Columbian Exchange

• The continents had been separated for millions of years – many different species of plants and animals evolved on the separated continents

• The discovery by brings about tremendous biological changes for both worlds

• New foods, animals and diseases are spread

• Trend towards less ecological diversity as strong introduced species crowd out local species

• In groups of 2-3, place each item in what

you think is its region of origin, the Old

World (Europe, Asia, Africa) or the New

World (North and South America).

• Use scratch paper

• During the follow up discussion, record

correct answers on your own chart

handout

• Animals:

• Chicken

• Horse

• Llama

• Pig

• Sheep

• Turkey

• Plants:

• Apples

• Bananas

• Chili Peppers

• Chocolate

• Coffee

• Corn

• Dandelion

• Kudzu

• Olives

• Onion

• Oranges

• Peanuts

• Potatoes

• Pumpkin

• Rice

• Sugar

• Tobacco

• Tomatoes

• Wheat

Old World

New World

Plants:

• Old World:

• Apples

• Bananas

• Coffee

• Dandelion

• Kudzu

• Olives

• Onion

• Oranges

• Peanuts

• Rice

• Sugar

• Wheat

• New World:

• Chili Peppers

• Chocolate

• Corn

• Potatoes

• Pumpkins

• Tobacco

• Tomatoes

New World Civilizations

The Mayas, Aztecs and Incas

Chapter 16, Sections 2-4

Overview

• While most cultures in the Americas were nomadic or semi-nomadic societies, cultures in Central America and the Andes developed agriculture and pottery

• Developed sophisticated systems of agriculture with irrigation and building with stone

• Lacked domesticated animals

• Main crops were maize in central America and the potato in the Andes

Olmecs• One of the earliest

civilizations in southern-central Mexico

• 1200 BC – 400 BC

• Developed the rubber ballgame and practiced human sacrifice

• Left behind large carved human heads (Some 9-10 ft. tall)

The Mayans – 16, Section 2

1. Environment-Built in the Jungles of

what is today Guatemala and southern

Mexico

2. Urban Centers-A series of city states

that reach their height in the classic

period, 250 to 900 A.D. – Tikal and

Palenque

3. Economy-Farming, maize

The ruins of Palenque

Mayan cont

4. Social structure - Kings viewed as the

representatives of the Gods

5. Religion - viewed the time and the

universe as cyclical, Gods must be

satisfied thru blood sacrifice

6. Achievements-Sophisticated knowledge

of astronomy and math, the number 0,

developed a system of writing

Ball court at Tikal

The Temple of Kukulcan

Chichén-Itzá, Yucatán, Mexico

Mayan Calendar, Hieroglyphics,

Numbers

Aztecs

1. Aztecs were strongly

militaristic

2. Were a nomadic people

called the Mexica, who

settled around a lake

(Texcoco)

3. Their military success

reinforced their beliefs in

their religion

Aztec Religion and Empire

• In the 1300s, they conquered all of central Mexico, from the Atlantic to Pacific coasts

4. As a city on the lake, the waterways offered protection from attack

5. Their religion demanded blood sacrifice to appease their god Huizilopochtil.

6. Aztecs’ capture of sacrifical victims made enemies of their conquered subjects

Aztec Warfare

• Jaguar Warrior

• Obsidian Sword –

razor sharp

pieces of obsidian

in a wooden

handle

• Tactics designed

to capture enemy

7. Montezuma II• The empire reached its

peak in the late 1400s

under Montezuma I

• His son, Montezuma II,

ascended to the throne in

1502, and ruled over a

powerful and rich empire

• Tenochtitlan had a

population of over

200,000 people

Tenochtitlan

The Empire of the Incas – 16:4• Built an empire in the Andes mountains, from

Chile to Ecuador

• System of Govt- Governed thru conquest of other peoples, emperor

• Language - No written language, Imposed their language on those they conquered

• Cities - Large cities in the mountains, Machu Pichu

• Road System - Built a vast road system connecting their mountainous empire

• Economy – agricultural – potato, weaving llama wool

• Religion – the emperor was considered a god on Earth, Sun God

Civil War among the Incas

• Civil war broke out before the arrival of

the Spanish in the early 1500s

• The emperors two sons, Huascar and

Atahualpa were fighting each other for

control

• This struggle would be used by the

Spanish to conquer the Incas

Macchu Pichu

Cuzco, Peru

Quipu

Hiram Bingham, the American explorer who

found the ruins of Machu Picchu in 1911

Inspiration for Indiana Jones?

Guns, Germs and Steel

• Why did the Europeans discover the

Americas rather than the Aztecs discover

Europe?

• Discuss, Give two or more reasons

• 5 minutes

New World Explorers

European Exploration

Europeans seek new trade routes

• Main reason for exploration is

wealth

• Trade during Crusades led to

demand for Asian goods – spices,

fabrics

• Muslims and Italians control

access to these goods

“God, Gold and Glory”

• Desire to spread Christianity strong among

early traders and explorers

• Many technologies develop in Europe to

make travel across great distances

possible

– The compass & astrolabe

– Caravel & lateen sail

– Gunpowder & ship’s cannon

Technology of

Exploration

• Caravel -

• Compass -

• Astrolabe -

Portugal Leads the Way

• Its location in Western Europe makes its well suited to explore in new directions

• Prince Henry the Navigator establishes a school for navigation

• Portugal builds trading posts on coast of Africa

• Bartolemeu Dias sails to tip of Africa (1488)

• Vasco da Gama sails around Africa to India (1498)– Portuguese merchants can cut out the Italian-Muslim

monopoly

Christopher Columbus & Spain

• Born in Italy in 1451

• Moved to Portugal, became a

navigator

• There he came up with a plan to sail

west to India & China

• Rejected by Portugal, went to Spain

• Finally, in 1492, Ferdinand & Isabella

of Spain approved his “enterprise of

the Indies”

The Discovery

• In August of 1492, he left Spain with three

ships – the Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria

• Sighted land on Oct. 12, 1492

• Made four more voyages to the New

World, but never realized he had found a

new continent

• Removed as colonial governor by the

queen & briefly arrested

Spanish Claims

• Portugal disputes Spain’s claims to the New World

• The Pope (Alexander IV) settles the dispute

• Divides the Atlantic between the two countries in the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

• Portugal gets Africa & Brazil out of this deal

Magellan

• Portuguese explorer, working for Spain

• In 1519, he left Spain with 5 ships and 250 men

• Rounded the tip of South America, crossed the

Pacific

• Killed in the Philippines, 1521

• Only one ship returned to Spain in 1522 (with 35

men)

• Spanish claim Philippines, establish trading

posts to compete with Portugese

Other Nations

• France, England and the Dutch

• Trade with India seen as more

lucrative than New World

• Dutch and English destroy

Portuguese trading posts – Portugal

never regains its dominance over

trade and exploration

Think About

Why did Spain set up trading posts in Asia?

How did the Dutch gain control of much of

the Indian Ocean?

How did European battles for Indian Trade

affect Native peoples?

SKIP

Map Activity: The Americas Western Hemisphere

–Use 439 & 555

• Aztec Empire

• Mayan Empire

• Incan Empire

• Journey of Pizarro

• Journey of Magellan

• Atlantic Ocean

• Pacific Ocean

Mexico/Central America Map 555

• Tenochtitlan

• Journey of Columbus (1492)

• Journey of DeSoto

• Journey of Cortes

• Pacific Ocean

• Caribbean Sea

• Gulf of Mexico

Asian Exploration

• Ming Dynasty defeats Mongol rulers

in late 1300s and builds a powerful

& wealthy empire

• Yonglo becomes emperor - 1405

• The Chinese Muslim eunuch Zheng

He heads seven expeditions to

India and Africa from 1405 – 1433

• Yonglo’s son anti-exploration – has

China’s fleet burned

Explorers and Conquistadors

• It soon became obvious that Asian lands had not been discovered, but a New World.

• Europeans began traveling to the New World in search of wealth, land and potential Christian converts

• Amerigo Vespucci – credited with being the first European explorer to determine that Columbus’ discoveries were a new world

• A German mapmaker named the new lands “America” as a tribute to Vespucci

Hernan Cortes

• Spanish landowner in Cuba

• In 1519, he led a few hundred men to

Mexico in hopes of conquering new

lands for Spain (which he, of course,

would govern)

• With the help of thousands of natives

who are enemies of the Aztecs, he

captures Montezuma, and conquers the

Aztec capital Tenochtitlan

Francisco Pizarro

• See Guns, Germs, and Steel video

questions

Ferdinand Magellan

• Portuguese explorer, working for Spain

• In 1519, he left Spain with 5 ships and 250 men

• Rounded the tip of South America, crossed the

Pacific

• Killed in the Philippines, 1521

• Only one ship returned to Spain in 1522 (with 35

men)

• Define Circumnavigate

• International Date Line

Explorations by British

• Sir Francis Drake – first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe, charted the American West Coast

• James Cook – charted much of the south Pacific and Australia, discovered the Hawaiian Islands which he named the Sandwich Isles

• Jamestown – first permanent English settlement, 1609

Samuel de Champlain

• French explorer (1570-1635)

• Explored Canada and the Great

Lakes

• Established city of Quebec -

1605

Questions from Standards – Be

able to answer 1. What technological advances made

possible the age of exploration?

2. What were some immediate and some

long term outcomes of Columbus’

voyage?

3. What was the most important result of

the Treaty of Tordesillas?

4. How did Portugal benefit from Da

Gama’s voyage?

Summary Questions-Be able to

answer• What were the motives of the early

explorers?

• How does new technology improve the

success of explorers?

• Why were new trade routes so desired by

Spain and Portugal?

Economy in the Spanish Viceroyalty

• Forced Native Americans to work on farms

known as encomiendas.

• Native Americans were unsuitable for slave

labor. Many died due to European diseases.

Runaways were common.

• African slaves had experience farming and had

immunities to European diseases. Portugal

began the importation of African slaves.

• After complaints from Spanish priests

(Bartolomeu de Las Casas), the Spanish turned

to African slavery.

Social Life in the New World Colonies

• Spanish Colonies– Peninsulares

– Creoles

– Mestizos

– Slaves

• English Colonies – less slavery initially,

indentured servants

• French Colonies – more emphasis on

trade with Indians (fur) than territory

Triangular Trade

• Trade routes across the Atlantic Ocean

connecting Europe, Africa, and the

Americas.

Slave Trade

• Slavery originally common to sugar plantations of Brazil & Caribbean

• Spread to North America with the farming of cotton and tobacco

• Triangular Trade – Europe sent manufactured goods to Africa, which were traded for slaves. Slaves sent to New World and exchanged for raw materials (sugar, cotton, coffee), which were sent to Europe

• Middle Passage – the slave portion of Triangular trade. Grueling voyage packed into nasty ship’s cargo holds

The Middle Passage

The Middle Passage

The Legacy of the Age of

Exploration• AKA: The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly

Rise of Absolutism

• The age of exploration led to the rise of

powerful, wealthy monarchs, especially in

Spain and England that would usher in the

Age of Absolutism in Europe.

• While financing a golden age of art and

culture in Spain, the Age of Exploration

also led to massive inflation due to the

huge amounts of gold and silver being

brought into Spain.

What is Inflation?

• Inflation occurs

when the value of

money goes down

and prices go up.

• Ex. Spain – too much

gold – it loses its

value!

• EX. USA-govt prints

too much paper $

New Culture

• As a result of European colonization of the

Americas a vibrant New World emerges in

the Western Hemisphere.

Impact on Native Americans

• Disease

– Lacking immunities to European diseases, up

to 90% of Native Americans died from small

pox, influenza, and measles

• Guns & Horses

– Acquisition of guns and horses changed

Indian cultures

The United States

• As a result of their defeat of the Spanish

Armada at the battle of Gravelines in

1588, the English were able to colonize

North America.

• Most of us think that’s a pretty important

result of exploration.

Africa

• While slavery led to the emergence of a

vibrant new culture in the Americas, it led

to the death of countless Africans,

depleting the African continent of

generations of their people.

• The introduction of guns to Africa led to

heightened tribal warfare and political

instability