The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage of Electricity and Hydrogen Paul M. Grant 26 Juin 2003...

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The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage of Electricity and Hydrogen Paul M. Grant

26 Juin 2003 Meudon, France

P. M. Grant, (Electric Power Research Institute)pgrant@epri.com

The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage

of Electricity and Hydrogen

ftp://grant:marulo@ftp.epri.com/Nat%20Lab%20SuperGrid%20Proposal/

The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage of Electricity and Hydrogen Paul M. Grant

26 Juin 2003 Meudon, France

P.M. Grant, The Industrial Physicist, Feb/March Issue, 2002

ftp://grant:marulo@ftp.epri.com/Nat%20Lab%20SuperGrid%20Proposal

SupermarketSchool Home

Family Car

DNA-to-order.com

Nuclearplant

H2

H2

HTSC/MgB2

SuperCity

The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage of Electricity and Hydrogen Paul M. Grant

26 Juin 2003 Meudon, France

SuperGrid

“Continential SuperGrid Workshop,” UIUC/Rockefeller U., Palo Alto, Nov. 2002

ftp://grant:marulo@ftp.epri.com/Energy%20SuperGrid%20Workshop%20Proceedings/http://www.epri.com/journal/details.asp?doctype=features&id=511

The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage of Electricity and Hydrogen Paul M. Grant

26 Juin 2003 Meudon, France

North American 21st Century Energy

SuperGrid

H2

e–

H2

e–

H2

e–H2

e–

Commercial

Residential

BMW Z9

Heavy Industr

y

Energy Storage

Solar Roofs

Urban BiomassHTGCR Nuclear Plant

The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage of Electricity and Hydrogen Paul M. Grant

26 Juin 2003 Meudon, France

Interstate 80The 20th Century Diesel

Grid

The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage of Electricity and Hydrogen Paul M. Grant

26 Juin 2003 Meudon, France

Architecture

SuperGrid – A superconducting, H2-cooled interstate “backbone” connecting regions coast to coast.

RegionGrid – Two grid operators (East and West) with upgraded high capacity lines to transmit power regionally.

CityGrid – Local mini- and micro-grids with distributed intelligence, energy resources, and demand response

Integrated systems architecture enables NationalGrid operations across all dimensions.

Three Dimensions

HTHTSS

The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage of Electricity and Hydrogen Paul M. Grant

26 Juin 2003 Meudon, France

Garwin-Matisoo(IBM, 1967)

• Nb3Sn Wire

• TC = 9 K

• LHe liquid-vapor cooled

• LN2 heat shield

100 GW dc, 1000 km !

“Superconducting Lines for the Transmission of Large Amounts of Electric Power over Great Distances,”R. L. Garwin and J. Matisoo, Proc. IEEE 55, 538 (1967)

The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage of Electricity and Hydrogen Paul M. Grant

26 Juin 2003 Meudon, France

1986: A Big Surprise!

Bednorz and MuellerIBM Zuerich, 1986

1980 2000

Hig

h-T

C

164 K

La-214

Hg-1223

V3Si

1900 1920 1940 1960 0

50

100

150

200

Tem

per

atu

re,

TC

(K)

Year

Low-TCHg

Onset TC = 40 K !

La-Ba-Cu-O

The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage of Electricity and Hydrogen Paul M. Grant

26 Juin 2003 Meudon, France

1987: “The Prize!”

The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage of Electricity and Hydrogen Paul M. Grant

26 Juin 2003 Meudon, France

Electricity Pipe

P.M. Grant, S. Schoenung, W. Hassenzahl, EPRI Report 8065-12, 1997

ftp://grant:marulo@ftp.epri.com/Nat%20Lab%20SuperGrid%20Proposal

Initial EPRIstudy on longdistance (1000 km)HTSC dc cablecooled by liquidnitrogen -- 1997 --

The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage of Electricity and Hydrogen Paul M. Grant

26 Juin 2003 Meudon, France

SuperCables

+v I-v

I

H2 H2

Circuit #1 +v I-v

I

H2 H2

Circuit #2

Multiple circuitscan be laid in single trench

The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage of Electricity and Hydrogen Paul M. Grant

26 Juin 2003 Meudon, France

SuperCableHV Insulation

“Super-Insulation”

Superconductor

Hydrogen

DO

DH2

tsc

The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage of Electricity and Hydrogen Paul M. Grant

26 Juin 2003 Meudon, France

Power Flows

PSC = 2|V|IASC, where PSC = Electric power flowV = Voltage to neutral (ground)I = SupercurrentASC = Cross-sectional area of superconducting annulus

Electricity

PH2 = 2(QρvA)H2, where PH2 = Chemical power flow Q = Gibbs H2 oxidation energy (2.46 eV per mol H2)ρ = H2 Density v = H2 Flow Rate A = Cross-sectional area of H2 cryotube

Hydrogen

The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage of Electricity and Hydrogen Paul M. Grant

26 Juin 2003 Meudon, France

Electric & H2 Power

0.12525,000100,000+/- 50001000

Annular Wall

Thickness (cm)

Critical Current Density (A/cm2)

Current (A)

Voltage (V)

Power (MW)

Electricity

3183.8110500

“Equivalent” Current Density (A/cm2)

H2 Flow Rate (m/sec)

Inner Pipe Diameter, DH2

(cm)

Power (MW)

Hydrogen (LH2, 20 K)

The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage of Electricity and Hydrogen Paul M. Grant

26 Juin 2003 Meudon, France

Thermal Losses

WR = 0.5εσ (T4amb – T

4SC), where

 WR = Power radiated in as watts/unit areaσ = 5.67×10-12 W/cm2K4

Tamb = 300 KTSC = 20 Kε = 0.05 per inner and outer tube surfaceDSC = 10 cm WR = 3.6 W/m

RadiationLosses

Superinsulation: WRf = WR/(n-1), where

n = number of layers

 Target: WRf = 0.5 W/m requires ~10 layers

 Other addenda (convection, conduction): WA = 0.5 W/m

 WT = WRf + WA = 1.0 W/m

The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage of Electricity and Hydrogen Paul M. Grant

26 Juin 2003 Meudon, France

Heat Removal

dT/dx = WT/(ρvCPA)H2, where dT/dx = Temp rise along cable, K/mWT = Thermal in-leak per unit Lengthρ = H2 Density v = H2 Flow RateCP = H2 Heat Capacity A = Cross-sectional area of H2 cryotube

Take WT = 1.0 W/m, then dT/dx = 1.8910-5 K/m, Or, 0.2 K over a 10 km distance

The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage of Electricity and Hydrogen Paul M. Grant

26 Juin 2003 Meudon, France

Remaining Issues

• Current stabilization via voltage control

• Cryogenic power electronics• Hydrogen gas cooling and transport• Hydrogen storage• Prototyping• Costs (!)• Initial Demonstration Site

The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage of Electricity and Hydrogen Paul M. Grant

26 Juin 2003 Meudon, France

Where there is no vision,the people perish… Proverbs 29:18

The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage of Electricity and Hydrogen Paul M. Grant

26 Juin 2003 Meudon, France

“You can’t always get what you

want…”

The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage of Electricity and Hydrogen Paul M. Grant

26 Juin 2003 Meudon, France

“…you get what you need!”