Portugal in China, 1514-23

(1) Portuguese trade vs. Chinese diplomacy in the Indian Ocean (2) Portugal in Malacca, 1511-1641 (3) Portugal on the China coast, 1514-57 (4) Portugal in Macao, 1557-1999 (5) Economic cooperation + discrepant systems?

Treaty of

Zaragoza

Afonso de Albuquerque c. 1453-1515

Zheng He’s voyages for

Emperor Yongle, 1405-33

Emperor Yongle (r. 1403-24) Poem upon enfeoffing Malacca’s Western Mountain (1405) Into the vast seas in the south-west, China reaches out, Pervading Heaven and encompassing Earth for millions of years. Washed by the sun and bathed by the moon, a gleaming scene is revealed: Rain-washed cliffs and dewy rocks amidst lush vegetation, The people decked out in gold and filigree, the brightest reds and greens. This is a country whose people all follow refined customs. Their king, devoted to all that is good and right, wishes to turn to Our Court; Desires that his country be like a part of China and follow Chinese ways: In coming and going, to be ever more guided by ceremony, In manners and rituals, to be reverent and respectful. Your loyalty is to be inscribed on pure white stone And your Western Mountain enfeoffed in perpetuity. . . .

Emperor Zhengde (r. 1505-21)

1514 Chen Boxian ↔ Wu Tingju

1514 Chen Boxian ↔ Wu Tingju 1517 Fernão Pires

Emperor Zhengde (r. 1505-21)

Veritable Records, 15 June 1517:

It is ordered that ships from foreign

countries sending tribute and carrying trade goods be taxed

at twenty percent, a portion to be forwarded to the capital

and a portion to be locally retained to meet military

expenses. This is entirely in keeping with the old

regulations, and no one shall use recent regulations to

obstruct it.

1514 Chen Boxian ↔ Wu Tingju 1517 Fernão Pires 1519 Simão de Andrade

1514 Chen Boxian ↔ Wu Tingju 1517 Fernão Pires 1519 Simão de Andrade 1521 Qiu Dalong ↔ He Ao

1514 Chen Boxian ↔ Wu Tingju 1517 Fernão Pires 1519 Simão de Andrade 1521 Qiu Dalong ↔ He Ao

1514 Chen Boxian ↔ Wu Tingju 1517 Fernão Pires 1519 Simão de Andrade 1521 Qiu Dalong ↔ He Ao Duarte Coelho ↔ Wang Hong

1510

1511

1557

1510

1511

1557

Namban screen, Japan, 1620-40 Asian Art Museum, San Francisco

1570 1557