Post on 14-Dec-2015
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Hardware - 1:Components of a Computer
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ObjectivesThe objectives of this session (three lectures) are to:
define the nature of data and information
describe how computers represent data
define the principal physical components of a computer system.
describe in broad terms how each component works.
describe the operating/performance characteristics of each component.
show how these components inter-relate.
look at trends in current technology
give you a sufficient understanding of the technology to underpin your understanding of Information Systems
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PC AdvertisementTHE STUDENT SPECIAL - Dell Inspiron 530 Intel® Core™ 2 Duo E4400 Processor (2.0GHz,800MHz,2MB
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What is Data? Definitions:
A series of non-random symbols, number, values or words.
A series of facts obtained by observation or research
A collection of non-random facts
The record of an event or fact
Examples:
today’s date;
measurements taken on a production line;
records of business transactions.
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What is Information? Definitions:
Data that has been processed so that they are meaningful.
Data that has been processed for a purpose.
Data that has been interpreted and understood by the recipient.
Examples:
A bank statement;
A sales forecast;
A telephone directory.
Information Warfare
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Components of a PC Hardware System
You put something in
The computerdoes something to it
You getsomething out
The computer maystore it for a while
Input Processing Output
Storage
DATA INFORMATION
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Word Count on a Word Document
The computerdoes something to it
The computer maystore it for a while
Word Document +
Program Instructions
CountingNumber
ofWords
Pop-up windowwith
Word Count
StoreDocument
Running TotalProgram Instructions
DATA INFORMATION
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Components of a PC Hardware System
Input Devices•Keyboard•Mouse
CentralProcessingUnit (CPU)
Output Devices•Printers•Video display
PrimaryStorage
CommunicationDevices
Secondary Storage•Magnetic disk•Optical disk
Buses
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How Computers Represent Data Bit Byte Size is normally expressed in Bytes Standard measures are:
1,024 bytes = 1 kilobyte (KB) (1,024 = 2 x2 x 2 x2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x2 x 2 x2)
1,024 KB = 1 Megabyte (MB) 1,024 MB = 1 Gigabyte (GB) 1,024 GB = 1 Terabyte (TB) 1,024 TB = 1 Petabyte (PB) 1,024 PB = 1 Exabyte (EB) 1 EB is approximately 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes.
Today PC memory is measured in Megabytes, PC disk in Gigabytes and mainframe disks in Terabytes.
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Some Sizes
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However... When talking of:
Processors (CPU) and Communications use bit.
A 56.8 Kbps modem means 56,800 bits per second
= KB
Processors are often described as 8, 16, 32 or 64 bit.
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The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
InputDevices
SecondaryStorage
OutputDevices
ControlUnit
PrimaryStorage
ALU
Registers
The CPU
Instruction Set
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Core components
Control Unit
Arithmetic-Logic Unit
Registers
Instruction Set
Clock
Primary Storage
Optional
Cache
The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
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The CPU (continued) Control Unit
Access program instructions
Decode (interpret) instructions
Control flow of data throughout system
Data flows through paths called buses
Arithmetic-Logic Unit
Perform computations on data
Perform comparisons on data
Registers
High speed storage areas
Hold data and instructions
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The CPU (continued) Instruction Set
Pre-programmed functions
Clock
Sequences events
Primary Storage (Main Memory)
Stores instructions from programs
Stores data to be processed
Cache Memory (optional)
Overheats – Heat sync
Iitac
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Speed of a Chip1. Cycle Speed
Clock speed – beat frequency of the clock (in MHz) determines how many times per second the processor performs operations.
Intel® Core™ 2 Duo E4400 Processor (2.0GHz,800MHz,2MB cache) – 2 billion cycles per second
2. Word Length
No. of bits that can be processed at any one time.
Pentium D processes 64 bits of data in one machine cycle.
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Speed of a Chip3. Data Bus Width
The physical paths down which the data and instructions travel.
The wider the bus the more data can be moved – faster!
Bus bandwidth: The product of the width of its bus (in bits) times the frequency at which the bus transfers data (MHz).
3. Line width
Distance between transistors (the smaller this is the more transistors can fit on the chip)
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The Microprocessor
Silicon on a ceramicbase
Contains thebasic processingfunctions
The Intel Pentium D is one exampleIt is the latest generationof a series that started with 8086 c. 1978.
Approximately100 pins to linkto remainder ofcomputer
Uses 64 bitregisters Intel Compatibles
Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)Cyrix Corporation
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Examples of Microprocessors
Name Manufacturer Word length Data Bus Width
Used In
Pentium 4 Intel 32 64 PCs
Pentium D Intel 64 64 PCs
Athlon AMD 64 64 PCs
Pentium Xeon Intel 64 64 PCs
UltraSPARC IV Sun Microsystems 64 64 Workstations
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Getting More Performance Instruction sets
Complex Instruction Set Computer or CISC. Intel x86, Pentium
Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC) Power PC
Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) Intel Itanium
Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing Intel Pentium 4
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Multiple Processor Machines
TASK 1
RESULT
TASK 2
RESULT
Program
CPU
Program
CPU
Program
CPUTASK 2
CPUTASK 3
CPUTASK 1
RESULT
SEQUENTIAL PARALLEL
MASSIVE PARALLEL COMPUTERS CAN HAVE THOUSANDS OF CPUs TO ATTACK LARGE COMPUTING PROBLEMS
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Other Chips
CPUs alone do notrun a working
computer
Other chips areneeded. Some contain startupinformation, instructions
Specialisedchips include:•Video memory•Graphics processing•Encryption•Language compilers•Floating point arithmetic
Standard chipsare found on
the motherboard
Specialised chipsare often on
daughterboards
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PC 1991
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PC 2007
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PC AdvertisementTHE STUDENT SPECIAL - Dell Inspiron 530 Intel® Core™ 2 Duo E4400 Processor (2.0GHz,800MHz,2MB
cache) 1.0 GB 533Mhz RAM (2x512) 250GB Serial ATA Hard Drive 19” Flat Panel Monitor (19.0” v.i.s) 256MB nVidia™ GeForce 8600GT graphics card 16x DVD/ +/- RW Combo Drive SoundBlaster Compatible On-Board Sound Dell Stereo Speakers 1GB USB Memory Key Microsoft Windows XP Professional SP2 Microsoft Works 7.0
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Primary Storage
Stores data and program statements for the CPU
Data that have been input before being transferred to the ALU.
Data and results during intermediate stages of processing.
Data after processing until being transferred to an output device.
Program statements/instructions received from input devices and secondary storage.
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RAM (random access memory) Where the CPU stores the instructions and data it is processing.
Size (1.0GB for multimedia)
Speed
Address
Memory is an array of silicon based binary switches
Volatile
Virtual memory
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Cache Memory Temporary storage for frequently used blocks of programmes.
High speed.
Primary (Level 1 cache) – located in the processor.
Secondary (Level 2 cache) – located on the motherboard.
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ROM (read only memory) Portion of Primary Storage that cannot be changed or erased.
Nonvolatile
Booting up
BIOS
POST
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Storage Speeds
Level 1 CacheLevel 2 Cache
ExpensiveCheap
Small AmountLarge Amount
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PC AdvertisementTHE STUDENT SPECIAL - Dell Inspiron 530 Intel® Core™ 2 Duo E4400 Processor (2.0GHz,800MHz,2MB
cache) 1.0 GB 533Mhz RAM (2x512) 250GB Serial ATA Hard Drive 19” Flat Panel Monitor (19.0” v.i.s) 256MB nVidia™ GeForce 8600GT graphics card 16x DVD/ +/- RW Combo Drive SoundBlaster Compatible On-Board Sound Dell Stereo Speakers 1GB USB Memory Key Microsoft Windows XP Professional SP2 Microsoft Works 7.0
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TO DO!!
What is Grid Computing, how does it work, where is it used?
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Summary of Key Points Computers comprise input, output, storage and processing
devices.
Computers are made up of many components of which the most important is the Central Processing Unit.
Processor performance depends on:
Register size;
Clock speed;
Bus size;
Line width.
Currently processors are mostly 64 bit.
There is a steady trend toward multiprocessing machines.