Transcript of Napoleonic Europe and the Post- Napoleonic Era 1800-1848.
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- Napoleonic Europe and the Post- Napoleonic Era 1800-1848
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- Key Ideas Napoleonic Code-further eroded the traditional feudal
privileges Growth of nationalism Concert of Europe and their
conservative aims ran counter to the growing desire for liberal,
democratic reform and nationalist self-determination.
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- Napoleon, The Romantic Figure Movement from Enlightenment to
Romanticism Reason and debate Intuition and Action Democracy
Individual Hero Failure Destiny
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- Height of Napoleons Power
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- Napoleon Domestic Reform Brilliant General 1799- Coup detat
takes power from Directory 1804- French plebiscite (vote) to allow
him to be an emperor
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- Social Achievements Consulate (1799) Concordat: Patch
relationship with Catholic Church - 1801 Napoleonic Code: Uniform
laws for all (except women and slaves) - 1804 Lycees: Public
Schools for all National Bank and Tax Reform: To fix Frances
financial Problems
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- Social Achievements Napoleonic Code: Uniform laws for all
(except women and slaves) 1804 civil code enacted in 1804 and still
extant, with revisions; it has been the main influence in the
19th-century civil codes of most countries of continental Europe
and Latin America Under the code all male citizens are equal:
primogeniture, hereditary nobility, and class privileges are
extinguished; civilian institutions are emancipated from
ecclesiastical control; freedom of person, freedom of contract, and
inviolability of private property are fundamental principles.
private property are fundamental principles. The code was
originally introduced into areas under French control in 1804:
Belgium, Luxembourg, parts of western Germany, northwestern Italy,
Geneva, and Monaco. It was later introduced into territories
conquered by Napoleon: Italy, the Netherlands, the Hanseatic lands,
and much of the remainder of western Germany and Switzerland. The
code is still in use in Belgium, Luxembourg, and Monaco.
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- To solidify his position Suppressed royalists and republicans
Censored and controlled the press Regulated items in schools
Reconciled France with the Roman Church by signing the Concordant
of 1801, which stipulated that French clergy would be chosen and
paid by the state but consecrated by the pope.
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- Ambitions for Empire Americas: Louisiana territories (N.
America) Guiana (S. America - still a French colony) Saint-Domingue
(Haiti) (Caribbean)
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- But Napoleon Decides to Ditch the Americas Sells Louisiana
Territory to U.S. for $15 million to finance war, spite British
Slave revolt in Saint-Domingue creates worlds first black republic
(Haiti)
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- Haitian Independence, 1792- 1804 Toussaint LOuverture
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- Louisiana Purchase, 1803 $15,000,000
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- Consecration of the Emperor Napolon & the Empress
Josephine, 1806 by David December 2, 1804
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- Consecration of the Emperor Napolon & the Empress
Josephine, (Detail) 1806 by David Consecration of the Emperor
Napolon & the Empress Josephine, (Detail) 1806 by David
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- Napolons Throne
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- The Imperial Image
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- Napoleonic Europe
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- Italy 1797, his victories led to a Northern Italian Republic,
the Cisalpine, and several satellites in Central and Southern Italy
Opposed to national unity in Italy
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- Germany Reorganized Germany after his victories over Austria
and Prussia Consolidated 300 independent political entities
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- Napolons Family Rules! eJerome Bonaparte - King of Westphalia.
eJoseph Bonaparte - King of Spain eLouise Bonaparte - King of
Holland ePauline Bonaparte - Princess of Italy eNapolon Francis
Joseph Charles - King of Rome eElisa Bonaparte - Grand Duchess of
Tuscany eCaroline Bonaparte - Queen of Naples
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- Napoleon Reaches His Peak from 1807-1812 But, Problems Are
Forming: Napoleons control over other countries makes them realize
that they are more loyal to their own people than Napoleon Frances
Empire is huge and difficult to control Napoleon was his own worst
enemy!
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- And Then Things Fall Apart! Three Costly Mistakes: 1. The
Continental System 2. The Peninsular War 3. The Invasion of
Russia
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- Napolons Major Military Campaigns Trafalgar (Lord Nelson: Fr.
Navy lost!) BritainFrance 1805: Sea Power
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- Battle of Trafalgar
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- Continental System - November 1806 A blockade designed to cut
England off from Europe Napoleons navy lost at Trafalgar, so direct
naval conflict out of question To destroy British trade, undermine
it economically To exclude it from Europes affairs
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- Problems with Continental System 1. Was not executed correctly
- weakened British trade, did not destroy it 2. British retaliated,
made own blockade, and stopped all neutral ships going to Europe 1.
Including American ships, causing War of 1812 (only war in which
U.S. invaded by foreign power) 3. Weakened economy of France and
lands controlled by Napoleon
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- The Peninsular War - 1808 Portugal ignored Continental System
Napoleon sent army through Spain to overthrow Royal Family Spanish
towns rioted in response, so Napoleon deposed Spanish king and made
brother king of Spain and Portugal Port. Royals fled to Brazil,
which became only colony to be the capital of its mother
country
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- The Peninsular War - 1808 REALLY made Spanish mad Very loyal to
king Feared that Napoleon would weaken power of Church as had
happened in France Engaged in 5 years of guerrilla warfare, which
cost Napoleon 300,000 troops Encouraged Nationalism in other
countries like Germany and Italy, who also started guerrilla
warfare
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- Invasion of Russia - 1812 Invading Russia = Losing Prospect!
Napoleon and Czar of Russia were allies Napoleon thought that czar
was selling grain to Britain behind his back N. feared that czar
wanted Poland from France N. decided to invade Russia
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- Invasion of Russia, contd. June, 1812: Grand Army leaves for
Russia All drafted from throughout Europe and not loyal to Napoleon
Scorched Earth Policy: EVERYTHING destroyed to keep from French:
deaths and desertions Sept. 14, 1812: Entered Moscow Czar ordered
it burned down N. lingered for 5 weeks, waiting for peace offer -
none came
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- Invasion of Russia, contd. Oct./Nov. 1812 - Ordered retreat
from Moscow Snows began to fall Barefoot, starving soldiers
attacked by Russians Temperature: on one day, -30: Birds fell dead
from sky Mid-December 1812: Remaining 10,000 soldiers left
Russia
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- Napolon Invades Russia: 1812 614,000 French troops
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- Moscow on Fire!
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- Napolon & His Grand Arme at the Gates of Moscow
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- Russian General Kutuzov The Russian army defeated the French at
Borodino.
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- Napolons Retreat from Moscow (Early 1813) 100,000 French troops
retreat40,000 survive!
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- Mop-Up Duty Oct. 1813 - N. no longer has trained army -
draftees destroyed by Allies at Leipzig Jan. 1814 - Austrians and
Russians enter Paris April 1814 - Napoleon Abdicates, accepts
surrender written by czar Napoleon given pension and banishment to
Elba New French king: Brother of Louis XVI installed as ruler
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- Napolons Defeat at Leipzig (October 16-17, 1813) Battle of the
Nations Memorial
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- Napolon Abdicates! eAllied forces occupied Paris on March 31,
1814. eNapolon abdicated on April 6 in favor of his son, but the
Allies insisted on unconditional surrender. eNapolon abdicated
again on April 11. eTreaty of Fontainbleau exiles Napolon to Elba
with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs. eThe royalists took
control and restored Louis XVIII to the throne. eAllied forces
occupied Paris on March 31, 1814. eNapolon abdicated on April 6 in
favor of his son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional
surrender. eNapolon abdicated again on April 11. eTreaty of
Fontainbleau exiles Napolon to Elba with an annual income of
2,000,000 francs. eThe royalists took control and restored Louis
XVIII to the throne.
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- Napolon in Exile on Elba
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- Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)
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- One More Time for Old Times Sake New French king unpopular Mar.
1815 - escaped Elba and landed in France Within days, become
Emperor again and Louis XVIII flees
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- Napolon on His Way to His Final Exile on St. Helena
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- Waterloo - The Final Showdown Fought between Napoleon and
British June 15, 1815: French attacked June 17, 1815: French lost
Died 6 years later (stomach cancer) Marie Louise left him for
Austrian officer assigned to watch over her Napoleons son died of
tuberculosis in Austria
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- Aftermath Napoleon roused nationalism throughout Europe Led to
unification of Germany and Italy as we know them U.S. gained middle
1/3 of its current land Haiti first colony other than US to win
independence US attacked by British Spanish American colonies like
semi-independence, rebel against re-establishment of Spanish King
(Simon Bolivar)
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- The Congress of Vienna (September 1, 1814 June 9, 1815) eIts
job was to undo everything that Napolon had done: VReduce France to
its old boundaries - her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level.
VRestore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost
their thrones during the Napolonic era. eSupported the resolution:
There is always an alternative to conflict. eIts job was to undo
everything that Napolon had done: VReduce France to its old
boundaries - her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level. VRestore
as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their
thrones during the Napolonic era. eSupported the resolution: There
is always an alternative to conflict.
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- Key Players at Vienna The Host Prince Klemens von Metternich
(Aus.) Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br.) Tsar Alexander
I (Rus.) King Frederick William III (Prus.) Foreign Minister,
Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)
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- Key Principles Established at Vienna Balance of Power
Legitimacy Compensation Balance of Power Legitimacy Compensation
Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years. France would
have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs. Coalition forces
would occupy France for 3-5 years. France would have to pay an
indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.
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- VFrance was deprived of all territory conquered by Napolon.
VRussia was given most of Duchy of Warsaw (Poland). VPrussia was
given half of Saxony, parts of Poland, and other German
territories. VA Germanic Confederation of 39 states (including
Prussia) was created from the previous 300, under Austrian rule.
VAustria was given back territory it had lost recently, plus more
in Germany and Italy. VThe House of Orange was given the Dutch
Republic and the Austrian Netherlands to rule. Changes Made at
Vienna (1)
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- Changes Made at Vienna (2) VNorway and Sweden were joined. VThe
neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed. VHanover was enlarged,
and made a kingdom. VBritain was given Cape Colony, South Africa,
and various other colonies in Africa and Asia. VSardinia was given
Piedmont, Nice, Savoy, and Genoa. VThe Bourbon Ferdinand I was
restored in the Two Sicilies. VThe Duchy of Parma was given to
Marie Louise. VThe slave trade was condemned (at British urging).
VFreedom of navigation was guaranteed for many rivers.
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- Napolons Tomb
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- Europe in 1800
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- Napolons Empire in 1810
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- Europe After the Congress of Vienna
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- To wrap up After the death of Napoleon, how was France and
Europe: The same as it had always been? Completely different?
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- Growth and Suppression of Democracy 1815 (Fall of Napoleon) to
the Revolutions of 1848 is the age of Metternich Klemens von
Metternich (1773-1859) Conservatism Felt liberals were imposing
their views on society mostly due to nationalist
self-determination
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- Modern Democracy England-stabilizing evolutionary process that
represented the interests in government of more and more of its
populace Francethrough un-stabilizing seesaw battles between
reaction and radicalism
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- Nations playing important roles 19 th and 20th Germany Austria
Russia Suppress democratic urges Germany/Unification Austria/German
Hapsburg move to suppress the autonomy of the polyglot (many
tongues) nationalities Russia/Autocracy, Orthodoxy,
Nationalism
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- England Corn Laws 1815 Robert Peel Great Reform Bill
1832-abolish rotten boroughs**, expanded the electorate, and
empowered the industrial middle class A)an urban community
incorporated by royal charter, similar to an incorporated city or
municipality in the U.S. B)a town, area, or constituency
represented by a Member of Parliament. C)(formerly) a fortified
town organized as and having some of the powers of an independent
country. Chartist Movement (reforms 1838-1840s) one manone
vote
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- England Whig/William Gladstone Tory/Benjamin Disraeli and the
Second Reform Bill 1867 Doubled the electorate and gave the vote to
industrial workers Social welfare state: government institutions
that guarantee all citizens a decent standard of living
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- France Bourbon Louis XVIII Charles X (r. 1824-1830) repressive
measures led to rioting in Paris Charles abdicates and causes a
rift between radicals and the bourgeoisie Louis Phillipe (r.
1830-1848) bourgeoisie king He abdicates and the Chamber of
Deputies declares a republic
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- France/Louis Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleons nephew elected
President of the Second Republic (first was declared during the
French Revolution) Conservative classes 1852 re-elected and
proclaimed Emperor Napoleon III of the Second French Empire
(remember Napoleon was the first) Autocracy where Napoleon
controlled finances and legislation Liberal Empire (1860-1870)
Foreign Affairs his downfall Crimean War (1853-1856)
Franco-Prussian War
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- France/Louis Napoleon Bonaparte The defeat of the French in the
Franco-Prussian War ended the Second Empire and began the Third
Republic National Assembly suppresses the counter government, Paris
Commune 1875 assembly voted to set up a Chamber of Deputies elected
by universal manhood suffrage/senate indirectly elected 1871-1914
French government fell dozens of times (unstable) Dreyfus Affair
(1894-1906) Multiparty system in France Old liberalism vs. new
liberalism
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- Germany Through the Age of Metternich (1815-1848) German
Confederation of 39 independent states Confederation established by
the Congress of Vienna to help curtail radical student
organizations 1819 Carlsbad degrees Zollverein 1848 Revolutions
Prussian King Frederick William IV (r. 1840-1861) called a nominal
legislative assembly/1850 granted a constitution that established a
House of Representatives elected by universal manhood suffrage
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- Germany Through the Age of Metternich (1815-1848) The Frankfurt
Assembly (not kings Legislative Assembly) met from May 1848 to May
1849 and established the nature and the future union of Germany
Advocates of Greater Germanyinclude Austria and have Hapsburg
emperor rule over the union Supporters of Lesser Germanyexclude
Austria and have Prussia lead the union Failure of the Frankfurt
Assembly to design a democratic unionleft the job of unification to
Prussian militarism and Bismarks policies.
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- Austria The Ethnic Mix that made up the Austrian Empire helped
bring about the revolutions of 1848 Germans, Hungarians, Slavs,
Czechs, Italians, Serbs, Croats Prague Conference (Antislavism) The
revolutions of 1848 failed in Austria largely because the empires
ethnic minorities squabbled amongst themselves Austro-Prussian War
1866
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- Russia 1815-1914 Alexander I (r. 1801-1825) Extend reforms of
Catherine the Great Constantine and Nicholas Decembrist Revolt
Nicholas I (r. 1825-1855) attained the throne after crushing the
revolt Alexander II (r. 1855-1881) Began as a reformer and ended a
conservative Emancipation Proclamation 1861ended serfdom