Activities 5/6 - Appendicular & Axial Muscles

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Activities 5 & 6: Appendicular & Axial Muscles Chapters 11 & 12 – McKinley et al., Human Anatomy, 4e. Objectives: Identify muscles listed on models and/or cadavers When indicated, identify the action and attachments for each muscle Compilation: Mohammad Tomaraei 1

Transcript of Activities 5/6 - Appendicular & Axial Muscles

Page 1: Activities 5/6 - Appendicular & Axial Muscles

Activities 5 & 6:

Appendicular & Axial MusclesChapters 11 & 12 – McKinley et al., Human Anatomy, 4e.

Objectives:• Identify muscles listed on models and/or cadavers• When indicated, identify the action and attachments for each

muscle

Compilation: Mohammad Tomaraei 1

Page 2: Activities 5/6 - Appendicular & Axial Muscles

Appendicular Muscles – Pectoral Girdle Muscles [6]

• Trapezius• Action:

• Superior: elevates & superiorly rotates scapula; elevates clavicle

• Middle: retracts scapula• Inferior: depresses scapula,

extends head

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 354-355• Figures: 11.1b, 12.2, 12.4

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Appendicular Muscles – Pectoral Girdle Muscles [6]

• Levator scapulae• Action:

• Elevates scapula

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 355• Figures: 12.2, 12.3, 12.4b

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Appendicular Muscles – Pectoral Girdle Muscles [6]

• Serratus anterior• Action:

• Protracts & stabilizes scapula

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 354• Figures: 11.1b, 11.14a, 12.1,

12.4a

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Appendicular Muscles – Pectoral Girdle Muscles [6]

• Pectoralis minor• Action:

• Protracts & depresses scapula

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 354• Figures: 12.1, 12.4a

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Appendicular Muscles – Pectoral Girdle Muscles [6]

• Rhomboid major• Action:

• Elevates & retracts (adducts) scapula

• Rotates scapula inferiorly

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 355• Figures: 12.2, 12.4b

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Appendicular Muscles – Pectoral Girdle Muscles [6]

• Rhomboid minor• Action:

• Elevates & retracts (adducts) scapula

• Rotates scapula inferiorly

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 355• Figures: 12.2, 12.4b

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Appendicular Muscles – Rotator Cuff Muscles [4]

• Supraspinatus• Origin:

• Supraspinous fossa of scapula

• Insertion:• Greater tubercle of humerus

• Action (rotator cuff muscles

together):• Stabilize & rotate the

glenohumeral joint

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 359• Figures: 12.2, 12.4a & b

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Appendicular Muscles – Rotator Cuff Muscles [4]

• Infraspinatus• Origin:

• Infraspinous fossa of scapula

• Insertion:• Greater tubercle of humerus

• Action (rotator cuff muscles

together):• Stabilize & rotate the

glenohumeral joint

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 359• Figures: 12.2, 12.4b

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Appendicular Muscles – Rotator Cuff Muscles [4]

• Teres minor• Origin:

• Lateral border of scapula

• Insertion:• Greater tubercle of humerus

• Action (rotator cuff muscles

together):• Stabilize & rotate the

glenohumeral joint

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 359• Figures: 12.2, 12.4b

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Appendicular Muscles – Rotator Cuff Muscles [4]

• Subscapularis• Origin:

• Subscapular fossa of scapula

• Insertion:• Lesser tubercle of humerus

• Action (rotator cuff muscles

together):• Stabilize & rotate the

glenohumeral joint

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 359• Figures: 12.4a, 12.5a

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Appendicular Muscles – Other Glenohumeral Joint Muscles [4]

• Teres major• Origin:

• Lateral border & angle of scapula

• Insertion:• Lesser tubercle &

intertubercular sulcus of humerus

• Action:• Extends, adducts, & medially

rotates arm

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 359• Figures: 12.2, 12.4b

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Appendicular Muscles – Other Glenohumeral Joint Muscles [4]

• Latissimus dorsi• Origin:

• Spinous processes of lower thoracic vertebrae

• Lower ribs (8-12)• Iliac crest

• Insertion:• Intertubercular sulcus of

humerus

• Action:• Extends, adducts, & medially

rotates arm• Draws arm inferiorly &

posteriorly

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 358• Figures: 11.1, 12.1, 12.2,

12.4a & b 13

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Appendicular Muscles – Other Glenohumeral Joint Muscles [4]

• Deltoid• Origin:

• Acromial end of clavicle• Acromion & spine of scapula

• Insertion:• Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

• Action:• Abducts, flexes, extends, &

rotates arm

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 358• Figures: 11.1, 12.1, 12.2,

12.4a & b

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Appendicular Muscles – Other Glenohumeral Joint Muscles [4]

• Pectoralis major• Origin:

• Clavicle• Costal cartilages

• Insertion:• Greater tubercle & lateral

intertubercular sulcus of humerus

• Action:• Flexes, adducts, & medially

rotates arm

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 358• Figures: 11.1, 12.1, 12.4a

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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Arm Compartment [1]

• Triceps brachii (3 heads)• Origin:

• Long head: Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula

• Lateral head: posterior shaft of humerus

• Medial head: posterior shaft of humerus, distal to radial groove

• Insertion:• Olecranon process of ulna

• Action:• Extends forearm & assists

in arm adduction

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 364• Figures: 12.8a & b

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Right arm, posterior view

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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Arm Compartment [5]

• Biceps brachii (2 heads)• Origin:

• Long head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

• Short head: coracoid process of scapula

• Insertion:• Radial tuberosity

• Action:• Flexes arm (glenohumeral

joint)• Flexes & supinates forearm

(elbow joint)

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 363• Figures: 12.7a & b, table 12.4

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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Arm Compartment [5]

• Coracobrachialis• Origin:

• Coracoid process of scapula

• Insertion:• Middle medial shaft of

humerus

• Action:• Adducts & flexes arm

(glenohumeral joint)

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 363• Figures: 12.7a & b

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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Arm Compartment [5]

• Brachialis• Origin:

• Distal, anterior surface of humerus

• Insertion:• Coronoid process of ulna

• Action:• Flexes forearm (elbow joint)

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 363• Figures: 12.7a & b

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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Arm Compartment [5]

• Brachioradialis• Origin:

• Lateral humerus

• Insertion:• Styloid process of radius

• Action:• Flexes forearm (elbow joint)

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 363• Figures: 12.7a, 12.11a

• Landmark importance:• Separates anterior forearm

flexors from posterior forearm extensors

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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Forearm Compartment [6+1]

• Pronator teres• Action:

• Pronates forearm

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 364• Figures: 12.9, 12.11, 12.12

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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Forearm Compartment [6+1]

• Flexor carpi radialis• Action:

• Flexes wrist• Abducts hand

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369• Figures: 12.11, 12.12

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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Forearm Compartment [6+1]

• Palmaris longus• Action:

• Weakly flexes wrist• Tenses fascia of palm

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369• Figures: 12.11, 12.12

• Cadaver hint:• Not all cadavers have this

muscle (for genetic reasons)• Ends in a slender, flattened

tendon, passing over the upper part of the flexor retinaculum

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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Forearm Compartment [6+1]

• Flexor carpi ulnaris• Action:

• Flexes wrist• Adducts hand

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369• Figures: 12.11, 12.12, 12.13a

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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Forearm Compartment [6+1]

• Flexor digitorum superficialis• Action:

• Flexes wrist• Flexes the 2nd to 5th

metacarpophalangeal (MP) & proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369• Figures: 12.11b

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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Forearm Compartment [6+1]

• Flexor digitorum profundus• Action:

• Flexes wrist• Flexes the 2nd to 5th

metacarpophalangeal (MP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP), & distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369• Figures: 12.11c

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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Forearm Compartment [6+1]

• Flexor retinaculum(associated structure)

• Significance:• Fibrous band of connective

tissue that covers the palmar surface of the carpals

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 366• Figures: 12.11a, 12.14a

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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Forearm Compartment [8+1]

• Extensor carpi radialis longus• Action:

• Extends wrist• Abducts hand

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369, 371• Figures: 12.13a & b

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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Forearm Compartment [8+1]

• Extensor carpi radialis brevis• Action:

• Extends wrist• Abducts hand

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369, 371• Figures: 12.13a & b

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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Forearm Compartment [8+1]

• Extensor carpi ulnaris• Action:

• Extends wrist• Adducts hand

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369, 371• Figures: 12.13a & b

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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Forearm Compartment [8+1]

• Extensor digitorum• Action:

• Extends wrist• Extends the 2nd to 5th

metacarpophalangeal (MP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP), & distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369, 371• Figures: 12.13a & b

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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Forearm Compartment [8+1]

• Abductor pollicis longus• Action:

• Abducts thumb• Weakly extends wrist

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369, 371• Figures: 12.13a & b

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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Forearm Compartment [8+1]

• Extensor pollicis longus• Action:

• Extends metacarpophalangeal (MP) & interphalangeal (IP) joints of thumb

• Weakly extends wrist

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369, 371• Figures: 12.13a & b

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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Forearm Compartment [8+1]

• Extensor pollicis brevis• Action:

• Extends metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint of thumb

• Weakly extends wrist

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369, 371• Figures: 12.13a & b

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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Forearm Compartment [8+1]

• Supinator• Action:

• Supinates forearm

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 364• Figures: 12.9, 12.13b

• Cadaver hint:• Visible on a well-dissected

cadaver

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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Forearm Compartment [8+1]

• Extensor retinaculum• Significance:

• Fibrous band of connective tissue that covers the dorsal surface of the carpals

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369• Figures: 12.13b, 12.14c

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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Thigh Compartment [5]Quadriceps Femoris Group [4]

• Rectus femoris• Origin:

• Anterior inferior iliac spine

• Insertion:• Patella via quadriceps tendon

and then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament

• Action:• Extends leg• Flexes thigh

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 381• Figures: 12.71a & b

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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Thigh Compartment [5]Quadriceps Femoris Group [4]

• Vastus lateralis• Insertion:

• Patella via quadriceps tendon and then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament

• Action:• Extends leg

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 381• Figures: 12.17a & b, 12.15

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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Thigh Compartment [5]Quadriceps Femoris Group [4]

• Vastus medialis• Insertion:

• Patella via quadriceps tendon and then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament

• Action:• Extends leg

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 381• Figures: 12.17a & b

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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Thigh Compartment [5]Quadriceps Femoris Group [4]

• Vastus intermedius• Insertion:

• Patella via quadriceps tendon and then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament

• Action:• Extends leg

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 381• Figures: 12.17a & b

• Cadaver hint:• This muscle is deep to rectus

femoris

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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Thigh Compartment [5]

• Sartorius• Origin:

• Anterior superior iliac spine

• Insertion:• Tibial tuberosity, medial side

• Action:• Flexes, abducts, & laterally

rotates thigh• Flexes leg & rotates leg

medially (sitting cross-legged on the floor)

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 375, 381• Figures: 12.17a & b

• Trivia:• Longest muscle in the body

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Appendicular Muscles – Iliopsoas Group [2]

• Iliacus• Origin:

• Iliac fossa

• Insertion:• Lesser trochanter of femur

• Action:• Flexes thigh

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 375• Figures: 12.15a, 12.17a

• Cadaver hint:• Look inside the

abdominopelvic cavity• Has a common insertion with

psoas major muscle

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Appendicular Muscles – Iliopsoas Group [2]

• Psoas major• Origin:

• T1-L5 vertebrae

• Insertion:• Lesser trochanter of femur

• Action:• Flexes thigh

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 375• Figures: 12.15a, 12.17a

• Cadaver hint:• Look inside the

abdominopelvic cavity• Has a common insertion with

iliacus muscle

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Appendicular Muscles – Medial Thigh Compartment [5]

• Pectineus• Action:

• Adducts thigh• Weakly flexes thigh

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 376• Figures: 12.15, 12.17

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Mnemonic: Great Major League Baseball Players

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Appendicular Muscles – Medial Thigh Compartment [5]

• Adductor longus• Action:

• Adducts thigh• Weakly flexes thigh

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 376• Figures: 12.15, 12.17

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Mnemonic: Great Major League Baseball Players

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Appendicular Muscles – Medial Thigh Compartment [5]

• Adductor brevis• Action:

• Adducts thigh• Weakly flexes thigh

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 376• Figures: 12.15, 12.17

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Mnemonic: Great Major League Baseball Players

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Appendicular Muscles – Medial Thigh Compartment [5]

• Adductor magnus• Action:

• Adducts thigh• Flexes or extends, and

laterally rotates thigh (depending on starting position)

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 376• Figures: 12.15, 12.18

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Mnemonic: Great Major League Baseball Players

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Appendicular Muscles – Medial Thigh Compartment [5]

• Gracilis• Origin:

• Inferior ramus & body of pubis

• Insertion:• Upper medial surface of tibia

• Action:• Weakly adducts & weakly

flexes thigh• Flexes leg

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 376, 381• Figures: 12.15a, 12.17a

• Cadaver hint:• NOT to be confused with

sartorius (compare origins)

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Mnemonic: Great Major League Baseball Players

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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Thigh Compartment [3]Hamstrings Group [3]

• Semitendinosus• Origin:

• Ischial tuberosity

• Insertion:• Proximal medial surface of

tibia

• Action:• Extends thigh• Flexes leg• Medially rotates leg

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 381• Figures: 12.18a & b

• Identification hint:• Semi (half) tendinosus

(tendon), means half of this muscle consists of a tendon 49

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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Thigh Compartment [3]Hamstrings Group [3]

• Semimembranosus• Origin:

• Ischial tuberosity

• Insertion:• Medial condyle of tibia

• Action:• Extends thigh• Flexes leg• Medially rotates leg

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 381• Figures: 12.18a & b, 12.15b

• Identification hint:• Semi (half) membranosus

(membrane), means that half of this muscle has a broad membranous tendon 50

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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Thigh Compartment [3]Hamstrings Group [3]

• Biceps femoris (2 heads)• Origin:

• Long head: ischial tuberosity• Short head: linea aspera of

femur

• Insertion:• Head of fibula

• Action:• Extends thigh• Flexes leg• Laterally rotates leg

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 381• Figures: 12.18a & b, 12.15b

• Cadaver hint:• By touching the origin of the short

head of biceps femoris, you can feel the linea aspera of femur 51

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Appendicular Muscles – Gluteal Muscles [5+1]

• Tensor fasciae latae• Origin:

• Iliac crest• Anterior superior iliac spine

• Insertion:• Iliotibial tract

• Action:• Abducts thigh• Medially rotates thigh

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 396• Figures: 12.15b, 12.17

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Appendicular Muscles – Gluteal Muscles [5+1]

• Gluteus maximus• Origin:

• Iliac crest• Sacrum• Coccyx

• Insertion:• Iliotibial tract• Linea aspera

• Action:• Extends thigh• Laterally rotates thigh

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 377• Figures: 12.15b, 12.18

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Appendicular Muscles – Gluteal Muscles [5+1]

• Gluteus medius• Origin:

• Iliac crest

• Insertion:• Greater trochanter of

femur

• Action:• Abducts thigh• Medially rotates thigh

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 377• Figures: 12.15b, 12.18a

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Appendicular Muscles – Gluteal Muscles [5+1]

• Gluteus minimus• Origin:

• Lateral surface of ilium

• Insertion:• Greater trochanter of femur

• Action:• Abducts thigh• Medially rotates thigh

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 377• Figures: 12.15c

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Appendicular Muscles – Gluteal Muscles [5+1]

• Piriformis• Origin:

• Anterolateral surface of sacrum

• Insertion:• Greater trochanter of femur

• Action:• Laterally rotates thigh

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 377• Figures: 12.15c

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Appendicular Muscles – Gluteal Muscles [5+1]

• Iliotibial tract / band(associated structure)

• Significance:• Thick band of fascia

continuous with the tensor fasciae latae muscle

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 376• Figures: 12.15, 12.17, 12.18

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Mnemonic: Follow the Iliotibial Tract to reach Starbucks & get a Tensor Fasciae Latae

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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Leg Compartment [3]

• Tibialis anterior• Origin:

• Lateral condyle & proximal shaft of tibia

• Insertion:• Metatarsal I• Medial cuneiform

• Action:• Dorsiflexes foot• Inverts foot

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 383• Figures: 12.20a & b, 12.21

58

Mnemonic (anterior, medial to lateral):Tom – Harry – Dick

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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Leg Compartment [3]

• Extensor digitorum longus• Action:

• Extends toes 2-5• Dorsiflexes foot

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 383• Figures: 12.20a & b, 12.21

• Identification hint:• Think of how the tendons of

this muscle insert over the digits to extend them

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Mnemonic (anterior, medial to lateral):Tom – Harry – Dick

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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Leg Compartment [3]

• Extensor hallucis longus• Action:

• Extends hallux• Dorsiflexes foot

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 383• Figures: 12.20a & b, 12.21

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Mnemonic (anterior, medial to lateral):Tom – Harry – DickHarry likes to hide!

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Appendicular Muscles – Lateral Leg Compartment [2]

• Fibularis longus• Action:

• Everts foot• Weakly plantar flexes foot

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 383• Figures: 12.21a & b, 12.22b

• Identification hint:• Thinking logically, the name of

fibularis longus suggests that this muscle sits on top of fibula, and has a longer tendon relative to another muscle of similar name and location

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Appendicular Muscles – Lateral Leg Compartment [2]

• Fibularis brevis• Action:

• Everts foot• Weakly plantar flexes foot

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 383• Figures: 12.21a & b, 12.22b

• Identification hint:• This muscle is deep to

fibularis longus and has a relatively shorter tendon

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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Leg Compartment [5]

• Gastrocnemius• Origin:

• Lateral & medial condyles of femur

• Insertion:• Calcaneus via calcaneal

(Achilles) tendon

• Action:• Plantar flexes foot• Flexes leg

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 383• Figures: 12.20a, 12.21a, 12.22a

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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Leg Compartment [5]

• Soleus• Origin:

• Head & proximal shaft of fibula

• Medial border of tibia

• Insertion:• Calcaneus via calcaneal

(Achilles) tendon

• Action:• Plantar flexes foot

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 383• Figures: 12.21a, 12.22a

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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Leg Compartment [5]

• Tibialis posterior• Action:

• Plantar flexes foot• Inverts foot

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 383• Figures: 12.22b & c

• Identification hint:• Since the posterior leg muscles

have relatively deep bodies, it’s easier to look at their tendons near the medial malleolus of tibia

65

Mnemonic (posterior, medial to lateral):Tom – Dick – Harry

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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Leg Compartment [5]

• Flexor digitorum longus• Action:

• Plantar flexes foot• Flexes toes 2-5,

metacarpophalangeal (MP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP), & distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 383• Figures: 12.22b & c

• Identification hint:• Since the posterior leg muscles

have relatively deep bodies, it’s easier to look at their tendons near the medial malleolus of tibia

66

Mnemonic (posterior, medial to lateral):Tom – Dick – Harry

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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Leg Compartment [5]

• Flexor hallucis longus• Action:

• Plantar flexes foot• Flexes metacarpophalangeal

(MP) and interphalangeal (IP) joints of hallux

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 383• Figures: 12.22b & c

• Identification hint:• Since the posterior leg muscles

have relatively deep bodies, it’s easier to look at their tendons near the medial malleolus of tibia

67

Mnemonic (posterior, medial to lateral):Tom – Dick – HarryHarry likes to hide!

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Axial Muscles – Facial Expression Muscles [8]

• Frontalis(fontal belly of occipitofrontalis)

• Action:• Draws scalp forward• Raises eyebrows• Wrinkles forehead

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 322• Figures: 11.2a & b

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Axial Muscles – Facial Expression Muscles [8]

• Occipitalis(occipital belly of occipitofrontalis)

• Action:• Draws scalp backward

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 322• Figures: 11.1b, 11.2b

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Axial Muscles – Facial Expression Muscles [8]

• Orbicularis oris• Action:

• Compresses & purses lips(kiss muscle)

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 322• Figures: 11.2a & b

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Axial Muscles – Facial Expression Muscles [8]

• Orbicularis oculi• Action:

• Closes eye (blink muscle)

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 322• Figures: 11.2a & b

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Axial Muscles – Facial Expression Muscles [8]

• Platysma• Action:

• Pulls lower lip inferiorly• Tenses skin of neck

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 322• Figures: 11.2a & b

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Axial Muscles – Facial Expression Muscles [8]

• Zygomaticus major• Action:

• Pulls corners of mouth superiorly (smiling muscle)

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 322• Figures: 11.2a & b

• Identification hint:• Typically, muscles ending with

major are below those ending with minor (be careful of exceptions)

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Axial Muscles – Facial Expression Muscles [8]

• Zygomaticus minor• Action:

• Pulls corners of mouth superiorly (smiling muscle)

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 322• Figures: 11.2a & b

• Identification hint:• Typically, muscles ending with

major are below those ending with minor (be careful of exceptions)

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Axial Muscles – Facial Expression Muscles [8]

• Buccinator• Action:

• Presses cheeks against molar teeth, as in chewing, whistling, playing a wind instrument, and suckling in infants

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 327• Figures: 11.2a & b

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Axial Muscles – Mastication (Chewing) Muscles [2]

• Temporalis• Origin:

• Parietal bone• Frontal bone

• Insertion:• Coronoid process of mandible

• Action:• Elevates & retracts mandible

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 331• Figures: 11.2b, 11.5

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Axial Muscles – Mastication (Chewing) Muscles [2]

• Masseter• Origin:

• Zygomatic arch

• Insertion:• Coronoid process, angle, &

ramus of mandible

• Action:• Elevates & protracts mandible• Jaw closure

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 331• Figures: 11.2a & b, 11.5

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Axial Muscles – Neck Muscles [3]

• Sternocleidomastoid• Origin:

• Manubrium of sternum• Sternal end of clavicle

• Insertion:• Mastoid process of temporal

bone

• Action:• One side: lateral flexion with

rotation of head to opposite side

• Both sides: flexes head & neck

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 336• Figures: 11.8, 11.9

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Axial Muscles – Neck Muscles [3]

• Splenius capitis• Origin:

• Ligamentum nuchae (connective tissue covering the spinal processes of the cervical vertebrae)

• Insertion:• Occipital bone• Mastoid process of temporal

bone

• Action:• One side: turns head to same

side• Both sides: extends head &

neck

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 336• Figures: 11.10, 11.11 79

Mnemonic: PUT THE CAP ON TOP OF CERVICIS

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Axial Muscles – Neck Muscles [3]

• Splenius cervicis• Origin:

• Spinous processes of T3-T6 vertebrae

• Insertion:• Transverse processes of

cervical vertebrae

• Action:• One side: turns head to same

side• Both sides: extends head &

neck

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 336• Figures: 11.10, 11.11

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Mnemonic: PUT THE CAP ON TOP OF CERVICIS

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Axial Muscles – Vertebral Column Muscles [3+1]

• Erector spinae groups• Muscles

• Iliocostalis group (lateral)• Longissimus group (middle)• Spinalis group (medial)

• Action• One side: laterally flexes the

vertebral column• Both sides: extends vertebral

column

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 339• Figures: 11.11

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Axial Muscles – Vertebral Column Muscles [3+1]

• Quadratus lumborum• Action:

• One side: laterally flexes the vertebral column

• Both sides: extends vertebral column

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 339• Figures: 11.11

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Axial Muscles – Respiration Muscles [3]

• External intercostals• Action:

• Elevates ribs during normal inspiration (inhalation)

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 342• Figures: 11.11, 11.13

• Cadaver hint:• Looking from bottom to top,

notice that external intercostals point in a direction away from the body (to the shoulders)

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Axial Muscles – Respiration Muscles [3]

• Internal intercostals• Action:

• Depresses ribs during forced exhalation

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 342• Figures: 11.13

• Cadaver hint:• Looking from bottom to top,

notice that internal intercostals point in a direction into the body (to the chin)

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Axial Muscles – Respiration Muscles [3]

• Diaphragm• Action:

• Expands the thoracic cavity during normal inspiration

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 342• Figures: 11.13

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Axial Muscles – Abdominal Wall Muscles [4+1]

• External oblique• Action:

• Both sides: flexes vertebral column & compresses abdominal wall

• One side: laterally flexes vertebral column

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 344• Figures: 11.14a & b

• Cadaver hint:• Looking from bottom to top,

notice that external oblique points in a direction away from the body (to the shoulders)

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Axial Muscles – Abdominal Wall Muscles [4+1]

• Internal oblique• Action:

• Both sides: flexes vertebral column & compresses abdominal wall

• One side: laterally flexes vertebral column

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 344• Figures: 11.14a & b

• Cadaver hint:• Looking from bottom to top,

notice that internal oblique points in a direction into the body (to the chin)

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Axial Muscles – Abdominal Wall Muscles [4+1]

• Transversus abdominis• Action:

• Both sides: flexes vertebral column & compresses abdominal wall

• One side: laterally flexes vertebral column

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 344• Figures: 11.14a & b

• Cadaver hint:• Notice the horizontal direction

of this muscle’s fibers

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Axial Muscles – Abdominal Wall Muscles [4+1]

• Rectus abdominis• Action:

• Flexes vertebral column & compresses abdominal wall

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 344• Figures: 11.14a & b

• Trivia:• This is the six-pack abs

muscle

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Axial Muscles – Abdominal Wall Muscles [4+1]

• Inguinal ligament(associated structure)

• Significance:• Formed by the aponeurosis of

the external oblique muscle• Contains tissues coursing

from the trunk to the lower limb

• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 344• Figures: 11.14a & b

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91

Pectoral Girdle Muscles

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Glenohumeral Joint Muscles

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Anterior Arm Muscles

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Posterior Arm Compartment

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Forearm Muscles

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Anterior and Medial Thigh Compartments

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Posterior Thigh & Gluteal Muscles

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Anterior & Lateral Lower Leg Compartments

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Posterior Lower Leg Compartment

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Anterior Face Muscles

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Anterior Face Muscles

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Lateral Face Muscles

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Lateral Face Muscles

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Facial Expressions

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Muscles of Mastication

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Neck Muscles

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Posterior Neck Muscles

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Posterior Neck Muscles

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Respiration Muscles

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Respiration Muscles

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Respiration Muscles

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Respiration Muscles

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Abdominal Wall Muscles

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Abdominal Wall Muscles

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Abdominal Wall Muscles

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