PortugalinChina,1514-23(1)PortugueseinAsia,1498-1514(2)Malacca/Melaka(3)MingForeignTradePolicy:ChenBoxianvs.WuTingju(4)PortugueseinChina,1514-1557(5)EuropeansintheSouthChinaSea(6)Westphalianvs.tributesystems?

Treaty of Zaragoza

Zheng He’s voyages for Emperor Yongle, 1405-33

AfonsodeAlbuquerquec.1453-1515

EmperorZhengde(r.1505-21)

1514 ChenBoxian↔ WuTingju

1514 ChenBoxian↔ WuTingju1517 FernãoPires

EmperorZhengde(r.1505-21)

VeritableRecords,15June1517:

Itisorderedthatshipsfromforeigncountriessending

tributeandcarryingtradegoodsbetaxedattwenty

percent,apor\ontobeforwardedtothecapitaland

apor\ontobelocallyretainedtomeetmilitary

expenses.Thisisen\relyinkeepingwiththeold

regula\ons,andnooneshalluserecentregula\ons

toobstructit.

1514 ChenBoxian↔ WuTingju1517 FernãoPires1519 SimãodeAndrade

1514 ChenBoxian↔ WuTingju1517 FernãoPires1519 SimãodeAndrade1521 QiuDalong ↔ HeAo

1514 ChenBoxian↔ WuTingju1517 FernãoPires1519 SimãodeAndrade1521 QiuDalong ↔ HeAo

DuarteCoelho↔WangHong

1514 ChenBoxian↔ WuTingju1517 FernãoPires1519 SimãodeAndrade1521 QiuDalong ↔ HeAo

DuarteCoelho↔WangHong

Mar\mAffonso

Namban(“Southernbarbarian”)screen,Japan,1620-40AsianArtMuseum,SanFrancisco

GaspardeSanAgus\n,ConquistasdelasislasPhilipinas

“Swatowware”bowlZhangzhou,ca.1620