Post on 05-Jun-2020
Columbian Exchange
• The continents had been separated for millions of years – many different species of plants and animals evolved on the separated continents
• The discovery by brings about tremendous biological changes for both worlds
• New foods, animals and diseases are spread
• Trend towards less ecological diversity as strong introduced species crowd out local species
• In groups of 2-3, place each item in what
you think is its region of origin, the Old
World (Europe, Asia, Africa) or the New
World (North and South America).
• Use scratch paper
• During the follow up discussion, record
correct answers on your own chart
handout
• Animals:
• Chicken
• Horse
• Llama
• Pig
• Sheep
• Turkey
• Plants:
• Apples
• Bananas
• Chili Peppers
• Chocolate
• Coffee
• Corn
• Dandelion
• Kudzu
• Olives
• Onion
• Oranges
• Peanuts
• Potatoes
• Pumpkin
• Rice
• Sugar
• Tobacco
• Tomatoes
• Wheat
Old World
New World
Plants:
• Old World:
• Apples
• Bananas
• Coffee
• Dandelion
• Kudzu
• Olives
• Onion
• Oranges
• Peanuts
• Rice
• Sugar
• Wheat
• New World:
• Chili Peppers
• Chocolate
• Corn
• Potatoes
• Pumpkins
• Tobacco
• Tomatoes
New World Civilizations
The Mayas, Aztecs and Incas
Chapter 16, Sections 2-4
Overview
• While most cultures in the Americas were nomadic or semi-nomadic societies, cultures in Central America and the Andes developed agriculture and pottery
• Developed sophisticated systems of agriculture with irrigation and building with stone
• Lacked domesticated animals
• Main crops were maize in central America and the potato in the Andes
Olmecs• One of the earliest
civilizations in southern-central Mexico
• 1200 BC – 400 BC
• Developed the rubber ballgame and practiced human sacrifice
• Left behind large carved human heads (Some 9-10 ft. tall)
The Mayans – 16, Section 2
1. Environment-Built in the Jungles of
what is today Guatemala and southern
Mexico
2. Urban Centers-A series of city states
that reach their height in the classic
period, 250 to 900 A.D. – Tikal and
Palenque
3. Economy-Farming, maize
The ruins of Palenque
Mayan cont
4. Social structure - Kings viewed as the
representatives of the Gods
5. Religion - viewed the time and the
universe as cyclical, Gods must be
satisfied thru blood sacrifice
6. Achievements-Sophisticated knowledge
of astronomy and math, the number 0,
developed a system of writing
Ball court at Tikal
The Temple of Kukulcan
Chichén-Itzá, Yucatán, Mexico
Mayan Calendar, Hieroglyphics,
Numbers
Aztecs
1. Aztecs were strongly
militaristic
2. Were a nomadic people
called the Mexica, who
settled around a lake
(Texcoco)
3. Their military success
reinforced their beliefs in
their religion
Aztec Religion and Empire
• In the 1300s, they conquered all of central Mexico, from the Atlantic to Pacific coasts
4. As a city on the lake, the waterways offered protection from attack
5. Their religion demanded blood sacrifice to appease their god Huizilopochtil.
6. Aztecs’ capture of sacrifical victims made enemies of their conquered subjects
Aztec Warfare
• Jaguar Warrior
• Obsidian Sword –
razor sharp
pieces of obsidian
in a wooden
handle
• Tactics designed
to capture enemy
7. Montezuma II• The empire reached its
peak in the late 1400s
under Montezuma I
• His son, Montezuma II,
ascended to the throne in
1502, and ruled over a
powerful and rich empire
• Tenochtitlan had a
population of over
200,000 people
Tenochtitlan
The Empire of the Incas – 16:4• Built an empire in the Andes mountains, from
Chile to Ecuador
• System of Govt- Governed thru conquest of other peoples, emperor
• Language - No written language, Imposed their language on those they conquered
• Cities - Large cities in the mountains, Machu Pichu
• Road System - Built a vast road system connecting their mountainous empire
• Economy – agricultural – potato, weaving llama wool
• Religion – the emperor was considered a god on Earth, Sun God
Civil War among the Incas
• Civil war broke out before the arrival of
the Spanish in the early 1500s
• The emperors two sons, Huascar and
Atahualpa were fighting each other for
control
• This struggle would be used by the
Spanish to conquer the Incas
Macchu Pichu
Cuzco, Peru
Quipu
Hiram Bingham, the American explorer who
found the ruins of Machu Picchu in 1911
Inspiration for Indiana Jones?
Guns, Germs and Steel
• Why did the Europeans discover the
Americas rather than the Aztecs discover
Europe?
• Discuss, Give two or more reasons
• 5 minutes
New World Explorers
European Exploration
Europeans seek new trade routes
• Main reason for exploration is
wealth
• Trade during Crusades led to
demand for Asian goods – spices,
fabrics
• Muslims and Italians control
access to these goods
“God, Gold and Glory”
• Desire to spread Christianity strong among
early traders and explorers
• Many technologies develop in Europe to
make travel across great distances
possible
– The compass & astrolabe
– Caravel & lateen sail
– Gunpowder & ship’s cannon
Technology of
Exploration
• Caravel -
• Compass -
• Astrolabe -
Portugal Leads the Way
• Its location in Western Europe makes its well suited to explore in new directions
• Prince Henry the Navigator establishes a school for navigation
• Portugal builds trading posts on coast of Africa
• Bartolemeu Dias sails to tip of Africa (1488)
• Vasco da Gama sails around Africa to India (1498)– Portuguese merchants can cut out the Italian-Muslim
monopoly
Christopher Columbus & Spain
• Born in Italy in 1451
• Moved to Portugal, became a
navigator
• There he came up with a plan to sail
west to India & China
• Rejected by Portugal, went to Spain
• Finally, in 1492, Ferdinand & Isabella
of Spain approved his “enterprise of
the Indies”
The Discovery
• In August of 1492, he left Spain with three
ships – the Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria
• Sighted land on Oct. 12, 1492
• Made four more voyages to the New
World, but never realized he had found a
new continent
• Removed as colonial governor by the
queen & briefly arrested
Spanish Claims
• Portugal disputes Spain’s claims to the New World
• The Pope (Alexander IV) settles the dispute
• Divides the Atlantic between the two countries in the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
• Portugal gets Africa & Brazil out of this deal
Magellan
• Portuguese explorer, working for Spain
• In 1519, he left Spain with 5 ships and 250 men
• Rounded the tip of South America, crossed the
Pacific
• Killed in the Philippines, 1521
• Only one ship returned to Spain in 1522 (with 35
men)
• Spanish claim Philippines, establish trading
posts to compete with Portugese
Other Nations
• France, England and the Dutch
• Trade with India seen as more
lucrative than New World
• Dutch and English destroy
Portuguese trading posts – Portugal
never regains its dominance over
trade and exploration
Think About
Why did Spain set up trading posts in Asia?
How did the Dutch gain control of much of
the Indian Ocean?
How did European battles for Indian Trade
affect Native peoples?
SKIP
Map Activity: The Americas Western Hemisphere
–Use 439 & 555
• Aztec Empire
• Mayan Empire
• Incan Empire
• Journey of Pizarro
• Journey of Magellan
• Atlantic Ocean
• Pacific Ocean
Mexico/Central America Map 555
• Tenochtitlan
• Journey of Columbus (1492)
• Journey of DeSoto
• Journey of Cortes
• Pacific Ocean
• Caribbean Sea
• Gulf of Mexico
Asian Exploration
• Ming Dynasty defeats Mongol rulers
in late 1300s and builds a powerful
& wealthy empire
• Yonglo becomes emperor - 1405
• The Chinese Muslim eunuch Zheng
He heads seven expeditions to
India and Africa from 1405 – 1433
• Yonglo’s son anti-exploration – has
China’s fleet burned
Explorers and Conquistadors
• It soon became obvious that Asian lands had not been discovered, but a New World.
• Europeans began traveling to the New World in search of wealth, land and potential Christian converts
• Amerigo Vespucci – credited with being the first European explorer to determine that Columbus’ discoveries were a new world
• A German mapmaker named the new lands “America” as a tribute to Vespucci
Hernan Cortes
• Spanish landowner in Cuba
• In 1519, he led a few hundred men to
Mexico in hopes of conquering new
lands for Spain (which he, of course,
would govern)
• With the help of thousands of natives
who are enemies of the Aztecs, he
captures Montezuma, and conquers the
Aztec capital Tenochtitlan
Francisco Pizarro
• See Guns, Germs, and Steel video
questions
Ferdinand Magellan
• Portuguese explorer, working for Spain
• In 1519, he left Spain with 5 ships and 250 men
• Rounded the tip of South America, crossed the
Pacific
• Killed in the Philippines, 1521
• Only one ship returned to Spain in 1522 (with 35
men)
• Define Circumnavigate
• International Date Line
Explorations by British
• Sir Francis Drake – first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe, charted the American West Coast
• James Cook – charted much of the south Pacific and Australia, discovered the Hawaiian Islands which he named the Sandwich Isles
• Jamestown – first permanent English settlement, 1609
Samuel de Champlain
• French explorer (1570-1635)
• Explored Canada and the Great
Lakes
• Established city of Quebec -
1605
Questions from Standards – Be
able to answer 1. What technological advances made
possible the age of exploration?
2. What were some immediate and some
long term outcomes of Columbus’
voyage?
3. What was the most important result of
the Treaty of Tordesillas?
4. How did Portugal benefit from Da
Gama’s voyage?
Summary Questions-Be able to
answer• What were the motives of the early
explorers?
• How does new technology improve the
success of explorers?
• Why were new trade routes so desired by
Spain and Portugal?
Economy in the Spanish Viceroyalty
• Forced Native Americans to work on farms
known as encomiendas.
• Native Americans were unsuitable for slave
labor. Many died due to European diseases.
Runaways were common.
• African slaves had experience farming and had
immunities to European diseases. Portugal
began the importation of African slaves.
• After complaints from Spanish priests
(Bartolomeu de Las Casas), the Spanish turned
to African slavery.
Social Life in the New World Colonies
• Spanish Colonies– Peninsulares
– Creoles
– Mestizos
– Slaves
• English Colonies – less slavery initially,
indentured servants
• French Colonies – more emphasis on
trade with Indians (fur) than territory
Triangular Trade
• Trade routes across the Atlantic Ocean
connecting Europe, Africa, and the
Americas.
Slave Trade
• Slavery originally common to sugar plantations of Brazil & Caribbean
• Spread to North America with the farming of cotton and tobacco
• Triangular Trade – Europe sent manufactured goods to Africa, which were traded for slaves. Slaves sent to New World and exchanged for raw materials (sugar, cotton, coffee), which were sent to Europe
• Middle Passage – the slave portion of Triangular trade. Grueling voyage packed into nasty ship’s cargo holds
The Middle Passage
The Middle Passage
The Legacy of the Age of
Exploration• AKA: The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly
Rise of Absolutism
• The age of exploration led to the rise of
powerful, wealthy monarchs, especially in
Spain and England that would usher in the
Age of Absolutism in Europe.
• While financing a golden age of art and
culture in Spain, the Age of Exploration
also led to massive inflation due to the
huge amounts of gold and silver being
brought into Spain.
What is Inflation?
• Inflation occurs
when the value of
money goes down
and prices go up.
• Ex. Spain – too much
gold – it loses its
value!
• EX. USA-govt prints
too much paper $
New Culture
• As a result of European colonization of the
Americas a vibrant New World emerges in
the Western Hemisphere.
Impact on Native Americans
• Disease
– Lacking immunities to European diseases, up
to 90% of Native Americans died from small
pox, influenza, and measles
• Guns & Horses
– Acquisition of guns and horses changed
Indian cultures
The United States
• As a result of their defeat of the Spanish
Armada at the battle of Gravelines in
1588, the English were able to colonize
North America.
• Most of us think that’s a pretty important
result of exploration.
Africa
• While slavery led to the emergence of a
vibrant new culture in the Americas, it led
to the death of countless Africans,
depleting the African continent of
generations of their people.
• The introduction of guns to Africa led to
heightened tribal warfare and political
instability