Wheels, Deals and Wheels, Deals and Automobiles: Automobiles: The Industrial The Industrial

RevolutionRevolution1750-18481750-1848

Traditional Farming Methods 1. List all of the

MACHINES in the picture.

2. How many POWER SOURCES are in the picture?

3. What SOCIAL CLASSES are represented here?

4. Using the picture, write a sentence describing life before industrialization.

How did the world go from this?

To this?

What triggered the Industrial Revolution?

• Agricultural Revolution

new inventions (seed drill) put small farmers out of work – migrated to towns

Also people lived longer – created a large work force

• Population Explosion 1800s• Energy Revolution

Water mills/windmills, steam engines

A New Agricultural Revolution

Improved Methods of

Farming

Enclosure Movement

Population Explosion

•Dikes for land reclamation•Fertilizer•Seed Drill – Jethro Tull•Crop rotation

•Rich landowners fenced in land formerly shared by peasant farmers.•Output rose with fewer workers•Tenants displaced•Moved to cities

•Britain’s population rose from 5 million in 1700 to 9 million in 1800.•Declining death rates•Reduced risk of famine.

James Watt’s Steam Engine: World Changing Invention

James Watt's improvements in 1769 and 1784 to the steam engine converted a machine of limited use, to one of efficiency and many applications.

James Watt’s Steam Engine: World Changing Invention

• Watt’s improved steam engine was the foremost energy source in the emerging Industrial Revolution, and greatly multiplied its productive capacity.

James Watt’s Steam Engine: World Changing Invention

Watt was a creative genius who radically transformed the world from an agricultural society into an industrial one. Through Watt’s invention of the first practical steam engine, our modern world eventually moved from a 90% rural basis to a 90% urban basis.

James Watt’s Steam Engine: World Changing Invention

Improved steam engines led to improved systems for transporting people and factory goods.

Effects of the Industrial Revolution• Political Aristocracy remains

but has less power

• EconomicNew technologies, trade huge

divide between industrialized and non

industrialized world

• Social social status becomes based on wealth (not birth)Growth of cities (urbanization)Growth of ‘isms’

Urbanization• In the mid 1700s, more than half the population

of Britain lived and worked on farms.• Between 1750 and 1851, displaced farming

families moved to the cities to work in the new factories.

Urban Living Conditions

• Factory owners rushed to build housing

• Back to back row houses

• Several people in very small spaces

• Poor sanitation• High disease rates• Crime• Massive pollution

Industrialization

Factory systemRigid schedule 12-

16 hoursWorkers exposed to

dangersParents accepted

idea of child labor

Urban Living Conditions

CITY GENTRY TRADESPEOPLE LABORERS

Rutland 52 41 38

Truro 40 33 28

Derby 49 38 21

Manchester 38 20 17

Bethnal Green

45 26 16

Liverpool 35 22 15

Average Age at Death for Different Classes

Rutland – agricultural area in central EnglandTruro – tin mining centerOther locations – major industrial

centers

Working Conditions and Wages

• Common working day: 12 – 14 hours

• One short break for lunch• Work week: 6 days per

week• 80 degree heat• Workers were beaten if

they did not perform well.• Hot, polluted factory air.• Workers risked losing

limbs from the machines.• Low wages.

Child Labor

• Children shifted from farm work to factory work.

• 12 – 14 hour days• 6 day weeks• Lower wages than

adults.• Began at age 5.• Mining work

deformed bodies.

Child Labor• As concerns about the

welfare of children rose in mid 1800s, Parliament held investigations into working conditions.

• New laws and new labor unions improved conditions.

New Technologies

and World EconomySteamshipsTelegraph

cablesSteel

ElectricityChemical industriesRailroad

World Trade

•Great Britain first to industrialize•By 1890 Germany and U.S. surpassed G.B. as world’s leading industrial powers•Industrialized nations mass produced consumer goods while the non-industrial areas provided raw materials

World Economy

World became prey to sudden swings in business cycle because of ever-changing supply and demand

Environmental effects

RR ate land

Tropical forests cut for plantati

ons

Growth of Isms

• Capitalism

• Economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit.

•Socialism•Economic factors determine course of history and the struggle between the classes is caused by who benefits from surplus

CommunismKarl Marx

• Scientific socialism• Economics really a struggle

between the “haves” (upper class and merchants bourgeoisie) and the “have nots” (proletariat working class.)

• Advocated a workers’ revolution to replace private ownership of property with cooperative ownership.

• “Workers of the world unite you have nothing to lose but your chains”

UTILITARIANISM

• Greatest happiness for the greatest number

• Any action is right if it produces happiness

• Jeremy Bentham• John Stuart Mill –

advocated government help for poor

Utopianism

• Self-sufficient communities – all work was shared and all property was owned in common

• Does this work?

Economists of the Industrial Revolution

• Adam Smith: advocated laissez- faire economics. No government regulation of business. A free market will produce more goods at lower prices, making them affordable by everyone. The basis of Capitalism.

• Thomas Malthus: Population will outpace the food supply

• David Ricardo: Poor having too many children, thus leading to a high labor supply and lower wages.

• New inventions and development of factories

• Rapidly growing industry in the 1800s

• Increased production and higher demand for raw materials

•Growth of worldwide trade

• Population explosion and a large labor force

• Exploitation of mineral resources

• Highly developed banking and investment system

• Advances in transportation, agriculture, and communication

Economic Effects

• Child labor laws to end abuses

• Reformers urging equal distribution of wealth (i.e. Karl Marx)

• Trade unions

• Social reform movements, such as utilitarianism, utopianism, socialism, and Marxism

• Reform bills in Parliament

Political Effects

The Industrial Revolution

• Long hours worked by children in factories• Increase in

population of cities• Poor city planning • Loss of family

stability • Expansion of middle

class• Harsh conditions for

laborers•Workers’ progress

vs. laissez-faire economic attitudes • Improved standard

of living• Creation of new jobs• Encouragement of

technological progress

Social Effects

Industrial Revolution Vocabulary• Bourgeoisie Merchant Class• Proletariat Workers• Factory system Rigid Schedule 12-14 hrs./day• Domestic system Make goods at home• Capital Land/money which produces• Laissez-faire hands off policy toward business• Capitalist Profit• Communism everyone owns equally