ACTIVITIES 5 6: APPENDICULAR AND AXIAL...

ACTIVITIES 5 & 6: APPENDICULAR AND AXIAL MUSCLES

Objectives: 1) How to get ready: Read Chapter 11 & 12, McKinley et al., Human Anatomy, 5e. All text references are for this

textbook. Begin identifying muscles in your textbook BEFORE you come to the laboratory. YOU MUSTBRING GLOVES FOR THIS ACTIVITY.

2) Identify muscles listed on models and/or cadavers.3) When indicated, identify the action and attachments for each muscle.4) Before next class: You will be working on muscles in the laboratory for two weeks, so continue your study of

the muscle tables in preparation for your laboratory practical exam.

Skeletal muscle identification: ● You will be required to identify each of the following muscles or associated structures on the cadavers

and/or models in lab.● Muscle actions are required for each muscle.● Remember: Spelling is important! Practice writing and rewriting the names of each muscle and associated

structure.● PLEASE NOTE: THE DRAWINGS PROVIDED ARE FOR GUIDANCE AND ORIENTATION ONLY. USE YOUR

TEXTBOOK FOR MORE DETAILED DRAWINGS, INCLUDING ATTACHMENT SITES.

APPENDICULAR MUSCLES: These muscles control the movement of the pelvic and pectoral girdles and upper and lower limbs.

TABLE 1. MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE PECTORAL GIRDLE: (6 MUSCLES TO IDENTIFY) muscles that are attached only to the axial skeleton and thus move the pectoral girdle. For summary of movements see table. 12.1, p. 357

NAME ACTION TEXTBOOK REFERENCE & NOTES

❏ trapezius

▪ superior fibers: elevate & upwardly rotate scapula;elevate clavicle; extend head

▪ middle fibers: adduct scapula

▪ inferior fibers: depress scapula

described: p. 354 fig. 11.1b, 12.2, 12.4b

❏ levatorscapulae

elevates scapula

described: p. 354 fig. 12.2, 12.3, 12.4b

1


❏ serratusanterior

abducts & stabilizes scapula

described: p. 353 fig. 11.1b, 11.14a,12.1, 12.4a

❏ pectoralisminor

abducts & depresses scapula

described: p. 353 fig. 12.1, 12.4a

❏ rhomboid major

stabilizes, elevates & adducts scapula; downwardly rotates scapula

described: p. 354 fig. 12.2, 12.4b

❏ rhomboid minor

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TABLE 2. MUSCLES THAT ATTACH TO THE AXIAL SKELETON AND TO THE HUMERUS: (8 MUSCLES PLUS ONE MUSCLE GROUP TO IDENTIFY) These muscles move the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint. For illustrations and summary of movement, see fig. 12.5a–c, and table 12.2 and 12.3.

NAME PROXIMAL ATTACHMENT

(ORIGIN)

DISTAL ATTACHMENT (INSERTION)

ACTION TEXTBOOK REFERENCE & NOTES

ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLES (4 MUSCLES): together the rotator cuff muscles stabilize & rotate arm at shoulder joint

❏ supraspinatus

supraspinous fossa of scapula

greater tubercle of humerus

abducts arm at shoulder joint

described: p.358 fig. 12.2, 12.4a & b

❏ infraspinatus

infraspinous fossa of scapula

laterally rotates arm at shoulder joint

described: p.358 fig. 12.2, 12.4b

❏ teres minor

lateral border of scapula

laterally rotates and weakly adducts arm at shoulder joint


❏ subscapularis

subscapular fossa of scapula lesser tubercle of

humerus medially rotates arm at shoulder joint

described: p.358 fig. 12.4a, 12.5a

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(ORIGIN)



❏ teres major

lateral border and angle of scapula

lesser tubercle & intertubercular sulcus of humerus

extends, adducts, & medially rotates arm at shoulder joint

described: pp.357-358 fig. 12.2, 12.4b

❏ latissimusdorsi

▪ spinousprocesses oflower thoracicvertebrae

▪ lower ribs (8-12)▪ iliac crest of ilium

intertubercular sulcus of humerus

extends, adducts, & medially rotates arm at shoulder joint

described: p.357 fig. 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.4b

❏ deltoid

▪ acromial end ofclavicle

▪ acromion andspine of scapula

deltoid tuberosity of humerus

-abducts,flexes, &extends arm atshoulder joint

-anterior fibersmedially rotatearm at shoulderjoint

-posterior fiberslaterally rotatearm at shoulderjoint

described: p.357 fig. 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.4a & b; table 12.3

❏ pectoralismajor

▪ clavicle▪ costal cartilages

greater tubercle & lateral intertubercular sulcus of humerus

flexes, adducts, & medially rotates arm at shoulder joint

described: p.357 fig. 11.1, 12.1, 12.4a

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TABLE 3. POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE ARM (1 MUSCLE WITH 3 HEADS TO IDENTIFY): For summary of actions at elbow, see table 12.5.


(ORIGIN)



❏ triceps brachii (triceps brachii has three heads)

❏ long headinfraglenoid tubercle of scapula

olecranon process of ulna

-extends forearmat elbow joint

-long headassists inextension andadduction ofarm at shoulderjoint

described: p.362 fig. 12.8a & b

❏ lateral headposterior shaft of humerus

❏ medial headposterior shaft of humerus distal to radial groove

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TABLE 4. ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE ARM (5* MUSCLES TO IDENTIFY): For summary of actions at elbow, see table 12.4 and 12.5.


(ORIGIN)



❏ biceps brachii (biceps brachii has two heads)*

❏ long headsupraglenoid tubercle of scapula radial

tuberosity of radius

▪ flexes arm at shoulderjoint

▪ flexes & supinatesforearm at elbow joint

described: p.360 fig. 12.7a & b, table 12.4

❏ short headcoracoid process of scapula

❏ coracobrachialis

coracoid process of scapula

middle medial shaft of humerus

adducts & flexes arm at shoulder joint

described: pp.357;362 fig. 12.7a & b

❏ brachialis

distal, anterior surface of humerus

coronoid process of ulna

flexes forearm at elbow joint

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(ORIGIN)



! brachioradialis

lateral distal humerus

styloid process of radius

flexes forearm at elbow joint

described: p.362 fig. 12.7a, 12.11a

TABLE 5. ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE FOREARM: (7 MUSCLES PLUS 1 ASSOCIATED STRUCTURE TO IDENTIFY) For summary of actions at wrist, see table 12.8.

! NOTE: MP = metacarpophalangeal IP = interphalangeal

PIP = proximal interphalangealDIP = distal interphalangeal


! pronator teres

pronates forearm at radioulnar joint

described: p.363 fig. 12.9, 12.11, 12.12

! flexor carpi radialis

flexes and abducts hand at wrist joint

described: p.368 fig.12.11, 12.12

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❏ palmaris longus

▪ weakly flexes hand at wrist joint

▪ tenses fascia of palm

described: p.368 fig.12.11, 12.12

❏ flexor carpi ulnaris

flexes and abducts hand at wrist joint

described: p.368 fig.12.11, 12.12, 12.13a

❏ flexor digitorum superficialis

▪ flexes hand at wrist joint

▪ flexes middle phalanx of each finger at2nd-5th MP & PIP joints

described: p.368 fig.12.11b

❏ flexor digitorum profundus

▪ flexes hand at wrist joint

▪ flexes distal and middle phalanges ofeach finger at 2nd-5th MP, PIP, & DIP joints

described: p.368 fig.12.11c

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❏ flexor pollicis longus

flexes distal phalanx of thumb at IP joint

described: p.368 fig. 12.11c

❏ flexor retinaculum(associated structure)

significance: fibrous band of connective tissue that covers the palmar surface of the carpal bones

described: p.365 fig.12.11a, 12.14a

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TABLE 6. POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE FOREARM: (9 MUSCLES PLUS 1 ASSOCIATED STRUCTURE TO IDENTIFY)

NAME ACTION TEXTBOOK REFERENCE & NOTES ❏ extensor carpi radialis

longus

extends and abducts hand at wrist joint

described: pp.368;370 fig.12.13a & b

❏ extensor carpi radialisbrevis

❏ extensor carpi ulnaris

extends and adducts hand at wrist joint

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❏ extensor digitorum

▪ extends hand at wrist joint

▪ extends distal and middle phalangesat 2nd - 5th MP, PIP, & DIP joints

❏ anconeus

▪ extends forearm at elbow joint

described: p.363 fig. 12.8a & b, 12.13a

❏ abductor pollicislongus

▪ abducts and extends thumbbetween joint between carpals andmetacarpals

▪ weakly extends hand at wrist joint

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❏ extensor pollicis longus

• weakly extends hand at wrist joint

• extends thumb at MP & IP joints

❏ extensor pollicis brevis

• weakly extends hand at wrist joint

• extends thumb at MP joint

❏ supinator

supinates forearm at radioulnar joint


❏ extensor retinaculum(associated structure)

significance: fibrous band of connective tissue that covers the dorsal surface of the carpal bones

described: pp.367-368 fig. 12.13a, 12.14c

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TABLE 7. ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH (5 INDIVIDUAL MUSCLES PLUS 1 MUSCLE GROUP TO IDENTIFY): For summary of actions at hip, see tables 12.9, 12.11.

NAME PROXIMAL

ATTACHMENT (ORIGIN)


ACTION TEXTBOOK

REFERENCE & NOTES

QUADRICEPS FEMORIS GROUP: FOUR MUSCLES WITH A COMMON INSERTION POINT

❏ rectus femoris

anterior inferior iliac spine of ilium

-patella, viaquadriceps tendon

- tibial tuberosity, viapatellar ligament

• flexes thighat hip joint

• extends legat kneejoint

described: p. 380 fig. 12.17a & b

❏ vastus lateralis

extends leg at knee joint

described: p. 380 fig. 12.17a & b, 12.15

❏ vastus medialis described: p. 380 fig. 12.17a & b

❏ vastusintermedius


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TABLE 7, CONTINUED.


(ORIGIN)



❏ sartorius

anterior superior iliac spine of ilium

tibial tuberosity of tibia or proximal medial surface of tibia (via pes anserinus)

• flexes,abducts, &laterally rotatesthigh at hipjoint

• flexes &mediallyrotates leg atknee joint


TABLE 8. ILIOPSOAS GROUP (2 INDIVIDUAL MUSCLES PLUS 1 MUSCLE GROUP TO IDENTIFY): These two muscles are collectively known as the iliopsoas group.


(ORIGIN)



❏ ILIOPSOAS GROUP: TWO MUSCLES WITH A COMMON INSERTION POINT

❏ iliacus

iliac fossa of ilium

lesser trochanter of femur

flexes thigh at hip joint

described: p. 374 fig. 12.15a, 12.17a

❏ psoas major

T12-L5 vertebrae

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TABLE 9. MEDIAL COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH (5 MUSCLES TO IDENTIFY)


❏ pectineus

adducts & weakly flexes thigh at hip joint

described: p. 375 fig. 12.15, 12.17

❏ adductor longus

❏ adductor brevis

❏ adductor magnus

- adducts thigh at hip joint

- flexes or extends and thigh at hip joint(depending on whether anterior or posteriorpart is used)

described: p. 375 fig. 12.15, 12.18

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(ORIGIN)



❏ gracilis

inferior ramus & body of pubis

proximal medial surface of tibia (via pes anserinus)

• weakly adducts& weakly flexesthigh at hip joint

• flexes leg atknee joint


TABLE 10. POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH (3* MUSCLES PLUS ONE MUSCLE GROUP TO IDENTIFY)


(ORIGIN)



HAMSTRINGS GROUP (3 MUSCLES) ❏ semitendinosus

ischial tuberosity of ischium

proximal medial surface of tibia (via pes anserinus)

▪ extends thigh athip joint

▪ flexes andmedially rotatesleg at knee joint


❏ semimembranosus

medial condyle of tibia

described: p. 380 fig. 12.18a & b, 12.15b

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(ORIGIN)

DISTAL ATTACHMENT(INSERTION)


biceps femoris* (biceps femoris is composed of a long head and short head)

❏ long head ischial tuberosity of ischium head of

fibula

extends thigh at hip joint


❏ short head linea aspera of femur

flexes & laterally rotates leg at knee joint

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TABLE 11. GLUTEAL MUSCLES (5 MUSCLES PLUS ONE ASSOCIATED STRUCTURE TO IDENTIFY)


(ORIGIN)


ACTION TEXTBOOK REFERENCE &

NOTES ❏ tensor fasciae latae

iliac crest & anterior superior iliac spine of ilium

iliotibial tract flexes, abducts, & medially rotates thigh at hip joint

described: p. 375 fig. 12.15b, 12.17

❏ gluteus maximus

• iliac crestof ilium

• sacrum• coccyx

▪ iliotibial tract▪ linea aspera of

femur▪ gluteal

tuberosity

extends & laterally rotates thigh at hip joint

described: p. 376 fig. 12.15b, 12.18

❏ gluteus medius

iliac crest of ilium

greater trochanter of femur

abducts & medially rotates thigh at hip joint

described: p. 376 fig. 12.15b, 12.18a

❏ gluteus minimus

lateral surface of ilium

abducts & medially rotates thigh at hip joint

described: p. 376 fig. 12.15c

❏ piriformis

anterolateral surface of sacrum

laterally rotates and abducts thigh at hip joint

described: p. 376 fig. 12.15c

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❏ iliotibial tract or band(associatedstructure)

significance: thick band of fascia continuous with tensor fasciae latae

described: p. 375 fig. 12.15, 12.17, 12.18

TABLE 12. ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG (3 MUSCLES TO IDENTIFY) For summary of actions at ankle, see table 12.15.


(ORIGIN)



NOTES ❏ tibialis anterior

lateral condyle & proximal shaft of tibia

▪ metatarsal I▪ medial

cuneiformbone

dorsiflexes & inverts foot at ankle joint


❏ extensor digitorumlongus

• dorsiflexesfoot at anklejoint

• extends distaland middlephalanges 2-5

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(ORIGIN)



NOTES

❏ extensor hallucislongus

• dorsiflexesfoot at anklejoint

• extends hallux

TABLE 13. LATERAL COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG (2 MUSCLES TO IDENTIFY)


❏ fibularis longus

everts & weakly plantar flexes foot at ankle joint


❏ fibularis brevis

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TABLE 14. POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG (5 MUSCLES TO IDENTIFY)


(ORIGIN)



❏ gastrocnemius

lateral and medial condyles of femur

calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

• flexes leg at kneejoint

• plantar flexes footat ankle joint

described: p. 382 fig. 12.20a, 12.21a, 12.22a

❏ soleus

▪ head &proximal shaftof fibula

▪ medial borderof tibia

plantar flexes foot at ankle joint


❏ tibialis posterior

plantar flexes and inverts foot at ankle joint

described: p. 382 fig. 12.22b & c

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(ORIGIN)



❏ flexor digitorumlongus

▪ plantar flexesfoot at ankle joint

▪ flexes distal andmiddle phalanges2-5 at MP, PIP,and DIP joints

❏ flexor hallucislongus

▪ plantar flexesfoot at ankle joint

▪ flexes MP and IPjoints of hallux

NOTE: YOUR LABORATORY INSTRUCTOR MAY choose to ADD UP TO THREE APPENDICULAR MUSCLES, with attachments and actions.


(ORIGIN)



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AXIAL MUSCLES: have both their origins and insertions on the axial skeleton

TABLE 15. MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION: (8 MUSCLES TO IDENTIFY) THESE MUSCLES MOVE SKIN RATHER THAN A JOINT UPON CONTRACTION


! frontalis (frontal belly ofoccipitofrontalis)

draws scalp forward, raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead horizontally


occipitalis (occipital belly ofoccipitofrontalis)

draws scalp backward

described: p. 321 fig. 11.1b, 11.2b

! orbicularis oris

compresses and purses lips (kiss muscle)

described: pp. 321,326 fig. 11.2a & b

! orbicularis oculi

closes eye (blink muscle)

! platysma

pulls lower lip inferiorly, tenses skin of neck, aids in depressing mandible

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❏ zygomaticus major

pulls corners of mouth superiorly (smiling muscle)

❏ zygomaticus minor

raises upper lip, exposing upper teeth

❏ buccinator

presses cheeks against molar teeth, holds food between teeth during chewing


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TABLE 16. MUSCLES OF MASTICATION (CHEWING): (2 MUSCLES TO IDENTIFY)


(ORIGIN)



❏ temporalis

▪ parietalbone

▪ frontalbone

coronoid process of mandible

elevates and retracts mandible at jaw

described: p. 330 fig. 11.2b, 11.5

❏ masseter

zygomatic arch

coronoid process, angle, and ramus of mandible

closes jaw; elevates mandible at jaw


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TABLE 17. NECK MUSCLES: (3 MUSCLES TO IDENTIFY)


(ORIGIN)



NOTES ❏ sternocleidomastoid

▪ manubriumof sternum

▪ sternal endof clavicle

mastoid process of temporal bone

• one side: laterallyflexes & rotateshead to oppositeside of contractingmuscle

• both sides: flexescervical portion ofvertebral column

described: p. 335 fig. 11.8, 11.9

❏ splenius capitisligamentum nuchae (connective tissue covering the spinal processes of the cervical vertebrae)

▪ occipital bone▪ mastoid

process oftemporal bone ▪ one side: rotate

head to oppositeside ofcontractingmuscle

▪ both sides:extend head &neck

described: p. 335 fig. 11.10, 11.11

❏ splenius cervicis

spinous processes of T3-T6

transverse processes of cervical vertebrae

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TABLE 18. MUSCLES OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN: (3 MUSCLE GROUPS PLUS 1 INDIVIDUAL MUSCLE TO IDENTIFY)


! ERECTOR SPINAE GROUPS: (3 MUSCLE GROUPS)! iliocostalis group (lateral)

@ one side: laterallyflexes vertebral columnto the same side as thecontracting muscle

@ both sides: extendsvertebral column

described: p. 338 fig. 11.11

! longissimus group(intermediate)

! spinalis group (medial)

! quadratus lumborum

@ one side: laterallyflexes lumbar portion ofvertebral column

@ both sides: extendslumbar portion ofvertebral column


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TABLE 19. MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION: (3 MUSCLES TO IDENTIFY)

NAME ACTION TEXTBOOK REFERENCE* & NOTES ❏ external intercostals

elevate ribs during normal inspiration (inhalation)

described: p. 341 fig. 11.11, 11.13

❏ internal intercostals

depress ribs during forced exhalation


❏ diaphragm

expands the thoracic cavity during normal inspiration

*ALSO SEE: FIGURES 25.14 & 25.15, PP. 762-763

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TABLE 20. MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL: (4 PAIRED MUSCLES PLUS 2 ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES TO IDENTIFY)


❏ external oblique

▪ both sides: compress abdominal wall &flex vertebral column

▪ one side: laterally flex vertebral column


❏ internal oblique

❏ transversus abdominis

❏ rectus abdominis

compresses abdominal wall & flexes vertebral column

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NAME SIGNIFICANCE TEXTBOOK REFERENCE & NOTES

❏ inguinal ligament(associated structure)

significance: formed by the aponeurosis of the external oblique; contains tissues coursing from the trunk to the lower limb

❏ linea alba (associatedstructure)

significance: connective tissue connecting left and right rectus abdominis muscles

NOTE: YOUR LABORATORY INSTRUCTOR MAY choose to ADD UP TO THREE ADDITIONAL AXIAL MUSCLES, with attachments and actions.


(ORIGIN)



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ACTIVITIES 5 6: APPENDICULAR AND AXIAL...

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