Activities 5/6 - Appendicular & Axial Muscles

Activities 5 & 6:

Appendicular & Axial MusclesChapters 11 & 12 – McKinley et al., Human Anatomy, 4e.

Objectives:• Identify muscles listed on models and/or cadavers• When indicated, identify the action and attachments for each

muscle

Compilation: Mohammad Tomaraei 1

Appendicular Muscles – Pectoral Girdle Muscles [6]

• Trapezius• Action:

• Superior: elevates & superiorly rotates scapula; elevates clavicle

• Middle: retracts scapula• Inferior: depresses scapula,

extends head

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 354-355• Figures: 11.1b, 12.2, 12.4

• Levator scapulae• Action:

• Elevates scapula

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 355• Figures: 12.2, 12.3, 12.4b

• Serratus anterior• Action:

• Protracts & stabilizes scapula

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 354• Figures: 11.1b, 11.14a, 12.1,

• Pectoralis minor• Action:

• Protracts & depresses scapula

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 354• Figures: 12.1, 12.4a

• Rhomboid major• Action:

• Elevates & retracts (adducts) scapula

• Rotates scapula inferiorly

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 355• Figures: 12.2, 12.4b

• Rhomboid minor• Action:

• Elevates & retracts (adducts) scapula

• Rotates scapula inferiorly

Appendicular Muscles – Rotator Cuff Muscles [4]

• Supraspinatus• Origin:

• Supraspinous fossa of scapula

• Insertion:• Greater tubercle of humerus

• Action (rotator cuff muscles

together):• Stabilize & rotate the

glenohumeral joint

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 359• Figures: 12.2, 12.4a & b

• Infraspinatus• Origin:

• Infraspinous fossa of scapula

glenohumeral joint

• Teres minor• Origin:

• Lateral border of scapula

glenohumeral joint

• Subscapularis• Origin:

• Subscapular fossa of scapula

• Insertion:• Lesser tubercle of humerus

glenohumeral joint

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 359• Figures: 12.4a, 12.5a

Appendicular Muscles – Other Glenohumeral Joint Muscles [4]

• Teres major• Origin:

• Lateral border & angle of scapula

• Insertion:• Lesser tubercle &

intertubercular sulcus of humerus

• Action:• Extends, adducts, & medially

rotates arm

• Latissimus dorsi• Origin:

• Spinous processes of lower thoracic vertebrae

• Lower ribs (8-12)• Iliac crest

• Insertion:• Intertubercular sulcus of

humerus

• Action:• Extends, adducts, & medially

rotates arm• Draws arm inferiorly &

posteriorly

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 358• Figures: 11.1, 12.1, 12.2,

12.4a & b 13

• Deltoid• Origin:

• Acromial end of clavicle• Acromion & spine of scapula

• Insertion:• Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

• Action:• Abducts, flexes, extends, &

rotates arm

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 358• Figures: 11.1, 12.1, 12.2,

12.4a & b

• Pectoralis major• Origin:

• Clavicle• Costal cartilages

• Insertion:• Greater tubercle & lateral

intertubercular sulcus of humerus

• Action:• Flexes, adducts, & medially

rotates arm

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 358• Figures: 11.1, 12.1, 12.4a

Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Arm Compartment [1]

• Triceps brachii (3 heads)• Origin:

• Long head: Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula

• Lateral head: posterior shaft of humerus

• Medial head: posterior shaft of humerus, distal to radial groove

• Insertion:• Olecranon process of ulna

• Action:• Extends forearm & assists

in arm adduction

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 364• Figures: 12.8a & b

Right arm, posterior view

Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Arm Compartment [5]

• Biceps brachii (2 heads)• Origin:

• Long head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

• Short head: coracoid process of scapula

• Insertion:• Radial tuberosity

• Action:• Flexes arm (glenohumeral

joint)• Flexes & supinates forearm

(elbow joint)

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 363• Figures: 12.7a & b, table 12.4

• Coracobrachialis• Origin:

• Coracoid process of scapula

• Insertion:• Middle medial shaft of

humerus

• Action:• Adducts & flexes arm

(glenohumeral joint)

• Brachialis• Origin:

• Distal, anterior surface of humerus

• Insertion:• Coronoid process of ulna

• Action:• Flexes forearm (elbow joint)

• Brachioradialis• Origin:

• Lateral humerus

• Insertion:• Styloid process of radius

• Action:• Flexes forearm (elbow joint)

• Landmark importance:• Separates anterior forearm

flexors from posterior forearm extensors

Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Forearm Compartment [6+1]

• Pronator teres• Action:

• Pronates forearm

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 364• Figures: 12.9, 12.11, 12.12

• Flexor carpi radialis• Action:

• Flexes wrist• Abducts hand

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369• Figures: 12.11, 12.12

• Palmaris longus• Action:

• Weakly flexes wrist• Tenses fascia of palm

• Cadaver hint:• Not all cadavers have this

muscle (for genetic reasons)• Ends in a slender, flattened

tendon, passing over the upper part of the flexor retinaculum

• Flexor carpi ulnaris• Action:

• Flexes wrist• Adducts hand

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369• Figures: 12.11, 12.12, 12.13a

• Flexor digitorum superficialis• Action:

• Flexes wrist• Flexes the 2nd to 5th

metacarpophalangeal (MP) & proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369• Figures: 12.11b

• Flexor digitorum profundus• Action:

• Flexes wrist• Flexes the 2nd to 5th

metacarpophalangeal (MP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP), & distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369• Figures: 12.11c

• Flexor retinaculum(associated structure)

• Significance:• Fibrous band of connective

tissue that covers the palmar surface of the carpals

Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Forearm Compartment [8+1]

• Extensor carpi radialis longus• Action:

• Extends wrist• Abducts hand

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369, 371• Figures: 12.13a & b

• Extensor carpi radialis brevis• Action:

• Extends wrist• Abducts hand

• Extensor carpi ulnaris• Action:

• Extends wrist• Adducts hand

• Extensor digitorum• Action:

• Extends wrist• Extends the 2nd to 5th

• Abductor pollicis longus• Action:

• Abducts thumb• Weakly extends wrist

• Extensor pollicis longus• Action:

• Extends metacarpophalangeal (MP) & interphalangeal (IP) joints of thumb

• Weakly extends wrist

• Extensor pollicis brevis• Action:

• Extends metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint of thumb

• Weakly extends wrist

• Supinator• Action:

• Supinates forearm

• Cadaver hint:• Visible on a well-dissected

cadaver

• Extensor retinaculum• Significance:

• Fibrous band of connective tissue that covers the dorsal surface of the carpals

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369• Figures: 12.13b, 12.14c

Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Thigh Compartment [5]Quadriceps Femoris Group [4]

• Rectus femoris• Origin:

• Anterior inferior iliac spine

• Insertion:• Patella via quadriceps tendon

and then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament

• Action:• Extends leg• Flexes thigh

• Vastus lateralis• Insertion:

• Patella via quadriceps tendon and then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament

• Action:• Extends leg

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 381• Figures: 12.17a & b, 12.15

• Vastus medialis• Insertion:

• Vastus intermedius• Insertion:

• Cadaver hint:• This muscle is deep to rectus

femoris

Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Thigh Compartment [5]

• Sartorius• Origin:

• Anterior superior iliac spine

• Insertion:• Tibial tuberosity, medial side

• Action:• Flexes, abducts, & laterally

rotates thigh• Flexes leg & rotates leg

medially (sitting cross-legged on the floor)

• Trivia:• Longest muscle in the body

Appendicular Muscles – Iliopsoas Group [2]

• Iliacus• Origin:

• Iliac fossa

• Insertion:• Lesser trochanter of femur

• Action:• Flexes thigh

• Cadaver hint:• Look inside the

abdominopelvic cavity• Has a common insertion with

psoas major muscle

Appendicular Muscles – Iliopsoas Group [2]

• Psoas major• Origin:

• T1-L5 vertebrae

• Insertion:• Lesser trochanter of femur

• Action:• Flexes thigh

• Cadaver hint:• Look inside the

abdominopelvic cavity• Has a common insertion with

iliacus muscle

Appendicular Muscles – Medial Thigh Compartment [5]

• Pectineus• Action:

• Adducts thigh• Weakly flexes thigh

Mnemonic: Great Major League Baseball Players

• Adductor longus• Action:

• Adductor brevis• Action:

• Adductor magnus• Action:

• Adducts thigh• Flexes or extends, and

laterally rotates thigh (depending on starting position)

• Gracilis• Origin:

• Inferior ramus & body of pubis

• Insertion:• Upper medial surface of tibia

• Action:• Weakly adducts & weakly

flexes thigh• Flexes leg

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 376, 381• Figures: 12.15a, 12.17a

• Cadaver hint:• NOT to be confused with

sartorius (compare origins)

Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Thigh Compartment [3]Hamstrings Group [3]

• Semitendinosus• Origin:

• Ischial tuberosity

• Insertion:• Proximal medial surface of

• Action:• Extends thigh• Flexes leg• Medially rotates leg

• Identification hint:• Semi (half) tendinosus

(tendon), means half of this muscle consists of a tendon 49

• Semimembranosus• Origin:

• Ischial tuberosity

• Insertion:• Medial condyle of tibia

• Action:• Extends thigh• Flexes leg• Medially rotates leg

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 381• Figures: 12.18a & b, 12.15b

• Identification hint:• Semi (half) membranosus

(membrane), means that half of this muscle has a broad membranous tendon 50

• Biceps femoris (2 heads)• Origin:

• Long head: ischial tuberosity• Short head: linea aspera of

• Insertion:• Head of fibula

• Action:• Extends thigh• Flexes leg• Laterally rotates leg

• Cadaver hint:• By touching the origin of the short

head of biceps femoris, you can feel the linea aspera of femur 51

Appendicular Muscles – Gluteal Muscles [5+1]

• Tensor fasciae latae• Origin:

• Iliac crest• Anterior superior iliac spine

• Insertion:• Iliotibial tract

• Action:• Abducts thigh• Medially rotates thigh

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 396• Figures: 12.15b, 12.17

• Gluteus maximus• Origin:

• Iliac crest• Sacrum• Coccyx

• Insertion:• Iliotibial tract• Linea aspera

• Action:• Extends thigh• Laterally rotates thigh

• Gluteus medius• Origin:

• Iliac crest

• Insertion:• Greater trochanter of

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 377• Figures: 12.15b, 12.18a

• Gluteus minimus• Origin:

• Lateral surface of ilium

• Insertion:• Greater trochanter of femur

• Piriformis• Origin:

• Anterolateral surface of sacrum

• Insertion:• Greater trochanter of femur

• Action:• Laterally rotates thigh

• Iliotibial tract / band(associated structure)

• Significance:• Thick band of fascia

continuous with the tensor fasciae latae muscle

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 376• Figures: 12.15, 12.17, 12.18

Mnemonic: Follow the Iliotibial Tract to reach Starbucks & get a Tensor Fasciae Latae

Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Leg Compartment [3]

• Tibialis anterior• Origin:

• Lateral condyle & proximal shaft of tibia

• Insertion:• Metatarsal I• Medial cuneiform

• Action:• Dorsiflexes foot• Inverts foot

Mnemonic (anterior, medial to lateral):Tom – Harry – Dick

• Extensor digitorum longus• Action:

• Extends toes 2-5• Dorsiflexes foot

• Identification hint:• Think of how the tendons of

this muscle insert over the digits to extend them

Mnemonic (anterior, medial to lateral):Tom – Harry – Dick

• Extensor hallucis longus• Action:

• Extends hallux• Dorsiflexes foot

Mnemonic (anterior, medial to lateral):Tom – Harry – DickHarry likes to hide!

Appendicular Muscles – Lateral Leg Compartment [2]

• Fibularis longus• Action:

• Everts foot• Weakly plantar flexes foot

• Identification hint:• Thinking logically, the name of

fibularis longus suggests that this muscle sits on top of fibula, and has a longer tendon relative to another muscle of similar name and location

Appendicular Muscles – Lateral Leg Compartment [2]

• Fibularis brevis• Action:

• Everts foot• Weakly plantar flexes foot

• Identification hint:• This muscle is deep to

fibularis longus and has a relatively shorter tendon

Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Leg Compartment [5]

• Gastrocnemius• Origin:

• Lateral & medial condyles of femur

• Insertion:• Calcaneus via calcaneal

(Achilles) tendon

• Action:• Plantar flexes foot• Flexes leg

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 383• Figures: 12.20a, 12.21a, 12.22a

• Soleus• Origin:

• Head & proximal shaft of fibula

• Medial border of tibia

• Insertion:• Calcaneus via calcaneal

(Achilles) tendon

• Action:• Plantar flexes foot

• Tibialis posterior• Action:

• Plantar flexes foot• Inverts foot

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 383• Figures: 12.22b & c

• Identification hint:• Since the posterior leg muscles

have relatively deep bodies, it’s easier to look at their tendons near the medial malleolus of tibia

Mnemonic (posterior, medial to lateral):Tom – Dick – Harry

• Flexor digitorum longus• Action:

• Plantar flexes foot• Flexes toes 2-5,

Mnemonic (posterior, medial to lateral):Tom – Dick – Harry

• Flexor hallucis longus• Action:

• Plantar flexes foot• Flexes metacarpophalangeal

(MP) and interphalangeal (IP) joints of hallux

Mnemonic (posterior, medial to lateral):Tom – Dick – HarryHarry likes to hide!

Axial Muscles – Facial Expression Muscles [8]

• Frontalis(fontal belly of occipitofrontalis)

• Action:• Draws scalp forward• Raises eyebrows• Wrinkles forehead

• Occipitalis(occipital belly of occipitofrontalis)

• Action:• Draws scalp backward

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 322• Figures: 11.1b, 11.2b

• Orbicularis oris• Action:

• Compresses & purses lips(kiss muscle)

• Orbicularis oculi• Action:

• Closes eye (blink muscle)

• Platysma• Action:

• Pulls lower lip inferiorly• Tenses skin of neck

• Zygomaticus major• Action:

• Pulls corners of mouth superiorly (smiling muscle)

• Identification hint:• Typically, muscles ending with

major are below those ending with minor (be careful of exceptions)

• Zygomaticus minor• Action:

• Pulls corners of mouth superiorly (smiling muscle)

• Identification hint:• Typically, muscles ending with

major are below those ending with minor (be careful of exceptions)

• Buccinator• Action:

• Presses cheeks against molar teeth, as in chewing, whistling, playing a wind instrument, and suckling in infants

Axial Muscles – Mastication (Chewing) Muscles [2]

• Temporalis• Origin:

• Parietal bone• Frontal bone

• Insertion:• Coronoid process of mandible

• Action:• Elevates & retracts mandible

Axial Muscles – Mastication (Chewing) Muscles [2]

• Masseter• Origin:

• Zygomatic arch

• Insertion:• Coronoid process, angle, &

ramus of mandible

• Action:• Elevates & protracts mandible• Jaw closure

Axial Muscles – Neck Muscles [3]

• Sternocleidomastoid• Origin:

• Manubrium of sternum• Sternal end of clavicle

• Insertion:• Mastoid process of temporal

• Action:• One side: lateral flexion with

rotation of head to opposite side

• Both sides: flexes head & neck

• Splenius capitis• Origin:

• Ligamentum nuchae (connective tissue covering the spinal processes of the cervical vertebrae)

• Insertion:• Occipital bone• Mastoid process of temporal

• Action:• One side: turns head to same

side• Both sides: extends head &

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 336• Figures: 11.10, 11.11 79

Mnemonic: PUT THE CAP ON TOP OF CERVICIS

• Splenius cervicis• Origin:

• Spinous processes of T3-T6 vertebrae

• Insertion:• Transverse processes of

cervical vertebrae

• Action:• One side: turns head to same

side• Both sides: extends head &

Mnemonic: PUT THE CAP ON TOP OF CERVICIS

Axial Muscles – Vertebral Column Muscles [3+1]

• Erector spinae groups• Muscles

• Iliocostalis group (lateral)• Longissimus group (middle)• Spinalis group (medial)

• Action• One side: laterally flexes the

vertebral column• Both sides: extends vertebral

column

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 339• Figures: 11.11

Axial Muscles – Vertebral Column Muscles [3+1]

• Quadratus lumborum• Action:

• One side: laterally flexes the vertebral column

• Both sides: extends vertebral column

Axial Muscles – Respiration Muscles [3]

• External intercostals• Action:

• Elevates ribs during normal inspiration (inhalation)

• Cadaver hint:• Looking from bottom to top,

notice that external intercostals point in a direction away from the body (to the shoulders)

• Internal intercostals• Action:

• Depresses ribs during forced exhalation

notice that internal intercostals point in a direction into the body (to the chin)

• Diaphragm• Action:

• Expands the thoracic cavity during normal inspiration

Axial Muscles – Abdominal Wall Muscles [4+1]

• External oblique• Action:

• Both sides: flexes vertebral column & compresses abdominal wall

• One side: laterally flexes vertebral column

notice that external oblique points in a direction away from the body (to the shoulders)

• Internal oblique• Action:

notice that internal oblique points in a direction into the body (to the chin)

• Transversus abdominis• Action:

• Cadaver hint:• Notice the horizontal direction

of this muscle’s fibers

• Rectus abdominis• Action:

• Flexes vertebral column & compresses abdominal wall

• Trivia:• This is the six-pack abs

muscle

• Inguinal ligament(associated structure)

• Significance:• Formed by the aponeurosis of

the external oblique muscle• Contains tissues coursing

from the trunk to the lower limb

Pectoral Girdle Muscles

Glenohumeral Joint Muscles

Anterior Arm Muscles

Posterior Arm Compartment

Forearm Muscles

Anterior and Medial Thigh Compartments

Posterior Thigh & Gluteal Muscles

Anterior & Lateral Lower Leg Compartments

Posterior Lower Leg Compartment

Anterior Face Muscles

Lateral Face Muscles

Facial Expressions

Muscles of Mastication

Neck Muscles

Posterior Neck Muscles

Respiration Muscles

Abdominal Wall Muscles

Activities 5/6 - Appendicular & Axial Muscles

Education

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