliens) were treated harshly – had to carry special ID cards and report to registration officers. 8579 were held in isolation in internment camps

How ready are you? Explain how the government raised funds

in WW I (3)

C. Paying for the War

Because of new weapons, the length of the war and the large Canadian contribution, the gov’t needed money which it raised through: Victory bonds – bought by Canadians to be

repaid after war with interest Taxes- introduced income tax as a temporary

measure on the wealthy (3%) and a profit tax (4%)on businesses

Late in the war borrowing money from the US

How ready are you? This event brought the war to Canada.

D. The Halifax Explosion, 1917

A French munitions ship collided with another ship and blew up in Halifax harbor

Over 2000 people were killed and many left homeless

US donated generously to help rebuild Halifax

How ready are you? What was rationing and how did

Canadians respond?

E. Rationing During the war food and fuel

became scarce and prices soared because so much was being exported to Europe

Honour rationing was introduced – people limited themselves to 1.5 lbs of butter and 2 lbs of sugar/ month

Mandatory waste reduction was introduced

How ready are you? Explain how propaganda was used in WW I

F. Propaganda

Propaganda is any strategy to persuade people to believe something or act a certain way – it often distorts the truth or is very one sided

Used to get people to join the war and to keep people patriotic about the war

How ready are you? Explain the conscription crisis in WW I

Conscription Crisis By 1917 voluntary enlistments were not keeping up with

casualties (see graph on page 40 in counterpoints) PM Robert Borden called for conscription – mandatory military

service for men aged 20 – 35 Most of English Canada supported him while most of Quebec

was against him Many Quebeckers were not feeling patriotic since they felt

little connection to either France or Britain and they felt that they were not being treated equally within Canada

There was also the feeling that Canada had done enough, that we needed our men at home to produce for the war

Borden called an election on the conscription issue but first he passed two laws – “War Time Elections Act.” - one giving all men and women overseas the vote, the other giving the vote to all women directly related to servicemen

He won the election (with only 3 of 65 seats in Quebec) and conscription was introduced

There were major protests in Quebec and Canada was divided Over 90% of all conscripts applied for exemptions for medical

and other reasons and only 25000 conscripted soldiers actually reached France before the war ended

How ready are you? Explain how women’s roles changed in

WW I

H. New Roles for Women Hundreds of women volunteered in the war as

nurses and ambulance drivers At home many women worked in war production

industries and other jobs vacated by men off at war – this was a huge change because before 1914 it would have been unheard of to have women in these kinds of ‘men’s’ jobs

The contribution women were making led them to organize as suffragettes (women trying to the right to vote) and by the end of the war most women over 21 had earned the right to vote in federal elections

How ready are you? Evaluate the impacts of WW I on Canada?

Essay outline.

Effects of the War in Canada

Our great contributions to the war showed that we were an independent (autonomous) country. Some changes as a result of the war:

Women got the vote and their roles changed Troops gained respect Economy grew Debt grew so we introduced income tax which we

still have 60000 Canadians killed/ 178,000 wounded Conscription deepened the differences between

French and English

V. LEGACY OF WAR

The Paris Peace Conferences After Germany surrendered a peace was

dictated to them by the victories countries. Canada got its own seat at the peace conference (a big deal for a country many still saw as a British tag-along before the war

The Treaty of Versailles which came out of the conference really stuck it to Germany and many argue it sowed the seeds for the rise of Hitler and WW II

How ready are you? Quickie Quiz

• 1. Which statement best describes Canada’s entry into World War One?

A. The Canadian government voted to join the war.B. Canada declared war only after the United

States did.C. Canada declared war automatically when

Britain did.D. The Canadian government held a referendum

before declaring war.

6. Which of the following best describes “a war of attrition”?

A. One side incorporates the defeated enemy’s artillery.

B. One side uses lightning warfare to rapidly gain ground.

C. Both sides wear each other down until one is forced to give in.

D. Both sides build up their armed forces before engaging in warfare.

7. Why did the government assume control of munitions and grain production in 1917?

A. Harvest on prairie farms were declining. B. Importing of manufactured goods was

growing C. Profiteering among private businesses

was increasing. D Losses of convoy ships in the open seas

were mounting.

8. Which right were women granted as a result of WW I?A. to voteB. to workC. to own propertyD. to receive equal pay

Canadian Autonomy – Canada Grows Up

How ready are you? List and explain at least 5 events that

show Canada’s increasing autonomy from 1914-2000

Steps to Canadian Autonomy

• 1914 – WW I -Canada is automatically at war when Britain enters WW I.

• 1919 – Paris Peace Conference - Canada gets its own seat at Paris Peace conference.

• 1922 – Chanak Crisis – British sent troops to Chanak, Turkey and Canadian PM William Lyon Mackenzie King said we would only send troops if parliament agreed – first time Canada refused unconditional support for British.

Steps to Canadian Autonomy

• 1923 – Halibut Treaty – A treaty about fishing rights signed with the US. First treaty Canada signed totally on its own.

• 1926- King –Byng Affair – Governor General (rep of the Queen in Canada) Byng refused a request from Prime Minister King – fist time this happened. Led to a change in the role of the Governor General.

Steps to Canadian Autonomy

• 1926 – Balfour Report – recognized that Canada was autonomous within the British Empire

• 1931 – Statute of Westminster – Put Balfour report into law. Meant that Canada was an autonomous dominion of GB. The only thing we couldn’t do was amend our own constitution

Steps to Canadian Autonomy

• 1939 – WW II – Canada enters WW II after a parliamentary vote a few days after Britain. Showed independence in contrast to WW I

• 1965 – Flag - Canada gets a new Flag after much debate – Another sign of autonomy, especially because the symbol has no ties to Britain

• 1982 – Constitution - Canada patriates (brings home) its Constitution which includes the right to amend (change) our own constitution without the permission of Britain.

How ready are you? List and explain at least 5 events that

show Canada’s increasing autonomy from 1914-2000

How ready are you? Explain the economic cycle. Include recession, recovery, prosperity and

contraction in your explanation.

How ready are you? Explain the economic cycle. Include recession, recovery, prosperity and

contraction in your explanation.

How ready are you? Explain supply and demand Explain GDP Explain inflation

Economics 101Supply and demand – The concept that explains how much things will cost. If demand (how bad people want something) is high and supply (how much of it there is) is low then the price is likely to be high and vise versa.

• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – The total $ value of goods and service produced by a country and its citizens

• Inflation – the fact that goods and services tend to cost more year after year. Measured as a percentage (Ex. Canada had 2% inflation in 2006 means that the cost of everything added together went up by 2% last year)

How ready are you? Explain supply and demand Explain GDP Explain inflation

How ready are you? List and explain five major causes of the

Great Depression in Canada.

CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION

1. Over Production: During the 1920s many industries

were expanding and new factories were built

They made on overload of goods, which in turn made owners panic and lay off their workers

This made sales slow down even more because workers didn’t have money to spend.

CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION

2. Canada’s reliance on exporting staple products:

Canada’s economy depended on exporting staple products (timber, crops, minerals) meaning if other countries suddenly needed fewer staples our economy would be in trouble.

Thus when the price of wheat dropped from $1.00/ bushel to 33c/ bushel the prairie provinces were devastated, especially when on top of that there was drought and windstorms.

CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION

3. Canada’s dependence on the United States:

Canada especially depended on exporting to the US (40% of exports) meaning that if the US economy failed, ours would too.

CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION

4. Stock Market Crash Oct 29th, 1929 the stock markets in New

York and Toronto crashed meaning that the value of many companies shares traded went down by a lot. This happened because the prices had been driven to artificial highs through speculation (people borrowing money to buy stocks and trying to sell them for profit quickly). Once prices corrected themselves a little lots of investors got nervous and started to sell leading prices to drop further and so on.

CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION

5. Economic Protectionism and Tariffs Through out the 20’s there was an

increasing trend towards protective tariffs. Tariffs are duties (money) collected on goods coming into a country.

At the beginning of the Depression, PM Bennett tried to “blast a way into world markets,” by increasing tariffs by 50%. This didn’t work well because the other countries retaliated and Canadian producers lost even more markets abroad.

CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION

6. International Debt after WW I Everyone owed the US money after

WW I and they needed to sell stuff to the US to be able to pay it back. When the US became protectionist that was harder to do.

7. Drought on the Prairies The Prairies were particularly hard hit

because in addition to the above mentioned factors they were hit by years of drought (called the dustbowl). Since their economies were particularly dependent on farming it was the worst place to be during the depression.

How ready are you? List and explain five major causes of the

Great Depression in Canada.

How ready are you? How did the Canadian government first

under McKenzie King (until 1930) and then under Bennett (from 1930- 1935) respond the Great Depression?

Government Responses to the Great Depression

• At the start of the depression the attitude of the government was that people had to tough it out and that things would get better. Prime Minister (PM) McKenzie King (a Liberal) specifically denied any help to provinces with Provincial Governments run by the Conservative party. He was replaced by RB Bennett after the 1930 election. The government tried to help through the following:

Government Responses to the Great Depression

• Increased tariffs (protectionism) – ineffective

Government Responses to the Great Depression

• Cut Government Spending so it’s in line with government revenue

• ineffective

Government Responses to the Great Depression

• Pogey – Like Welfare except you got vouchers if you were poor enough. People were humiliated to obtain their vouchers. The amounts were very low so people still starved and suffered disease

• Helped a little but came nowhere close to addressing all the need.

Government Responses to the Great Depression

• Unemployment Relief Camps – Set up in 1930 for single unemployed men by PM R.B. Bennett. They got 20c/day and room and board.

• Helped a little but again nowhere near what was needed.

• Racism in the governments relief efforts – Chinese in Vancouver got no relief at first and then were expected to be fed on ½ of what I white person would get. Aboriginals on reserves were supposed to live off $5/ month

Government Responses to the Great Depression

• Bennett’s New Deal – During the 1935 election Bennett (conservative) promised a New Deal if he was elected which would include:

– Progressive taxation (the more you make the higher percentage of taxes you pay)

– Introduction of a minimum wage– Unemployment insurance– Health insurance– Revised old age pension– Regulated wheat prices

• Although Bennett lost the election to McKenzie King (Liberal) and these measures were not implemented right away, they show a shift in the attitudes of the government and signal the beginning of change

How ready are you? How did the Canadian government first

under McKenzie King (until 1930) and then under Bennett (from 1930- 1935) respond the Great Depression?

How ready are you? How did people respond to the Great

Depression (3)?

People’s Responses to the Great Depression

1. Riding the Rails- People rode on railway cars searching for work and later because there was nothing to do.

2. On-to-Ottawa Trek- In 1935, unemployed relief camp workers men from boarded trains from Vancouver to Ottawa demanding work with wages. When they reached Regina, the police stopped them and the Regina Riot broke out.

3. Diversion- Finding stuff to get their mind of the depression. The Dionne Quintuplets were born in 1934 in Ontario and turned into a tourist attraction.

How ready are you? How did people respond to the Great

Depression (3)?

How ready are you? What were the short and long term

impacts of the Great Depression?

Effects of the Great Depression

New Political Parties• The popular laissez-faire (free market

capitalism) approach wasn’t working so there was room for new ideas to be heard and to flourish.

– Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) – This Socialist political party was formed in 1932 by JS Woodsworth in Saskatchewan. It was a response to the hardships of the Great Depression.

– Social Credit – “Bible Bill” Aberhart led this new party in Alberta that believed the government should give $125 to each citizen (a social credit) to kick start the economy.

Effects of the Great DepressionThe Changing Role of Government• This is the most long lasting effect. The depression

was so bad, and the traditional laissez fair approach to economy so ineffective, that governments started embracing Keynesian economics. Keynes’ idea was that the gov’t should borrow money in tough times (deficit financing) to fund huge employment projects that would benefit society as a whole (like a new hydro dam). A key change here is that rather than leaving the economy alone (laissez-fair) the government should actively steer the economy and thereby hopefully minimize the bad times on the economic cycle.

Effects of the Great Depression

The changing role of government. • The depression also made the governments

realize that they had to take a more active role in helping those in need during tough times through things like unemployment insurance, welfare, sick benefits, child benefits, pensions, etc. All of these social program either directly or indirectly originated in the Great depression.

How ready are you? What were the short and long term

impacts of the Great Depression?

The Development of A Welfare State

Welfare State defined:• A country in which the government

assumes a large measure of responsibility for the social welfare of its members through programs like unemployment insurance, medicare and welfare

How ready are you? List and explain at least four examples of

Canada becoming welfare state.

Becoming a Welfare State

• Canada gradually became a welfare state in the 27 years following the great depression. (1939-1966) During the depression, governments began to realize that they had to take a more active role in helping those in need during tough times through things like unemployment insurance, welfare, sick benefits, child benefits, pensions, etc. Some of the major social programs introduced from 1939-1966 were:

• 1940 – McKenzie King (PM) introduced Unemployment Insurance (now called employment insurance).\

• 1945 – McKenzie King’s government introduced Family Allowances (baby bonuses).

More Social Programs• 1962 – Saskatchewan Premier, Tommy Douglas

introduced free public health care in his province despite strong opposition from its doctors.

• 1966 – Pearson (PM) Canada Pension Plan is introduced

• 1966 – Canada Assistance Plan- federal government gives money to provincial governments to help fund social assistance programs for needy people – ex. Social assistance available to single parents and physically disabled people

• 1966 – Medical Care Act – free public medicine for all Canadians was introduced by the Pearson government. By this time Tommy Douglas was the leader of the federal NDP and his party helped push the government to implement this most popular social program

More Social Programs• 1966 – Canada Assistance Plan- federal

government gives money to provincial governments to help fund social assistance programs for needy people – ex. Social assistance available to single parents and physically disabled people

• 1966 – Medical Care Act – free public medicine for all Canadians was introduced by the Pearson government. By this time Tommy Douglas was the leader of the federal NDP and his party helped push the government to implement this most popular social program

1976-1990• By the late 1970’s and early 1980’s the

federal government was running into money problems and began cutting some of Canada’s social program effectively eroding the welfare state

• The conservative government led by Brian Mulrony elected in 1984 initiated a period of restraint – cutting back of social programs to decrease government spending. During this time some provinces introduced medicare premiums and other user fees, the family allowance was cut and fewer workers were covered under unemployment insurance.

How ready are you? List and explain at least four examples of

Canada becoming welfare state.

How ready are you? Quickie Quiz

What was a key demand of the Winnipeg General Strike leaders?

a) the right to universal health careb) The right to collective bargainingc) The right to collect unemployment

insuranced) The right to participate in the free market

economy

9. Which newspaper headline reflects the concept of inflation?

A. “Price of oil soars”B. “Banks lower interest rates”C. “Brokers panic as stock prices fall”D. “Oversupply of grain threatens wheat

sales”

10.Which of the following was a cause of the October 1929 stock market crash?

a) tariffsb) crop failuresc) buying on margind) assembly line production

11. Which factor contributed to the start of the Great Depression in Canada?

A. overproduction of productsB. continued demand for consumer goodsC. increased dependence on government

programsD. decreasing duties on exports entering the

United States

13. What was Prime Minister King’s economic policy at the start of the Great Depression?

a) Daily allowances for the unemployed would be available.

b) Social welfare was to be the responsibility of the provinces.

c) Work camps would be opened to create jobs for the unemployed.

d) Provinces with Conservative governments could expect federal support.

14. Which statement describes conditions on the Canadian Prairies during the Great Depression?

A. Gas prices rose to record highs.B. Drought-resistant crops provided high

yields.C. Weather conditions caused many farms to

be abandoned.D. A strong manufacturing sector allowed

the Prairies to prosper.

15. Which political party supported the idea of giving twenty-five dollars a month to Canadian citizens during the Great Depression

a) Liberalb) Union Nationalec) Social Creditd) Co-operative Commonwealth Federation

18. Laissez-faire meansA.The creation of Social Programs to look after the needyB. Free markets without regulationC. Command economyD. Imposing heavy duties on trade

CANADA’S ROLE IN WORLD WAR II

World War II• Axis Powers

– Germany – Hitler– Italy – Mussolini– Japan – Tojo, Emperor Hirohito

• Allies– Britain - Chamberlain, Churchill– USSR – Stalin– USA – Roosevelt– Canada – Mackenzie King – Others: France, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa

Appeasement

CRAMP CUP

1. Conscription & rearmament

2. Rhineland3. Austrian Anschluss4. Munich Pact

(Sudetenland)5. Czechoslovakia6. USSR-Nazi Pact7. Poland

WWII Breaks OutSeptember 1, 1939

Canada Sept. 10, 1939

• Poland invaded• Phony War• Norway,

Denmark, Belgium, France

• France falls– Dunkirk

Evacuation• Britain (and colonies)

Stands alone vs. Nazi Germany, Italy, and Japan

Hitler needs to take out threat of Britain so that he can turn his attention to USSR.

How ready are you? List and explain five examples of Canadian

contributions to the war effort.

How ready are you? Evaluate Canada’s contribution at Hong

Kong

Canadians at Hong Kong

• In the Pacific Japan attacked Pearl Harbour in December of 1941 and hours later took over the British colony of Hong Kong which had 1975 Canadians protecting it. All of these soldiers were either killed or taken prisoner and held for the rest of the war in horrible conditions.

• Significance: First major action for Canadian troops in the war. Sent a message to Canadians at home.

How ready are you? Evaluate Canada’s contribution at Hong

Kong

How ready are you? Evaluate Canada’s contribution to the

Battle of Britain

Battle of Britain• Germany attacks

Britain by air and is ultimately defeated – a turning point in the war

• Canada helped by training most of the pilots through the Commonwealth Air Training Program

• Some Canadian pilots flew for the RAF

How ready are you? Evaluate Canada’s contribution to the

Battle of Britain

How ready are you? Evaluate Canada’s contribution to the

Bomber Command.

Bomber Command

• Britain’s and Canada’s air force combined to fly bombing missions into Germany throughout the war.

• Throughout the war they targeted German war production

• Later in the war they also bombed German cities

• Over 10,000 Canadians were killed as part of Bomber Command

• Significance: Successfully disrupted German war production which made a big difference in the long run

How ready are you? Evaluate Canada’s contribution to the

Bomber Command.

How ready are you? Evaluate Canada’s contribution to the

Battle of Dieppe.

Dieppe• August 19, 1942 CEF lands

5,000 troops on beach at Dieppe.

• Bad planning, bad luck, and late changes to the plan lead to……

• 900 dead, 1,000 wounded, 1,900 captured….major failure

• ISSUES:• Conscription• Expendability• Lessons for D-Day?

How ready are you? Evaluate Canada’s contribution to the

Bomber Command.

How ready are you? Evaluate Canada’s contribution to the

Italian campaign

The Italian Campaign • By 1943 the allies were ready to push

back the Germans from the South and they invaded Italy with Canadians playing a major role.

• They first took Sicily and then landed on the Italian mainland eventually pushing the Germans (who were defending Italy) further North.

• Significance: Was an important step towards the liberation of Europe and kept many German troops away from France making the landing there easier for the allies.

How ready are you? Evaluate Canada’s contribution to the

Italian campaign

How ready are you? Evaluate Canada’s contribution to the

Battle of the Atlantic.

The Battle of the Atlantic 1940-1944

• Germans were trying to cut off supplies to Britain from North America and did so very successfully using submarines (U-Boats) until 1941.

• By 1941 the allies began sailing in convoys (groups of ships protected by destroyers). The Canadian Navy helped a lot by using small warships called corvettes.

• They also started using sonar (like underwater radar) to find the German U-boats.

• By 1943 the allies had won the battle of the Atlantic in large part due to Canada’s contribution – by the end of the war Canada had 370 ships and 100000 personal in the navy.

• Many Canadians also served on the merchant ships which was dangerous work.

• Significance: With their contribution to the Battle of the Atlantic, Canadians ensured supplies for Britain and the ultimate invasion of mainland Europe.

How ready are you? Evaluate Canada’s contribution to the

Battle of the Atlantic.

How ready are you? Evaluate Canada’s contribution to D-Day

(Normandy invasion).

D-DAY – Normandy Invasion

• By 1944 the Allies were ready to gain France back from the Germans. After planning for over a year they launched a huge attack using naval and aerial bombardment of the Normandy region of France eventually capturing five beaches.

• One of the beaches, Juno beach, was captured by the Canadians (14000 soldiers)

• The Canadians continued to push the Germans back through France and liberated Holland by May 1945

• Significance: The Normandy Invasion was the final turning point in the war after which the Germans were in constant retreat. Canadians made a significant contribution to it although in the big picture it was minor (14,000 Canadians 1,000,000 Allied soldiers in total for this operation).

How ready are you? Evaluate Canada’s contribution to D-Day

(Normandy invasion).

Other Canadian Contributions

• Liberation of Holland

• Convoys / Corvettes

• Factories• Merchant

Marine• Farmers

How ready are you? What was Canada’s most important

contribution to WW II?

How ready are you? List and explain four ways that WW II

impacted Canada on the home front.

How ready are you? How did women contribute to WW II and

how did the war impact them?

The Role of Women• During WW II Canada created women’s branches

in the army and 46000 women served overseas as cooks, nurses, pilots, mechanics, radar operators and welders.

• At home women again worked in factories to help supply the war.

• They were encouraged to work through tax breaks and day care.

• Still they were paid less than men for doing the same jobs and expected to go back to being housewives after the war.

How ready are you? How did women contribute to WW II and

how did the war impact them?

How ready are you? Explain how Canada contributed in non-

military ways.

Production (“The Arsenal of Democracy”)

• The war ended the depression because Britain needed supplies and weapons

• Because Canada was a safe place with lots of natural resources we supplied the war be creating bombs, bullets, ships, planes, amoured cars. This was a major contribution to the war effort.

• As in WW I, the gov’t took an active role in increasing production through the War Supply Board

• Food was rationed (gas, coffee, tea, butter, milk, sugar and meat)

How ready are you? Explain how Canada contributed in non-

military ways.

How ready are you? Explain the second conscription crisis.

Conscription Crisis # 2• 1940 – King’s gov’t passed the National Resources Mobilization Act

(NRMA) which gave them special emergency powers to mobilize all the resources of the nation to defeat the enemy

• 1942 – King held a plebiscite (vote on an issue) asking Canadians to release his gov’t from their promise not to invoke conscription.

• 1944 – Although King had tried to avoid sending conscripts overseas, 13000 were sent but only 2000 made it to the front lines.

• 80% of English Canada supported conscription while over 70% of French Canadians did not.

• This strained French-English relations again but not as badly as during WW I

How ready are you? Explain the second conscription crisis.

Propaganda

• Just like in WW I the government created posters and films to convince Canadians of the importance of the war and the evil nature of the enemy.

How ready are you? Evaluated the treatment of enemy aliens

in Canada during WW II.

Japanese Internment • After Pearl Harbour, people in Canada feared that Japanese Canadians

might supply Japan with secret information or even help them invade Canada

• Starting in 1942 all Japanese Canadians were stripped of their rights and required to carry ID cards at all times.

• They were given a choice to go back to Japan or to relocate away from the West coast.

• 22000 Japanese Canadians were sent to internment camps, 14000 of whom were born in Canada

• All of their possessions were sold cheaply and the money went to pay for “storage and handling” charges.

• After the war they were released from the camps.• In 1988 the federal gov’t apologized and gave $21,000 to each

survivor.

Other Enemy Aliens and Discrimination during WW II

• German Canadians and Italian Canadians had to register as well and a small percentage were interned.

• There was significant prejudice against Jews during this time. Jewish refugees were refused entry and some Canadians refused to hire Jewish judges, lawyers, professors and teachers.

How ready are you? Evaluated the treatment of enemy aliens

in Canada during WW II.

How ready are you? Evaluate the impacts of WW II on Canada

Essay outline

How ready are you? How did WW II affect Canada after the

war?

Effects of WW II on Canada • Economic• The war got Canada out of the depression• Shifted the nature of Canada’s economy towards more

industrial production and manufacturing.• Political• Canada gained an international reputation as a middle

power.• Our troops were recognized for their contributions.• Social• Blacks and aboriginal peoples contributed to the war and

hence progressed in status.• Women achieved greater recognition.• Canada became more tolerant (less racist) and accepted

more refugees.• Canada experienced a baby boom and lots of new

immigrants (including war brides) from Europe.

How ready are you? Quickie Quiz

• 1. In 1939, why did Canada declare war on Germany one week after Great Britain?

A. The Canadian armed forces training was incomplete.

B. Germany had yet to launch an attack on Great Britain.

C. The United States had not yet declared its position on the war.

D. The House of Commons had to vote on whether Canada should participate

Use the following information to answer question # 2Canadian Forces in WW II Battles1. D-Day2. Battle of Hong Kong3. Dieppe

2. What is the correct chronological order of these events?A. 1, 2, 3B. 1, 3, 2D. 2, 3, 1C. 2, 1, 3.

• 3. During WW II the Canadian government interned

A. German Canadians.B. Japanese Canadians.C. French Canadians.D. Italian Canadians.

• 4. McKenzie King called a referendum in 1942 about the issue of

A. conscription.B. women’s rights.C. Canada staying in the war.D. an alliance with the U.S.

• 5. Which of the following was introduced during WW II in Canada

A. relief.B. unemployment insurance.C. universal health care.D. women’s right to vote.

• 6. Canada contributed to the allied war effort by

A. training pilots.B. sending armed forces.C. producing planes for the war effort.D. all of the above.E. only B and C are true.

• 7. Which of the following is the best example of a WW II military success for Canada?

A. Dieppe.B. Hong Kong.C. D-Day.D. Battle of Stalingrad

• 8. Which of the following is the most accurate statement about WW II

A. The allies were successful early on but not towards the end.

B. The allies were defeated early on but came back to win the war.

C. Hitler had a bad start to the war.D. The allies won the war easily from start to

finish.

Long-term Causes of

WWI

WWI Breaks Out All Over

Canadian Battles of

Note

Miscellaneous Treaty of Versailles

200 200 200 200 200

400 400 400 400 400

600 600 600 600 600

800 800 800 800 800

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

Imperialism

The “I” in MAIN stands for?

Serbia

Nationalism in this country led to the terrorist group that killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The three members of the Triple Entente

BritainFranceRussia

Militarism is best exemplified by the development of this British ship

The Dreadnought

What year was Franz Ferdinand (and Sofie) killed?

1914

The country that “mobilized” (got their army together) first

Russia

The country that gave Austria-Hungary the “blank cheque”

Germany

The first country actually invaded in World War I

Belgium

The “Schlieffen Plan” was designed to avoid what?

Two-front war

The member of one of the alliances that did not go to war immediately

Italy

The battle where poison gas was used for the first time

Ypres

The battle where the Newfoundland Regiment was decimated

Beaumont Hamel

The bloodiest battle of WWI

Battle of the Somme

The battle that caused the conscription crisis

Vimy Ridge

The man who trained most of the Canadian troops

Sam Hughes

The event that brought the war onto Canada’s soil

Halifax Explosion 1917

The main training camp for Canadian soldiers

Valcartier

The torpedoed ship that was a major reason for the USA’s entry into WWI

Lusitania

Canada’s best “ace”

Billy Bishop

The three ways the government paid for the war

Victory BondsIncome Tax Loans

The time, date, and year of the cease fire (armistice)

11am, Nov.11, 1918

The US president that created the “14 points”

Woodrow Wilson

The Germans’ most hated part of the Treaty of Versailles

War Guilt Clause

The monetary punishment that Germany was forced to pay

Reparations

The year when the ToV was signed

1919