APUSH 1800-1848Unit 4 overview

Lecture 4.1

Age of Jefferson and JacksonMarket Revolution

Communication Revolution

“America is the country of the future. It is a country of beginnings, of projects, of vast designs and expectations”- Ralph Waldo Emerson 1844

American Transcendentalism- a reaction to Harvard intellectualism. The ideal spiritual state transcends the empirical and religion and relies on intuition

Has this philosophy influenced American intellectual life?

You tell me.

“Make the most of yourself for that is all there is of you.” Ralph Waldo Emerson

“This American government--what is it but a tradition, though a recent one, endeavoring to transmit itself unimpaired to posterity, but each instant losing some of its integrity?”

From Civil Disobedience Henry David Thoreau

“I submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for the law.” Martin Luther King Jr.

Can we boil it all down to one word?

Transformation1800-1848

The Big Political Issues 1800-1812

• Party Politics -Federalists decline, Demo-Republicans rise

• Conflicts over judiciary and important legal precedents

• Jefferson’s foreign policy and domestic policy• Madison finds war essential

Transformation1800-1848

Terms

• “Revolution” of 1800– Jefferson thinks it’s a rev. because: it was a return

to original ideas of the American Revolution• What were those again?

• “Revolution” of 1800– Jefferson thinks it’s a rev. because: it was a return

to original ideas of the American Revolution• What were those again?

• Counterargument– Jefferson keeps in place most federalist programs,

so it wasn’t a revolution-excise tax exception• What were those again?

Liberty, life, popular rule, state rights

Bank of USA, tariff, state debt assumption

“I confess that in America I saw more than America; I sought there the image of democracy itself, with its inclinations, its character, its prejudices, and its passions, in order to learn what we have to fear or to hope from its progress.” Alexis De Tocqueville Democracy in America.

1815As today, the largest metropolis on the North American continent was………..

In the 19th century, two territorially contiguous empires expanded rapidly across vast continental distances………..

How often did people bathe in 1815?

How tall was the average American man

Mexico

USA and Russia

Max-once a week

5’8””

What makes American Agrarians at this time unusual?Innovation and risk

This was the time period of “compassionate marriage” and the synthesis of agriculture and commerce.ex. Yeoman Aaron Fuller p 44 WHGW

Jefferson and Foreign affairs

• Louisiana Purchase– Napoleon’s motives: 1. Haitian Revolution, T. L’Ouverture

2. Didn’t want to have America side with Britain, so SELL!!

3. Jefferson conflicted

• Lewis and Clark Expedition 2 and ½ year expedition

Decline of the Federalist party

• BUT…..who was the most important federalist of this era?

Hint one: John Adams Sec of StateHint two: 4th Supreme Justice of the Supreme CourtHint three: 1801-1835 Longest serving supreme court justiceWas at the Constitutional convention ratification in VirginiaMajor opponent there, Patrick Henry

John Marshall

Marshall’s decisions

• Marbury v Madison (1803) First case where Supreme Court overruled an act of Congress– Established judicial review

• Fletcher v Peck(1810) First case where Supreme Court ruled a state law unconstitutional. (Georgia land bribe case)– Slam on state rights. Increase fed. power

More Marshall Decisions

• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)– Necessary and proper clause– Supremacy clause

– Can the State tax the Bank of the US? No– Is the Bank of the US constitutional? Yes

States cannot impede Federal government if they are doing what is “necessary and proper”

Loose Construction vs. Strict Construction

Strict construction or Loose Construction? State of Hawaii v Zhou (2050)

• In 2050 the Weist Supreme Court heard a case appealed from Hawaii’s Supreme Court. Governor Rei Thielbar was forcing inmates in state prisons to listen to the “It’s a Small World After All” song continuously in their cells. Lawyers for inmate Karen Zhou argued that this was against the 8th amendment’s “Cruel and unusual punishment” clause.

• Writing for the majority, Justice Brian Weist found that the state of Hawaii did not violate the 8th amendment and actually used the “necessary and proper clause” to deal with their discipline problems in Hawaii

Burr v Massachusetts State Police (2045)

• Harvard professor and Nobel Prize winning scientist Sarah Burr’s personal belongings were seized by the police when they mistakenly searched the wrong office (they were looking for McKenzie Eshleman’s recipe for muscle enhancement for endurance running.) While the police were in Burr’s office, they found the secret formula to cure cancer and thus did not return it, as it would benefit society and sold it on the black market to Russia. Burr is suing the state of Massachusetts for 100,000,000,000,000 dollars in property loss, since her 4 th amendment rights were violated.

• Chief Justice Hunter Allen finds in favor of Burr, but sites the 9th amendment stating that a right to privacy is implied for American citizens.

Time machine/Synthesis

• Richard Nixon runs for president in 1968 saying he will appoint “Strict constructionists” to the Supreme Court, not like the “Judicial Activists” of the Warren Court.

Warren court:Brown v. Board of Education (1954) ended segregation in schoolsEngel v Vitale (1962) ended mandatory school prayerMiranda v Arizona (1966)

LOOSE Construction

Dartmouth College v. Woodward, (1819),

• State cannot force a private institution to become public

• Contract clause

Cohen v Virginia (1821)

• US Supreme Court has the right to hear cases decided by state supreme courts.

• Marshall upheld the decision of the court but asserted in his opinion that the ultimate authority is the US Supreme Court

Big issues Political issues1812-1824

• War of 1812 and long term results• Development of Nationalism and economic

policies• Missouri Compromise• Supreme court’s development• Monroe Doctrine-real and symbolic

significance

Transformation1800-1848

Big issues Domestic 1824-1840

• Mass Democracy in 1820’s• The significance of Jackson• Political innovations(mass parties) and

implications for society• Bank war• Indian policies

Transformation1800-1848

Some demographic and technology issues:1790-1960

• How did Americans migrate, move and grow?• Effects of early industrialization on American

society• New technologies in communication and

transportation• The Market Revolution

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Big Social Issues 1790-1860

• Religion• Reform movements• American Feminism• Utopian experiments• Achievements in arts and sciences• Achievements in Literature

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Washington Irving

• Innovations in publishing and transportation lead to first American who can write for a living

• Sketchbook-The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Rip Van Winkle

Examples AKA Evidence

1. American population doubles every two years

2. Economy fueled by new technologies (telegraph and railroad) growing

3. Revivalism in churches (The 2nd great Awakening)

4. Mass democracy for the first time ANYWHERE in the world

But…. Everyone has a past

• Slavery- “A moral outrage that mocked the Republic’s claim to be a model of social and political enlightenment” David Kennedy

• “Mexico will poison us” Emerson

Important people

• Samuel Morse- 1844 Telegraph. From US Supreme Court to Baltimore tapped

out message:

“WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT”

Issues common in all developing countries. US 1812-1850…no exception

1. Attracting and mobilizing capital2. How to provide municipal services3. How to create and fund system of public

education capable of delivering mass literacy4. How to combine industrialization with decent

labor conditions and hours of employment5. How to arbitrate disputes between indigenous

peoples and settlers intent on expropriating them

Interesting random theories about 1800-1848

• Austere religion does not foster high arts of music, painting, sculpture

• Many political leaders at this time were newpaper men. A job at the post office was a political job. (Is the importance of newspapers declining in our society today?)

• The frontier was anywhere that it was difficult to get product to market

More random theories

And the problem of what to do about the slave trade. Federal government had outlawed importation 1808. So what did this cause?

Ex. Isabella p 50 WHGW

Treaty of Fort Jackson

• Aug 9 1814• How much land wasAndrew Jackson really responsibleFor obtaining? ¾ of Alabama and Florida, 1/3 of Tennessee, 1/5

of Georgia and Mississippi, and pieces of Kentucky and North Carolina