World Energy Trilemma Index | 2016
BENCHMARKING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF NATIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS
In Partnership with OLIVER WYMAN
ABOUT THE WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL
The World Energy Council is the principal
impartial network of energy leaders and
practitioners promoting an affordable,
stable and environmentally sensitive energy
system for the greatest benefit of all.
Formed in 1923, the Council is the UN-
accredited global energy body,
representing the entire energy spectrum,
with over 3,000 member organisations in
over 90 countries, drawn from
governments, private and state
corporations, academia, NGOs and energy
stakeholders. We inform global, regional
and national energy strategies by hosting
high-level events including the World
Energy Congress and publishing
authoritative studies, and work through our
extensive member network to facilitate the
world’s energy policy dialogue.
Further details at www.worldenergy.org
and @WECouncil
ABOUT THE ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX
The World Energy Council’s definition of
energy sustainability is based on three core
dimensions: energy security, energy
equity, and environmental sustainability.
Balancing these three goals constitutes a
‘trilemma’ and is the basis for prosperity
and competitiveness of individual countries.
The World Energy Trilemma Index,
prepared annually by the World Energy
Council in partnership with global
consultancy Oliver Wyman, along with
the Global Risk Centre of its parent
Marsh & McLennan Companies since 2010,
is a comparative ranking of 125 countries’
energy systems. It provides an assessment
of a country’s ability to balance the
trade-offs between the three trilemma
dimensions.
Access the complete Index results and use
the interactive Trilemma Index tool and its
pathway calculator to find out more about
countries’ trilemma performance and what it
takes to build a sustainable energy system:
www.worldenergy.com/data.
Produced in partnership with
OLIVER WYMAN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4
INTRODUCTION 5 About the annual Energy Trilemma Index 6 Overview of the 2016 Energy Trilemma Index ranking and balance score 8 Placing countries on the Index watch list 12 An energy sector in transition: the 2016 Energy Trilemma Index in context 17
REGIONAL PROFILES 20 Asia 23 Europe 27 Latin America and the Carribean 27 North Africa and Middle East 33 North America 36 Sub-Saharan Africa 40
COUNTRY PROFILES 44
APPENDIX: INDEX METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW 138
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 138
WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL | PERSPECTIVES
NORTH AMERICASTRUGGLES WITH AGEING INFRASTRUCTURE AND EXTREME WEATHER
With 14% of total global greenhouse gas emissions stemming from North America, the region must improve environmental sustainability and update ageing energy infrastructure to strengthen resilience to emerging risks, including extreme weather events and cyber attacks.
Environmental sustainability is expected to improve significantly due to emission reduction measures such as the development of carbon capture, usage and storage technologies, and further diversification of the energy mix.
EUROPEMANAGING THE ENERGY TRANSITION
Although European countries lead the 2016 Index, the region still faces the challenge of managing the energy security and affordability risks resulting from the energy transition.
To maintain a strong Trilemma performance, policymakers must focus on energy market design, regional markets, demand management, and designing an effective carbon price to successfully manage the challenging energy transition.
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEANBUILDING RESILIENCE AND ENERGY EQUITY
The Latin America and Caribbean region must work on improving and maintaining its energy security by increasing the energy system’s resilience to extreme weather events and improving energy equity.
Diversifying the energy supply with low-carbon sources such as solar and wind and increasing regional interconnection will be key to securing reliable supply. However, large-scale investments are required to finance the development of resilient energy infrastructure.
ASIADECREASING IMPORT DEPENDENCE IN THE FACE OF GROWING DEMAND
Asia faces the challenge of facilitating sustainable growth of its highly energy-intensive, emerging economies while managing increasing energy demand and growing energy import dependence.
Improvements on all three trilemma dimensions are possible by increasing the use of renewable energy sources, and by decreasing import dependence through reliable trade relationships and improved infrastructure.
MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICADIVERSIFYING AWAY FROM OIL AND GAS
The main challenges for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are high energy intensity, greenhouse gas emissions, and use of finite fossil fuel reserves. Combined with water scarcity concerns, these challenges, if not addressed, could threaten the region’s energy security and environmental sustainability.
Many MENA countries are focused on improving energy efficiency and diversifying their economies and energy mixes through an increased use of solar and nuclear power. Significant changes to the region’s trilemma performance are likely to show towards the 2020s and 2040s.
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAUNLOCKING RESOURCES AND RENEWABLES POTENTIAL
Sub-Saharan Africa is challenged by the world’s lowest levels of energy access and commercial energy use, despite a rich endowment in resources and high renewables potential.
Stable and widely accessible energy supply could act as a catalyst for regional economic development. To unlock the region’s resource potential and meet future energy demand, the region must attract investment, build institutional capacity and improve its grid and off-grid energy supply.
COUNTRY PERFORMANCE
Top 25% 25% – 50% 50% – 75% Lower 25% n/a
EUROPE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
NORTH AMERICA ASIA
WORLD ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX 2016: REGIONAL OVERVIEWS
© 2016 World Energy Council, Oliver Wyman. Access the data via www.worldenergy.org/data
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The World Energy Council’s definition of energy sustainability is based on three core
dimensions: energy security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability. The
Energy Trilemma Index ranks countries’ energy performance around the world and
provides a framework to benchmark progress.
The 2016 Energy Trilemma Index reveals signs of progress on all dimensions of the energy
trilemma. Thirteen of the 125 countries assessed achieve a triple-A score. Efforts to
increase resource productivity and manage energy demand growth will be key in ensuring a
balanced energy trilemma.
Among the countries included in the Index, access to electricity and clean cooking have
both increased by 5% to 85% and 74% since 2000. Meanwhile, cleaner forms of energy are
being used to support energy access and economic growth, with renewables making up
9.7% of total primary energy consumption in 2015. A more diversified and low-carbon
energy mix will help to improve energy security and environmental sustainability but its
positive effects may be stifled by rising energy consumption, which is predicted to increase
by up to 46% by 2060.
This year Denmark, Switzerland and Sweden top the Index, with Denmark also achieving
the highest score for energy security. While not in the top 10 overall, Luxembourg maintains
its position for most equitable (affordable and accessible) and the Philippines is leading the
way on the environmental sustainability dimension. In Latin America, Uruguay ranks the
highest, while in the Middle East, Israel outperforms its regional peers. In Sub-Saharan
Africa, Mauritius performs best, and in Asia, New Zealand remains at the top of the regional
leader board.
FIGURE 1: TOP 10 COUNTRIES IN THE ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX 2016
Source: World Energy Council/Oliver Wyman, 2016
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ABOUT THE ANNUAL ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX The World Energy Council’s definition of energy sustainability is based on three core
dimensions – energy security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability. Taken
together, they constitute a ‘trilemma’, and achieving high performance on all three entails
complex interwoven links between public and private actors, governments and regulators,
economic and social factors, national resources, environmental concerns, and individual
behaviours.
FIGURE 2: THE THREE DIMENSIONS OF THE ENERGY TRILEMMA
Source: World Energy Council/Oliver Wyman, 2016
The Energy Trilemma Index quantifies the energy trilemma and comparatively ranks 125
countries in terms of their ability to provide a secure, affordable, and environmentally
sustainable energy system. In addition, countries are awarded a balance score that
highlights how well the country manages the trade-offs between the three energy trilemma
dimensions and identifies top performing countries with a triple-A score.
The Index rankings are based on a range of data sets that capture both energy
performance and the context of that energy performance. Energy performance indicators
consider supply and demand, the affordability of and access to energy, and the
environmental impact of a country’s energy production and use. The contextual indicators
consider the broader circumstances of energy performance including a country’s ability to
provide coherent, predictable and stable policy and regulatory frameworks, initiate
research, development and demonstration (RD&D) and innovation, and attract investment.
Prepared annually by the World Energy Council in partnership with global consultancy
Oliver Wyman, along with the Global Risk Centre of its parent Marsh & McLennan
Companies since 2010, the Index methodology was updated and revised in 2016 to capture
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the changing energy landscape. The methodology maintains the focus on the three energy
trilemma dimensions but is enhanced by three main changes. Firstly, the revised
methodology broadens the scope of indicators covered to provide a more inclusive ranking
of the energy sector with a greater focus on the diversity of energy supply. Secondly, the
assessment of energy equity is enhanced by including measures for the quality of supply
and affordability of a wider number of energy resources, including household electricity,
natural gas and diesel costs. Finally, the revised Index includes a consideration of the
resilience of a country’s energy system with indicators for energy storage and the ability of
a country to prepare for and repair energy infrastructure following shocks.
Included in this Index report are:
2016 Energy Trilemma Index rankings and balance scores
2016 watch list
Regional profiles by key geographies
Energy Trilemma profiles for World Energy Council member countries1
As countries have unique resource endowments, policy goals and challenges, the absolute
rank of a country may be less meaningful than its relative performance versus its peers. To
support such analysis, the Index report provides data to generate regional or economic
peer group comparisons. For the deeper Index analysis, countries were organised in four
economic groups:
Group I: GDP per capita greater than US$33,500
Group II: GDP per capita between US$14,300 and US$33,500
Group III: GDP per capita between US$6,000 and US$14,300
Group IV: GDP per capita lower than US$6,000.
Trends, and the balance within the three dimensions, also provide valuable information in
helping countries address their energy trilemma. Decision makers in both the public and
private sectors are encouraged to look at trends in performance over the years, particularly
in each dimension, and to compare their countries against peer groups – including regional
or GDP group peers.
To support decision makers, the World Energy Council and Oliver Wyman have developed
an interactive online tool that allows users to view Index results and compare countries’
1 The World Energy Trilemma Index report only features country profiles for the World Energy Council’s member countries for which sufficient data is available.
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performance against other countries. The pathway calculator allows users to identify what it
takes to improve the energy trilemma performance. The tool can be accessed at:
www.worldenergy.org/data.
Taken as a whole, the World Energy Trilemma Index is a unique and unparalleled resource
and guide for policymakers seeking to develop solutions for sustainable energy systems
and business leaders to support investment decisions.
OVERVIEW OF THE 2016 ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX RANKINGS AND BALANCE SCORE This year’s top 10 ranked countries are all European, except New Zealand, and are led by
Denmark at rank 1. Eight of the top 10 achieve a triple-A score. This reinforces that (a)
countries must perform well across all trilemma dimensions to reach the top of the leader
board and (b) it is possible to develop an energy system in which policies work well
together to balance the trade-offs among energy security, energy equity, and environmental
sustainability. This is demonstrated, for example, through Europe’s long-term, balanced
energy policy, particularly the European Union’s energy and climate policies to 2020, which
have contributed to the region’s success on the trilemma.
FIGURE 3: TOP 10 ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX PERFORMERS OVERALL AND PER DIMENSION
Source: World Energy Council/Oliver Wyman, 2016
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However, the complex trade-offs that are inherent in energy policymaking, as well as
certain geographic limitations to achieving a trilemma balance, become evident when
analysing countries that excel in one dimension but struggle to achieve a balance.
Luxembourg, for example, which receives the top score in energy equity, ranks 122nd in
energy security and 103rd in environmental sustainability due to its small geographic area
and resulting limitations on the availability and diversity of energy resources and generation
capacity. Countries like Luxembourg will therefore have to redouble their efforts to find
solutions tailored to address their specific situation and weaknesses, such as regional
integration as a path to greater energy security, as ‘typical solutions’, which may apply to
larger, resource-endowed countries, are unlikely to succeed here.
Conversely, the top-10 in environmental sustainability is dominated by states that are able
to take advantage of their renewable energy potential such as the Philippines, Iceland and
Colombia, which all have high geothermal or hydropower capacities. A significant challenge
to these countries, however, is to avoid over-reliance on one single energy source, which
could potentially hamper the resilience of the energy system and with that energy security.
The top-10 in environmental sustainability moreover shows that resource availability is not
the only pre-requisite to achieve top scores for environmental sustainability. Successfully
harnessing the renewables potential also requires a sound institutional framework that
facilitates research and coherent policymaking and implementation.
An analysis of selected key metrics used in this index shows that globally, there are signals
that countries are building more sustainable energy systems by concurrently addressing
energy security, energy equity and environmental sustainability challenges.
Among the countries included in the Index, access to electricity and clean cooking have
both increased by 5% to 85% and 74% respectively since 2000. At the same time, global
CO2 intensity has been decreasing from 0.33 tCO2/US$ in 2000 to 0.27 tCO2/US$ in 2014.
Together these figures point towards a global upward trend with regards to energy equity
and environmental performance, where access to energy is improving at the same time as
cleaner forms of energy are being used to support economic growth.
In addition, the share of renewables in total primary energy consumption has increased
from 6.8% in 2005 to 9.7% in 2015. In this regard, the Index’ regional profiles signal a
positive trend towards greater diversification of energy sources, often through the
exploitation of renewable energy generation potential.
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2016 ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEXAND BALANCE SCORES
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Oil-producing states, for example, are increasingly exploring or actively enhancing solar
power generation to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels. Congruently, large developing
states in Asia are working on decreasing their import dependence through an increase in
renewable energy sources.
However, while a more diversified energy mix will help to improve energy security, its
positive effects may be stifled by the global increase in energy consumption. Total primary
energy consumption has been increasing from 2.2 quadrillion Btu in 2008 to 2.4 quadrillion
Btu in 2012. Globally, efforts to increase resource productivity and manage energy demand
growth will be key in ensuring a balanced energy trilemma going forward.
PLACING COUNTRIES ON THE INDEX WATCH LIST The watch list seeks to identify countries that are likely to experience significant changes −
positive or negative − in their Trilemma Index performance in the near future. Due to
constraints on the collection, processing, and dissemination of data, the goal of the watch
list is to reflect developments in a country’s energy sector that are currently ongoing but are
not yet captured in the Index.
TABLE 1: 2016 ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX – POSITIVE WATCH LIST
Country Rank Score Developments to watch
Chile 38 BBB Rapid growth of solar energy production Planned infrastructure improvements
United Arab
Emirates
43 BAD First nuclear power plant to come online in 2017 Green growth strategy Phasing out of gas and electricity subsidies
Ecuador 50 BBC Rapid expansion of hydroelectric power sector
Mexico 52 BBB Liberalisation of oil and gas markets Transition to low-carbon economy
Philippines 61 BCA Energy Reform Plan to strengthen all three
trilemma dimensions
Government is exploring the possibility of nuclear
power generation
Bolivia 100 CCD Expansion of export capacity Stepping up efforts to explore new gas resources
and attract investment
Source: World Energy Council/Oliver Wyman, 2016
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Positive watch list The following countries remain on the Council’s positive watch list (see Table 1):
Even though the United Arab Emirates (rank 43, BAD) is well endowed with oil
and natural gas reserves, the country is making major investments in low-carbon
energy solutions. This includes the construction of the Barakah nuclear power plant,
the first part of which is to come online in 2017.2 The UAE’s first green growth plan
sets further targets for demand reduction, energy efficiency, and renewable energy,
including the construction of a 1 GW solar park.3 The elimination of subsidies for
petrol and diesel from August 2015, as well as plans to further eliminate subsidies
on electricity and gas are expected to rationalise fuel consumption, protect natural
resources and the environment, and support state finances.4 These developments
have the potential to improve the UAE’s performance in the energy security and
environmental sustainability dimensions but may reduce energy equity scores.
Mexico (rank 52, BBB) continues to pursue the liberalisation of its energy market,
most recently publishing a plan to develop a fully competitive natural gas market by
2018.5 New market rules further aim to promote energy efficiency and set a target of
achieving 35% clean energy by 2024.6 These two transitions, from a monopolistic
structure to a competitive market scheme and from a high-carbon to a low-carbon
economy, are proving to be challenging, especially as improvement and expansion
of the country’s infrastructure is still needed.7 However, the country’s overall energy
trilemma performance is expected to improve as the reforms continue to be
implemented.
The Philippines (rank 61, BCA) has recently introduced the Philippine Energy
Reform Plan (PEP) 2012−2030, which commits the country to strengthening all
three dimensions of the Energy Trilemma. Comprising over 30% of the energy mix,
most of the country’s renewable energy is currently generated through geothermal
and hydropower, and investment in wind and solar energy could help to further
increase the share of renewables in the energy mix and enhance energy security.8
In further pursuit of this end, the country has most recently started exploring the
option of generating nuclear power.9
2 Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation (ENEC): About Our Nuclear Plants (www.enec.gov.ae/) 3 Beeantna: Building Inclusive Green Economies: The UAE approach, www.beeatna.ae 4 Carpenter C and Khan S, 2015: U.A.E. Removes Fuel Subsidy as Oil Drop Hurts Arab Economies (Bloomberg, 22 July 2015); Kane F, 2016: UAE to Cut Remaining Energy Subsidies, Minister Says (The National, 23 January 2016) 5 King and Spalding, 2016: Client Alert: Development of competitive natural gas market in Mexico 6 Dezem V, 2016: Mexico Sets National target of 5% Renewable Energy by 2018 (Bloomberg, 31 March 2016) 7 Clemente J, 2016: Mexico’s Ever Growing Natural Gas Market (Forbes, 02 July 2016) 8 Tan Hui Ann C, 2016: The Philippines’ Renewable Energy Sector is Booming (and It Could Get Bigger) (CNBC, 09 August 2016) 9 Cruz E, 2016: Philippines May Open Mothballed Marcos-era Nuclear Power Plant (Reuters, 30 August 2016); Republic of the Philippines Department of Energy, 2016: Philippines to Host Nuclear Energy Conference, www.doe.gov.ph
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The following countries have been added to the Council’s positive watch list in 2016
(see Table 1):
Chile (rank 38, BBB) made headlines in June as its high supply of solar energy led
to a drop in consumer prices to zero in certain areas on several occasions this
year.10 While this exemplifies Chile’s role as the largest producer of renewable
energy in South America, it also illustrates serious systemic difficulties, as continued
oversupply will be detrimental to investment. The main challenge faced by Chile is
thus to expand the capacity of its infrastructure and adapt to the intermittency of
solar and wind power to keep up with its rapid growth in renewable energy
production. In particular, the northern and southern electricity grids of the country
need to be connected for a more effective distribution. A project to do just that is
underway and expected to be completed by 2017. If successful, Chile’s renewable
energy expansion could strengthen all three trilemma dimensions in the country.
Ecuador (rank 50, BBC) is undergoing a major shift towards renewable energy,
with eight new hydroelectric power plants to come online in the period 2015−2017.
A total of 93% of the country’s energy supply is currently coming from hydropower.
This development, if accompanied by a supportive fossil fuel infrastructure and
improvements to the supply network, has the potential to significantly strengthen
Ecuador’s performance across all dimensions of the Trilemma.
Following the 2006 nationalisation of Bolivia’s (rank 100, CCD) oil and gas sector,
the country now plans to significantly increase its export capacity to become the
‘Energy Heart of South America’.11 To achieve this, Bolivia plans to triple its energy
supply by 2020. This will entail the challenges of stepping up exploration efforts,
improving supply infrastructure, and attracting new investment. Considering
Bolivia’s vast gas resources, this project could add significantly to the equity of
access and energy security dimensions of the trilemma in Bolivia as well as the
entire region.
10 Dezem V and Quiroga J, 2016: Chile Has So much Solar Energy It’s giving It Away For Free (Bloomberg, 02 June 2016) 11 Wilson J, 2015: Bolivia Wants to Become the Energy Heart of South America (Financial Times, 26 October 2015)
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TABLE 2: 2016 ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX – NEGATIVE WATCH LIST
Country Rank Score Developments to watch
Germany 5 AAA Continuing high cost of the energy transition
Reform in renewables support scheme
United Kingdom 11 AAA Energy security concerns and an uncertain
regulatory regime impact investments in nuclear
and gas sector
Political events create uncertainty around climate
and energy policy
United States 14 AAC Ageing transmission infrastructure and impending
coal-fired power plant retirements
Increased frequency of extreme weather events
Japan 30 CAB Continuation of high import dependence
Political, legal, and administrative barriers to
diversification
Brazil 57 CBB Droughts affecting hydroelectricity generation
Sharp increase in energy prices
South Africa 84 CCD Continuing struggle with power shortages
Maintenance efforts by main utility creates
difficulties for independently produced renewable
energy to enter the market
Source: World Energy Council / Oliver Wyman, 2016
Negative watch list The following countries remain on the negative watch list (see Table 2):
While Germany’s (rank 5, AAA) overall ranking has improved, it remains on the
Council’s negative watch list as it continues to be affected by the impacts of the plan
to transition Germany's energy system, which includes goals of increasing power
generation from renewable sources, a reduction of primary energy usage and CO2
emissions, as well as the phase-out of nuclear power by 2022 (14% of the electricity
generation mix in 2014).12 However, a reform of the legislation for renewables
support, to come into force in 2017, shifting from feed-in tariffs (FITs) to market-
based support mechanisms, may impact the speed of this transition. Further,
Germany’s energy equity performance has seen a decline over the past years as
energy services became more expensive due to renewable energy subsidies being 12 Appunn K, 2016: Germany’s Energy Consumption and Power Mix in Charts (Clean Energy Wire, 09 June 2016)
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levied. Further changes in energy security and environmental sustainability are
expected in future evaluations.
The United Kingdom (rank 11, AAA) continues to face significant challenges in
securing energy supply. Plans to close the UK’s remaining coal plants are being put
into question by the country’s decision to leave the EU, as a potential exit from the
single market could significantly increase the cost of its energy imports. The
government recently agreed to the planned construction of a nuclear reactor at
Hinkley Point after a prolonged debate on cost and energy security concerns.
However, investment uncertainty remains due to planned changes to the regulation
of foreign ownership of critical infrastructure. Moreover, the recent sharp decrease
in FITs for wind and solar power may hinder investments in these sectors, impacting
the country's goal to further diversify its energy supply and improve environmental
sustainability. The newly established Department for Business, Energy and
Industrial Strategy, which replaces the Department of Energy and Climate Change,
may however provide more clarity for future energy investments.
Despite an improvement in its overall ranking, the United States (rank 14, AAC)
faces a key challenge in addressing its ageing energy transmission, storage, and
distribution systems, as highlighted by the Department of Energy's Quadrennial
Energy Review.13 While there have been initiatives to diversify the country’s energy
supply and improve its emergency response measures in light of the increasing
frequency of extreme weather events, more investment is needed to tackle this
challenge.14 In addition, the majority of coal-fired and nuclear power plants are at
least 30 years old, and, with an average lifespan of just 40 years, will need to be
replaced over the coming years.15 This poses challenges to the country's energy
security over the coming years despite the expected increase in the country’s
energy exports. Moreover, the markedly different approaches to climate and energy
policy of the two leading parties in the upcoming 2016 presidential election further
add an element of political uncertainty to the sector.
The government of Japan (rank 30, CAB) is pursuing a strategy of diversifying its
energy supply, which, since the accident at Fukushima, has been comprised
overwhelmingly of fossil fuels. The new strategy will include increasing the share of
renewables to 13−14% and the share of nuclear energy to 10−11% of the national
primary energy supply by 2030.16 To this effect, three of the country’s nuclear
reactors are back online, while the resumption of energy production at other
reactors has so far been delayed due to time-consuming examinations by the
Nuclear Regulation Authority, political difficulties and legal challenges.17
13 Conca J, 2015: It Really Is Our Aging infrastructure (Forbes, 21 May 2015) 14 US Department of Energy, 2016: Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz Calls for Increased Investment to Enhance US Energy Emergency Response 15 EIA, 2011: Age of Electric Power Generators Varies Widely, 16 June 2011 16 Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, 2015: Long-term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook 17 Stapczynski S, 2016: Japan Reactor Restart Signals Latest Step in Nuclear Rebirth
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The capacity of South Africa’s (rank 84, CCD) energy system has improved over
the past year due to increasing investment in infrastructure maintenance and fossil
fuels, and the frequency of blackouts has decreased. However, the country still
struggles to diversify its energy sources, with the majority of its electricity still being
supplied by Eskom through fossil fuels.18 Plans to build new nuclear reactors are on
hold, and independent producers of renewable energy, while having made some
advances over the past two years, still need to develop strong inroads into the
country’s supply. Unless these residual issues are addressed, South Africa’s
sustainability score is unlikely to improve.
In 2016, Brazil was added to the Council’s negative watch list:
Brazil (Rank 57, CBB), which produces over 70% of its total energy through
hydroelectric power, has recently experienced a severe drought, lasting from 2014
until late 2015. This has negatively impacted many of the country’s hydroelectric
facilities.19 Another concern is the sharp rise in energy prices by 50% in 2015, with
further increases expected in the future. Policymakers have to find ways to render
the country’s energy sector more resilient to extreme weather events and pursue
policies to guarantee energy security and equity of access.
AN ENERGY SECTOR IN TRANSITION: THE 2016 ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX IN CONTEXT Every country has opportunities to improve its energy performance, regardless of whether
they are ranked first or last. However, the energy sector is at a transition point and
improving energy performance will prove to be challenging. In addition, energy services
must expand to meet rising global energy demand in many emerging economies and
provide more than 1 billion people with needed access to modern energy services. Energy
infrastructure needs to be expanded using low-carbon technologies while energy security
and reliability must be maintained and strengthened in a context of increasing risks and
resilience challenges posed by running legacy systems. At the same time new business
models to tackle these challenges are becoming more prominent, which will require new
approaches to market designs and regulation.
Energy industry and energy leaders have been implementing changes and making strides
to meet these challenges. To meet energy and climate goals, governments must enact and
continue to push the evolution of energy policies and financing solutions that support rapid
transitions and expansion of energy infrastructure.
The 2016 World Energy Trilemma: Defining measures to accelerate the energy transition,
the companion report to this Index, identified five focus areas to drive progress on the
(Bloomberg, 11 August 2016); Harding R, 2016: Japan’s Nuclear Restart Stymied by Courts (Financial Times, 06 April 2016) 18 Cohen M and Burkhardt P, 2015: What is South Africa Doing to Tackle Its Electricity Crisis? (Bloomberg, 08 September 2015) 19 Leahy J, 2015: São Paulo Drought Raises Fears of Brazil Energy Crisis (Financial Times, 11 February 2015)
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energy trilemma and offers guidance in the complex task of translating the trilemma goals
of energy security, energy equity and environmental sustainability into tangible actions.
The five focus areas are derived from a review of the findings of the past five trilemma
reports and Trilemma Index trends over the same time period as well as a wide
assessment of country energy strategies.
Five focus areas to accelerate the energy transition Drawing on case studies and interviews with energy leaders, this 2016 report identifies five
focus areas necessary to make progress on the energy trilemma:
1. TRANSFORMING ENERGY SUPPLY. Policymakers and decision makers must set clear
and straightforward energy targets and build a broad consensus for the transition in energy
supply and demand. This process must include new entrants to the energy sector and early
engagement with affected communities. Taking an adaptive approach by launching pilot
projects and regularly analysing policy effectiveness is crucial for the successful delivery
and implementation of policies.
2. ADVANCING ENERGY ACCESS. Many emerging and developing economies continue
to struggle to expand energy infrastructures to support advanced energy security, reliability
and access. To increase private sector investments in infrastructure expansion and
modernisation, countries are reforming regulatory frameworks to decrease the cost of doing
business, and to increase competitiveness in the electricity market. In tandem, distributed
generation through solar and wind renewables is bringing energy access to rural and
remote communities that cannot currently be cost-effectively connected to the grid.
Solely expanding energy access infrastructure is not enough. Countries must look to a
range of innovative mechanisms that enable affordable access for people to utilise the
benefits of modern energy for income-generating activities. Innovative mechanisms include
pay-as-you-go business models and mobile banking solutions to promote the take-up of
renewable-powered energy services.
3. ADDRESSING AFFORDABILITY. Many countries with lower gross domestic products
(GDPs) and low rankings on the energy equity dimension are struggling to ensure energy
affordability while financing or creating the investment conditions to support energy
infrastructure expansion. Over the short term, subsidies can be vital for lower-income
consumers and for supporting social and economic programmes. Energy subsidies can be
costly to deploy, are contentious to remove, and tend to decrease overall performance on
the energy trilemma over the long term. The case studies in 2016 World Energy Trilemma
report demonstrate how long-term subsidies can erode the profitability of utilities, stall
improvements in energy infrastructure and stimulate inefficient energy use.
4. IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND MANAGING DEMAND. Energy efficiency
and managing energy demand continue to be globally perceived as top action priorities with
huge potential for improvement. As highlighted through the case studies in the companion
report, cost savings alone are often insufficient to stimulate the adoption of energy
efficiencies or behaviours.
BENCHMARKING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF NATIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS
19
Policymakers must align the interests of asset owners, users and regulators, and continue
to implement a combination of energy efficiency standards, performance ratings, labelling
programmes and incentives. They must also increase awareness across all industrial
sectors, and encourage consumers to continue to focus on greater energy efficiency.
5. DECARBONISING THE ENERGY SECTOR. The groundbreaking conclusion of COP 21
added increasing momentum to the global transition to low-carbon energy. Dynamic and
flexible renewable energy investment policies are the key to responding to evolving market
dynamics and technological developments. Meeting COP 21 climate goals will require a
clear path to a meaningful carbon price signal and changes beyond the energy sector and
across the economy. Governments have a role in building the necessary consensus for
change.
Recommendations There are lessons emerging from innovative and tried-and-tested policies to overcome
barriers and make progress on the energy trilemma:
Policy matters: Policy choices, and creating a regime to support a robust energy sector,
are critical to lasting energy trilemma performance regardless of a country’s resources or
geographic location.
Time matters: Policies and investments intended to change energy supply and demand at
a national level will take time and will likely be disruptive. Countries must act now to
progress on the trilemma with secure, equitable and environmentally sustainable energy to
support a thriving energy sector, a competitive economy and a healthy society.
Other recommendations include:
Improved coordination and looking beyond the energy sector to meet climate
change goals is critical.
Policymakers should provide clarity to the market with succinct and aligned signals
when devising policy strategies in order for investors to assess their commitments
against long-term trends.
Governments need to be strongly supportive of private sector investment in
research, innovation and development.
A change-management approach in communicating policies and setting
expectations should be adopted to take into account technology changes and any
setbacks that may occur in the future to avoid stakeholder backlash.
Desired transitions in the energy sector must be accompanied and stimulated by
transitions in regulatory frameworks. ‘Energy 2.0’ must be enabled by ‘regulations
2.0’.
W
Repro
WORLD ENE
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ERGY COUN
onles
NCIL | ENE
20
nal s
RGY TRILEEMMA INDEEX
BENCHMARKING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF NATIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS
21
REGIONAL PROFILES
The variability in performance seen across the three dimensions of the Trilemma Index
shows the degree to which the energy challenges faced by each country are unique.
However, the transnational nature of both energy markets and environmental sustainability
issues necessitates a view that extends past the country level. A comparison of key metrics
across geographical regions and GDP groups (see Table 3) illustrates this point.
TABLE 3: COMPARISON OF KEY METRICS ACROSS GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS AND GDP GROUPS
Source: World Energy Council/Oliver Wyman, 2016
As shown in the World Energy Trilemma reports, energy leaders have emphasised the
need to examine opportunities to adopt regionally coordinated approaches to energy
resources, infrastructure and regulation. However, the disparities between and within
regions make this a difficult task.
21,313 31.1 88 46 75 0.11 2,284 0.09 0.29 10.7 3.9
Geographical region GD
P pe
r cap
ita,
PPP
US$
Inst
ustr
ial s
ecto
r(%
ofto
tal G
DP)
Popu
latio
n w
ith a
cces
sto
ele
ctric
ity (%
)
Acce
ssto
cle
anco
okin
gin
rura
l are
as (%
)
Acce
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cle
anco
okin
gin
urb
an a
reas
(%)
Hou
seho
ld e
lect
ricity
pric
es(U
S$/k
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Div
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inte
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len
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supp
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(H
HI)
Ener
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ity(k
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CO
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ensit
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Rate
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ansm
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strib
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sses
(%)
GH
G e
miss
ion
grow
thra
te20
10 –
20
14 (%
)
Asia
Europe 32,390 25.4 100 75 85 0.22 2,499 0.09 0.28 8.9 0.0
Lat. Am. & Caribbean 13,203 31.7 92 54 85 0.12 3,678 0.08 0.24 14.5 3.4
Middle East & N. Africa 37,417 46.2 97 94 95 0.12 2,325 0.08 0.35 12.1 4.7
North America 39,141 27.8 100 84 95 0.20 4,223 0.10 0.35 10.2 0.3
Sub-Saharan Africa 5,628 26.2 37 16 50 0.08 3,794 0.15 0.18 16.2 3.8
Group I 54,608 31.9 98 88 88 0.24 2,078 0.08 0.26 6.4 1.1
Group II 22,818 32.0 97 76 87 0.18 2,998 0.08 0.32 10.7 1.8
Group III 10,999 31.1 89 47 83 0.11 3, 117 0.09 0.29 13.1 3.2
Group IV 3,360 24.7 47 13 49 0.08 3,463 0.16 0.19 18.1 4.3
GDP group
Global average 22.937 30.1 84 57 78 0.18 2,920 0.10 0.27 11.9 2.5
WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL | ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX
22
This section presents regional energy trilemma balances and performances. In addition,
with reference to the World Energy Council’s Scenarios to 2060, it outlines the trilemma
challenges and opportunities each region will face going forward.
The World Energy Scenarios identify three possible routes through a Grand Transition to
2060: Modern Jazz, Hard Rock and Unfinished Symphony.
The Grand Transition refers to the world’s energy evolution through to 2060. While there
are many uncertainties in this transition, there are a number of known, strong trends that
will fundamentally change the world’s energy system. Regardless of the selected energy
scenario, the trends of the Grand Transition will lead to a world in 2060 with:
a significantly lower population and slower global labour force growth
a range of new energy technologies
a greater appreciation of the planet’s environmental boundaries
a shift in economic and geopolitical power towards Asia.
There are three possible paths for the energy sector during this transition:
Modern Jazz: The world of 2060 has a diverse set of resilient and lower carbon energy
systems. There is a complex, competitive and efficient market landscape that promotes the
open access to information, innovation and the rapid deployment of new technologies.
Unfinished Symphony: The world of 2060 has a global, integrated and resilient low
carbon energy system. Global institutions and national governments support enabling
technologies and there is unified action on security, environmental and economic issues.
Hard Rock: The world of 2060 has a set of diverse economic, energy and sustainability
outcomes. National interests result in a fractured world with little collaboration between
governments. Deployment of enabling technologies is limited based on availability of local
resources and little attention is paid to climate change.
BENCHMARKING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF NATIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS
23
ASIA
Asia faces the challenge of facilitating sustainable growth of its highly energy-
intensive, emerging economies while managing increasing energy demand and
growing energy import dependence. Improvements on all three trilemma dimensions
are possible by increasing the use of renewable energy sources, and decreasing
import dependence through reliable trade relationships and improved infrastructure.
FIGURE 4: ASIA’S ENERGY TRILEMMA PROFILE
Source: World Energy Council / Oliver Wyman, 2016
Asia is the world’s largest and most populous continent and energy demand is continuing to
grow. The region includes a diverse array of economies, with less developed countries
(Nepal and Pakistan), rapidly developing economies (China, India, Indonesia), and highly-
developed nations (Japan, the Republic of Korea, New Zealand).
Many countries in the region are in the lower half of the Index. Nonetheless, several
countries have exhibited positive trends in their trilemma performance. The Philippines, for
instance, has improved the diversity of its electricity generation, which now includes more
than 15% of electricity generated from non-hydropower renewable energy sources. This
achievement has allowed the country to decrease its dependence on fuel imports, improve
electricity access and quality of electricity supply, as well as reduce emission intensity.
However, possibly the most notable energy development of the region is occurring in
Australia. The country now has several Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) projects in operation
and three more under construction.20 With an expansion of LNG exports, the higher
adoption of natural gas could be an important means of improving the region’s energy
trilemma profile.
Between 2040 and 2050, Asia is projected to surpass North America and Europe combined
in terms of GDP, population size, military, health, and education spending, and
technological investment.21 In line with these projections, fast-growing Asian economies are 20 Appea, 2016: Australian LNG projects 21 World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Scenarios to 2060
Asian countriesAustraliaAzerbaijanBangladeshCambodiaChinaHong Kong, ChinaIndiaIndonesia
JapanKazakhstanKorea (Rep.)MalaysiaMongoliaNepalNew ZealandPakistan
PhilippinesSingaporeSri LankaTajikistanThailandVietnam
WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL | ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX
24
currently in the midst of a highly energy-intensive stage of their economic development
characterised by massive investments in infrastructure.
China and India in particular are expected to play significant roles in determining the future
of the region’s energy mix and sustainability; these two countries will be the primary driver
behind demand growth to 2060 in the region (see Figure 5).
FIGURE 5: PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION (PER CAPITA) IN CHINA AND INDIA UP TP 2060
Source: World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Scenarios to 2060
As these countries’ economies continue to grow, it is especially important that they
transition away from carbon-intensive energy sources and economic activities to ensure
global climate targets are met. This may be challenging as the rapid growth in car
ownership in China and India illustrates. In an effort to reduce GHG emissions, the Chinese
government has invested heavily in electric vehicle subsidies (US$4.6bn) with a target of
5 million electric cars on the road by 2020. However, with current forecasts estimating that
only 1.29 million electric cars will be sold by then, it is questionable whether this target will
be met.22 Meanwhile, India aims to have an all-electric car fleet by 2030, but will face
limitations due to poor electricity infrastructure.23
Energy security is a key focus for the region and, according to the World Energy Scenarios,
will remain so over the next 50 years. This focus has led to significant investments in and
national pledges to use renewable energy sources in some Asian countries, which is
expected to positively impact the diversity of energy supply in the region.
Due to low natural resource endowments, the East Asian region, including Korea, Japan,
and China largely depends on imports to meet its current energy consumption needs. This
significantly impacts East Asia’s ability to secure its energy supply independently. The
Republic of Korea, for example, relies almost entirely on crude oil imports and is the second
largest importer of LNG after Japan. Japan is also the second largest coal importer and 22 Automotive News, 2016: Skepticism Surrounds China EV Boom 23 Green Car Reports, 2016: India’s Ambitious Goal: All Electric Vehicles on Road by 2030
Modern Jazz Unfinished Symphony Hard Rock
0
5
10
15
20
25
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Final energy consumption per capita (GJ) - China
0123456789
10
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Final energy consumption per capita (GJ) - India
Modern Jazz Unfinished Symphony Hard Rock
BENCHMARKING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF NATIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Final energy intensity (MJ/USD2010 MER)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
CO2 intensity (kg CO2/USD2010)
0
Modern Jazz Unfinished Symphony Hard Rock Modern Jazz Unfinished Symphony Hard Rock
third largest net importer of crude oil and petroleum products in the world.24 In 2013, China
became the world’s largest net importer of oil.25
Despite Asia’s current struggle to balance the energy trilemma, it has the potential to
improve on all three dimensions of the energy trilemma over the next 50 years. According
to the 2016 World Energy Scenarios, energy intensity is expected to decrase between
25−76% by 2060 and CO2 intensity could decrease between 73−93% by 2060 compared to
2014 levels (see Figure 6 and 7).26 Moreover, diversity of primary energy supply will
increase compared to 2014, providing a positive outlook on the energy security of the
region. However, the region’s energy security may be negatively impacted by the
increasing dependence on energy imports. In order to minimise the vulnerability caused by
increasing import dependence, the region should focus on building reliable trading
relationships and developing its energy infrastructure.
FIGURE 6: CENTRAL ASIA’S PROJECTED ENERGY AND CO2 INTENSITY
FIGURE 7: EAST ASIA’S PROJECTED ENERGY AND CO2 INTENS
Source: World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Scenarios to 2060
24 U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2013: Japan is the Second Largest Net Importer of Fossil Fuels in the World 25 U.S. Energy Information Administration 26 World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Scenarios to 2060
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Final energy intensity (MJ/USD2010 MER)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
CO2 intensity (kg CO2/USD2010)
Modern Jazz Unfinished Symphony Hard Rock Modern Jazz Unfinished Symphony Hard Rock
WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL | ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX
26
2010 2030 2060
Modern Jazz Unfinished Symphony
EJ/y
Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables
Hard Rock
2010 2030 2060 2010 2030 20600
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
2010 2030 2060
Modern Jazz Unfinished Symphony
EJ/y
Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables
Hard Rock
2010 2030 2060 2010 2030 2060
The region’s future energy trilemma performance will depend on the path it takes. The
Modern Jazz Scenario serves as a transition to a highly productive world, in which Asia is
the economic and geopolitical centre. If Asia does not make concerted efforts to shift to
renewable energy sources and address poverty and inequity, a declining performance on
the environmental sustainability and energy equity dimensions of the energy trilemma may
be inevitable; this would impact the region’s ability to drive a balanced improvement on the
energy trilemma.
FIGURE 8: CENTRAL ASIA’S PROJECTED DIVERSITY OF PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY
FIGURE 9: EAST ASIA’S PROJECTED DIVERSITY OF PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY
Source: World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Scenarios to 2060
BENCHMARKING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF NATIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS
27
EUROPE
Although European countries lead the 2016 Index, the region still faces the challenge
of managing the energy security and affordability risks resulting from the energy
transition. To maintain a strong trilemma performance, policymakers must focus on
energy market design, regional markets, demand management, and designing an
effective carbon price to successfully manage the challenging energy transition.
FIGURE 10: EUROPE’S ENERGY TRILEMMA PROFILE
Source: World Energy Council / Oliver Wyman, 2016
European countries lead the 2016 Index, claiming nine of the top 10 spots. The European
Union’s (EU) long-term climate and energy strategy, implemented through the ‘2020
Climate and Energy Package’ is a key driver contributing towards the region’s continued
strong Index performance.27 Analysis shows that the EU is broadly on track to meet the
20-20-20 goals.28 Together with the region’s strong Index performance this shows that the
EU’s policy making is contributing towards the region’s success in the Index.
However, temporary external factors, including the global financial crisis of 2008/09 may
have accelerated the progress on these energy sustainability goals in the short term due to
the associated dip in energy demand and reduction in industrial activity. In order to secure
the top ranks of the Index going forward, the region needs to continue working on the
20-20-20 goals. Additionally, the region should focus on energy security, while ensuring the
long-term affordability of the energy system (at both the household and industrial levels).
Government policies aimed at achieving the 20-20-20 targets threaten the financial viability
of the overall power sector, which will further financially impact both governments and
consumers. This highlights the challenges that Europe faces in developing policies that
promote balanced progress on the energy trilemma. Specifically, policies to achieve climate 27 World Energy Trilemma 2016: Defining measures to accelerate the energy transition 28 Eurostat, 2016: Europe 2020 indicators − climate change and energy
European countriesAlbaniaArmeniaAustriaBelgiumBulgariaCroatiaCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGeorgiaGermany
GreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandItalyLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMacedonia (Rep.)MaltaMoldovaMontenegroNetherlandsNorway
PolandPortugalRomaniaRussian FederationSerbiaSlovakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUkraineUnited Kingdom
WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL | ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX
28
targets and increase the share of renewables have distorted electricity markets, causing
decreased wholesale prices, and in turn have undermined investments in wholesale
capacity. These occurrences render modern gas plants non-viable, while older, more
polluting coal plants with lower marginal costs are able to operate profitably.
For example, Germany requires a total investment of US$58bn until 2033 to ensure the
security of supply for conventional power generation and storage.29 Under current
conditions, the utilities’ market share in power generation capacity is projected to decline by
one-third, to less than 50% by 2033 as households and businesses invest directly in their
own renewables-based power generation capacity. The German government will have to
redesign the structure of its electricity market to compensate backup providers, keep
conventional generation viable and encourage financing of larger-scale generation capacity
during a period of energy transition. Along with this, the German government will need to
focus on making gas power plants a more attractive investment option than CO2-intensive
coal power plants.
The UK also faces significant challenges in securing energy supply following the steady
decline of domestic production of fossil fuels, the phase-out of nuclear power plants, and
the introduction of European legislation that would force many coal plants to close. Ageing
infrastructure, reduced investments in the wind and solar sectors, and tightened reserve
capacity margins impose further strains on energy supply. The current uncertainty in future
energy policy presented by the ‘Brexit’ referendum vote may stall necessary investments in
updated energy infrastructure.
Eastern European countries face a different set of obstacles in addressing their future
progress on the energy trilemma, particularly in energy security and environmental
sustainability, including developing financial markets and a secure investment environment
to encourage investment in the energy system to support economic growth.
Europe outperforms all regions with regards to energy access and the reliability of energy
supply. However, high energy prices are a concern to many European countries. At
governmental level, high expenditure is required to stimulate renewable energy growth.
From 2012 to 2020, for example, an estimated €40.5bn will be spent in France to support
the renewable power sector.30 A significant portion of this investment will be borne at the
consumer level.
To secure a high and balanced performance on the Energy Trilemma Index, meet the
20-20-20 targets, and the more ambitious energy targets set for 2030, European
policymakers must enhance their existing climate and energy efforts. Specifically, they must
place a greater focus on energy market design, regional energy markets, energy demand
management, and the proper price setting for carbon.
29 Oliver Wyman, 2014: Power Generation Disruption: Germany’s Case for Change 30 Deloitte, 2015: Energy Market Reform in Europe
BENCHMARKING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF NATIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS
29
2010 2030 2060
Modern Jazz Unfinished Symphony
EJ/y
Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables
Hard Rock
2010 2030 2060 2010 2030 20600
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
FIGURE 11: EUROPE’S PROJECTED ENERGY AND CO2 INTENSITY
Source: World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Scenarios to 2060
Despite the policy challenges ahead, all three World Energy Scenarios show promising
trends to 2060 (see Figure 11): final energy intensity is predicted to decrease by 21−59%
by 2060, while CO2 intensity is expected to decrease by 41−83% by 2060, showing positive
trends for Europe’s performance on the environmental sustainability dimension of the
energy trilemma in the long term. The region’s performance on the energy security
dimension is also predicted to fare well over the long term, with energy imports falling from
their current 12% to 5−9.6% by 2060. At the same time, the diversity of primary energy
supply is expected to increase (see Figure 12).
FIGURE 12: EUROPE’S PROJECTED DIVERSITY OF PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY
Source: World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Scenarios to 2060
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
44.5
5
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Final energy intensity (MJ/USD2010 MER)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
CO2 intensity (kg CO2/USD2010)
Modern Jazz Unfinished Symphony Hard Rock Modern Jazz Unfinished Symphony Hard Rock
WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL | ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX
30
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
The Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region must work on improving and
maintaining its energy security by increasing the energy system’s resilience to
extreme weather events and improving energy equity. Diversifying the energy supply
with low-carbon sources such as solar and wind and increasing regional
interconnection will be key. However, large-scale investments are required to finance
the development of resilient energy infrastructure.
FIGURE 13: LAC’S ENERGY TRILEMMA PROFILE
Source: World Energy Council / Oliver Wyman, 2016
LAC is an energy-rich region with large oil and gas deposits and great natural endowments
of exploitable renewable energy. The region is comprised of both net energy importers and
exporters, including OPEC members Ecuador and Venezuela. The LAC region includes the
majority of the world’s hydro-powered countries such as Colombia, Uruguay, Costa Rica,
Ecuador, Brazil, Peru and Paraguay. Many LAC countries with higher performance on the
Index owe their success to leveraging strong hydropower capabilities. In Brazil and
Colombia in particular, the extensive use of hydropower has led to low emissions and
higher electrification rates.
Environmental sustainability is LAC’s strongest trilemma dimension, with the region as a
whole accounting for only 9% of the world’s GHG emissions. In the long term, the region’s
environmental performance is expected to improve even further, with CO2 emission
intensity expected to decrease by 26−81% by 2060 and the region’s energy intensity
decreasing by 10−59% by 2060.31
However, the region’s strong reliance on hydropower is also a risk factor for energy security
as it is highly susceptible to changing weather patterns. For example, in 2015 and early
2016, the region’s hydropower output was significantly affected by El Niño related droughts.
31 World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Scenarios to 2060
LAC countriesArgentinaBoliviaBrazilChileColombiaCosta RicaDominican Republic
EcuadorEl SalvadorGuatemalaHondurasJamaicaNicaragua
PanamaParaguayPeruTrinidad & TobagoUruguayVenezuela
BENCHMARKING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF NATIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS
31
The resulting power shortages led to spikes in energy prices and the need to use less
efficient and more polluting short-term back-up energy sources to manage the power
shortages. While El Niño effects are natural, recurring events, their frequency and severity
are expected to increase over time, making the region more vulnerable to decreased
hydroelectric power generation and energy shortages in the long term.32
FIGURE 14: LAC’S PROJECTED ENERGY AND CO2 INTENSITY
Source: World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Scenarios to 2060
The region’s success in adapting to changing weather patterns and the water-energy nexus
will impact its path to greater energy sustainability. For example, to address increased
droughts, LAC countries must develop and implement substantial soft and hard resilience
measures, including conventional, solar and wind power generation. Regional integration
(e.g., the Central American Integrated System Project, which will connect Guatemala,
El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama) is expected to play an
increasingly important role in the region’s ability to increase resilience.
Another critical approach to mitigating the impacts of reduced hydropower resources is
attracting investment. To be successful in this area, LAC countries will need to develop a
secure investment profile, a task which will require overcoming several hurdles. In
particular, hydropowered LAC countries will need to develop a strong pipeline of ‘bankable
projects’ and increase investors’ comfort with new renewables to strengthen the resilience
of energy systems. For example, Argentina is particularly limited by a lack of investment in
all energy sectors due to a persisting energy price freeze instituted by its government in
response to the 2001 economic crisis, which has stunted the profitability of the energy
sector. Although the country possesses large reserves of unconventional oil and natural
gas, it is unable to exploit them due to its inability to attract the new investors necessary to
do so. Countries that are not locked into fossil fuel heavy development paths, such as
Nicaragua, also have problems attracting potential investments due to country risk ratings.
Looking to the future energy trilemma path, efforts to diversify the energy mix are promising
to be successful in the long term, with the diversity of energy supply increasing by 2060. 32 Yale environment 360, 2016: El Niño and Climate Change: Wild weather may get wilder; World Energy Council, 2015: World Energy Perspective: The road to resilience − Managing and financing extreme weather risks
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 20600
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
CO2 intensity (kg CO2/USD2010)Final energy intensity (MJ/USD2010 MER)
Modern Jazz Unfinished Symphony Hard Rock Modern Jazz Unfinished Symphony Hard Rock
WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL | ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX
32
2010 2030 2060
Modern Jazz Unfinished Symphony
EJ/y
Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables
Hard Rock
2010 2030 2060 2010 2030 20600
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
A number of low-carbon, renewable energy sources such as biomass, which is expected to
increase from 18% to 24−40% by 2060, will change the current composition of the primary
energy mix and ensure greater resilience and energy security. At the same time, the share
of oil will decrease from 47% today to 20−34% in 2060.33
FIGURE 15: LAC’S PROJECTED DIVERSITY OF PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY
Source: World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Scenarios to 2060
While the share of net energy imports is expected to be near zero by 2060 for all scenarios,
final energy consumption per capita is expected to increase by 53−85% by 2060. This
indicates that the region will largely be energy self-sufficient by 2060, further contributing
towards its energy security.
Historically, industrialising countries have substantially increased their impact on the
environment as they strive to boost economic growth and access to modern energy
services. As most of these LAC countries’ economies are still developing, their challenge as
they shift away from hydropower will be to meet a growing demand for electricity while
maintaining a low environmental footprint. While urbanisation continues throughout the
region, mitigating and adapting to the exacerbated impacts of extreme weather events in
megacities, which are largely based around ports and require substantial energy
infrastructure, will be a great challenge. At the same time, the region must address the
resulting increases in smog, GHG, and CO2 emissions to maintain the existing air quality.
However, industrialisation, urbanisation and environmental sustainability are not mutually
exclusive and lessons can be drawn from the experiences made by hydropowered
countries, such as Brazil, Panama, Colombia or Ecuador.
33 World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Scenarios to 2060
BENCHMARKING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF NATIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS
33
MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
The main challenges for Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries are high
energy intensity, GHG emissions, and use of finite fossil fuel reserves. Combined
with water scarcity concerns, these challenges, if not addressed, could threaten the
region’s energy security and environmental sustainability. Many MENA countries are
focused on improving energy efficiency and diversifying their economies and energy
mixes through an increased use of solar and nuclear power. Significant changes to
the region’s trilemma performance are however only likely to show towards the
2020s and 2040s.
FIGURE 16: MENA’S ENERGY TRILEMMA PROFILE
Source: World Energy Council / Oliver Wyman, 2016
The MENA region is central to the world’s oil and gas agenda. The region has tremendous
fossil fuel resources, with 54.9% of global oil and 50.3% of global gas.34 As the Trilemma
Index emphasises diversity and resilience as well as demand management in measuring
energy security, MENA countries have a comparatively weaker energy security
performance. To improve their energy security, many countries in the region are
diversifying their energy mix and power generation, and are working on reducing final
energy consumption. In the long term, the region is expected to increase the diversity of
primary energy supply and reduce its final energy consumption per capita by 1−5%.
However, these changes will only become visible towards the 2020s and 2040s.
In the short term however, the complex political and security landscape in some MENA
countries is translating into reduced investments and supply disruptions, which are
exacerbated by low oil prices; supply disruptions amount to almost three million barrels per
day (Mb/d), with those disruptions concentrated in Libya (1.3 Mb/d) and Iran (860 Kb/d).35
34 BP, 2016: Statistical Review of World Energy 35 BP, 2015: BP Statistical Review of the World 2015 and Chatham House: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2016: Middle East and North Africa Energy; Carnegie Endowment for
MENA countriesAlgeriaBahrainEgyptIran (Islamic Rep.)Iraq
IsraelJordanKuwaitLebanonMorocco
OmanQatarSaudi ArabiaTunisiaUnited Arab Emirates
WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL | ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX
34
FIGURE 17: MENA’S PROJECTED DIVERSITY OF PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY
Source: World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Scenarios to 2060
Many energy security concerns in less oil-rich countries relate to the Nile and the energy-
water-food nexus. Egypt, for example, is dependent on the Nile for 97% of its water needs
and experiences limited rainfalls, a trend that is set to continue. Coupled with population
growth and the potential redistribution of the Nile’s resources to other riparian nations,36
Egypt’s water overuse may lead to severe water scarcity in the future and impact plans
for increased hydropower in the region. In fact, Egypt could run out of water by 2025,
which highlights the energy-water-food nexus challenges the country and region are facing.37
Fossil-fuelled economies, such as Saudi Arabia and the UAE, are also facing energy
security threats due to their high rate of energy consumption growth. However, many of
these countries have recognised these risks and are making concerted efforts to mitigate
their effects, including energy diversification. The UAE, for example, has set the goal to
increase the low-carbon energy contribution of renewable energy and nuclear power to
International Peace, 2015: Middle East and North Africa Oil Producers are Facing a New Price Reality 36 Upstream riparian nations are experiencing high population growth, leading to additional strains on the Nile. Uganda and Ethiopia are undergoing especially high population growth levels, at 3.1% and 2.9% per annum respectively, which will intensify water needs due to rising consumption by industry, agriculture and households. Ethiopia is simultaneously experiencing strong economic growth, at 7.5% over the past three years, which is stimulating the development of infrastructure projects along the Nile. As other upstream nations experience economic growth, additional water infrastructure projects are expected to follow, which could lead to reduced flows for downstream riparian nations. 37 Future Directions International, 2013: Conflict on the Nile: The future of transboundary water disputes over the world’s longest river
2010 2030 2060
Modern Jazz Unfinished Symphony
EJ/y
Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables
Hard Rock
2010 2030 2060 2010 2030 20600
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
BENCHMARKING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF NATIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS
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24% of the overall energy mix by 2021.38 The UAE plans to meet these targets using
government-driven investment in large infrastructure projects, technical assistance and
cooperation agreements with international energy agencies and governments, as well as
economic support mechanisms including net metering and slab tariffs, to improve the
competitiveness of solar energy and overall improved energy efficiency.
Saudi Arabia is pursuing energy reforms to address its energy security concerns. In
December 2015, the country announced the first round of its energy reforms, which
includes raising the price of gasoline with the goal of promoting energy efficiency and
reducing the cost of subsidies. With fossil fuel subsidies amounting to over US$62bn, of
which 75% are for oil, subsidy reductions are expected to cut costs by 12% following the
energy reform. Prices will be increased by 60% for petrol, approximately 66% for gas and
around 130% for ethane. The subsidy reforms are expected to generate US$30bn in
savings per year by 2020.39
FIGURE 18: MENA’S PROJECTED ENERGY AND CO2 INTENSITY
Source: World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Scenarios to 2060
In 2012, the MENA region was responsible for approximately 7% of total global GHG
emissions. This is relatively low, compared to other regions such as North America and
Asia, which produced approximately 12% and 50% of global GHG emissions the same
year. However, CO2 emissions are projected to increase by 19% in the Council's Hard Rock
scenario. Conversely, energy intensity and CO2 intensity will decrease in all three of the
World Energy Council’s Scenarios to 2060 (Figure 18).
To prevent emission increases and secure development along a path similar to that of the
Unfinished Symphony scenario, the MENA region must place an increased focus on
improving both energy security and environmental sustainability levels. An expansion of
existing efforts to improve energy efficiency and diversify the energy mix would provide a
good foundation for such a shift. MENA countries could build on these developments by
increasing transparency in market value of energy to improve demand management and
energy-water-nexus issues.
38 World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Trilemma 2016: Defining measures to accelerate the energy transition 39 ibid.
0
2
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2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
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0
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2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
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Modern Jazz Unfinished Symphony Hard Rock Modern Jazz Unfinished Symphony Hard Rock
WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL | ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX
36
NORTH AMERICA
With 14% of total global GHG emissions stemming from North America, the region
must improve environmental sustainability and update ageing energy infrastructure
to strengthen resilience to emerging risks, including extreme weather events and
cyber attacks. Environmental sustainability is expected to improve significantly due
to emission reduction measures such as the development of carbon capture, usage
and storage technologies, and further diversification of the energy mix.
FIGURE 19: NORTH AMERICA’S ENERGY TRILEMMA PROFILE
Source: World Energy Council / Oliver Wyman, 2016
North America, comprised of Canada, the United States (US) and Mexico, is the second
strongest geographic region on the Index after Europe. Despite its strong performance, the
region faces two main challenges: securing supply of energy over the long term and
improving environmental sustainability.
North America is well endowed with fossil fuel resources, including oil, natural gas, and
coal, and hydropower potential. Due to the region’s natural resource endowment, energy
security concerns are of a different nature than those of regions with limited energy
resources. These include the need to diversify energy sources to increase energy security
and the urgency of managing demand and increasing energy efficiency.
Reducing the carbon footprint, and mitigating the impacts of increasing GHG emissions, is
especially important for North America due to emerging risks, including more extreme
weather events. In 2012, North America accounted for 14% of total global GHG
emissions,40 which are expected to peak by 2030 and then fall back down to 2010 levels or
even lower.
40 World Resources Institute (WRI), 2014: CAIT 2.0 – WRI’s Climate Data Explorer
North American countriesCanadaMexicoUnited States
BENCHMARKING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF NATIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS
37
Some progress has already been made in diversifying energy sources and decarbonizing
electricity generation with greater shares of natural gas and renewables. The US has set
2020 emission targets as aggressive as those of several of the top 10 countries in the Index
and has already made progress towards meeting these goals, driven by a reduction in coal-
fired power generation and improvements in transport efficiency. In Canada, the Federal
government is expected to publish a GHG reduction plan in autumn 2016 that may feature
standardised and expanded emission disclosure requirements for the private sector. This
plan will set a national price on carbon emissions. In addition, the four provinces that
include 80% of the Canadian population have already established or are in the process of
introducing a carbon price, which is typically either a tax or a cap-and-trade programme.
Based on these experiences, Canadian officials believe that a carbon price is the most
effective way to reduce emissions while simultaneously fostering necessary innovation, and
this approach will be even more impactful if taken more uniformly.41 While this path may
work in Canada, certain national characteristics suggest that this will not be the case in the
US. Most significantly, resistance by the US Congress and general regulatory uncertainty
could stall, or permanently prevent the introduction of a national carbon price.
Looking forward, both the Modern Jazz and Unfinished Symphony scenarios project
substantial decreases in North American CO2 emissions by 2060, of approximately 55%
and 75% respectively. However, if North America underinvests in energy systems and fails
to collaborate with other countries, the Hard Rock scenario may unfold (31% decrease in
CO2 emissions by 2060).
FIGURE 20: NORTH AMERICA’S PROJECTED ENERGY AND CO2 INTENSITY
Source: World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Scenarios to 2060
Along with these challenges come potential opportunities for the region; in particular, a
concerted effort to develop carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) technologies.
This technology would allow the mitigation of GHG emissions from large-scale fossil-fuel
usage in power generation, from fuel transformation, and also from industry. As all three
North American economies rely heavily on energy production for energy exports and
certain industries, the use of CCUS technologies, coupled with a focus on energy efficiency
improvements, will likely prove effective in reducing GHG emissions from the energy sector. 41 Bloomberg, 2016: Canada to Introduce National Carbon Price in 2016, Minister Says
0
1
2
3
4
5
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Final energy intensity (MJ/USD2010 MER)
0
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2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
CO2 intensity (kg CO2/USD2010)
Modern Jazz Unfinished Symphony Hard Rock Modern Jazz Unfinished Symphony Hard Rock
WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL | ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX
38
A breakthrough in this area would enable the long-term utilisation of fossil fuels, thereby
significantly improving these countries’ trilemma performance.
Ageing infrastructure and resulting uncertainties with regards to the reliability of energy
supply is a major concern for the US particularly. In this country, 51% of electricity
generating capacity was built before 1980 and 74% of coal-fired plants are to come off-line
in approximately 10 years.42 Infrastructure is susceptible to damage caused by extreme
weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, blizzards, and flooding, resulting in longer-
lasting, more frequent failures and power interruptions, which makes investments in
existing infrastructure and renewables alike especially important. Rising temperatures put a
strain on the national water system, in turn threatening conventional power generation,
which requires large volumes of water to operate. In addition, the large number of coal-fired
power plants that are due to come off-line in the next decade further emphasises the
importance of investments in new generation capacity and energy demand management
requirements. The country's changing energy landscape as it moves from importer to
exporter intensifies the need to address threats to national energy security. To secure US
energy supply going forward, the US will have to invest to replace its energy infrastructure,
diversify its energy mix and reduce its energy consumption.
The US adoption of a low-carbon energy system will involve increased decentralisation of
energy infrastructure and a much higher percentage of non-hydro renewable energy. The
expansion of wind and solar generating capacity is pushing the present supply
infrastructure to the limits of its maximum performance capability. The system will thus
need to achieve an adequate balance between generation and load. New York and
California are currently the leaders in the US in developing a comprehensive strategy for
distributed energy resource (DER) deployment and stimulating a change to the regulated
investor-owned utility model and could provide good models for the rest of the country.
For its part, Mexico will likely experience both environmental sustainability and energy
security improvements over the next 5-10 years, stemming from 2013−2014 constitutional
reforms to increase energy sector electricity capacity. However, the country remains tasked
with simultaneously managing the transition from a monopolistic structure to a competitive
market scheme (following the 2014 allowance of full private sector participation in its energy
markets) and from a high-carbon to a low-carbon economy.
According to the 2016 World Energy Scenarios, the region’s reliance on fossil fuels is
projected to continue through 2060 but to a lesser extent, with fossil fuels making up
51% of primary energy by 2060.43 As shown in Figure 21, this trend is also reflected in the
region’s overall diversity of primary energy supply. The US, for example, is placing a strong
focus on renewables-based generation: by 2060, renewables produced in the US are
expected to account for 17−36% of the country’s total primary energy supply.44 Mexico still 42 World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Trilemma 43 World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Scenarios 44 ibid. The 17% refers to the Hard Rock Scenario while the 36% refers to the Unfinished Symphony Scenario.
BENCHMARKING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF NATIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS
39
obtains 82% of its electricity from burning fossil fuels, while Canada uses nuclear,
hydropower and other renewables to meet 80% of its needs.45
Final energy consumption is expected to decrease by 2060 (depending on the scenario),
which will help alleviate the stress on the energy system. Due to the region’s natural
resource endowment, import dependence is lower compared to other regions. In 2014,
approximately 2% of primary energy supply was imported. This trend is expected to
continue until 2060 with imports ranging between 0−6% until 2060.
FIGURE 21: NORTH AMERICA’S PROJECTED CHANGES IN DIVERSITY OF PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY
Source: World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Scenarios to 2060
45 EIA, 2013: International energy statistics
2010 2030 2060
Modern Jazz Unfinished Symphony
EJ/y
Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables
Hard Rock
2010 2030 2060 2010 2030 20600
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL | ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX
40
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Sub-Saharan Africa is challenged by the world’s lowest levels of energy access and
commercial energy use, despite a rich endowment in resources and high renewables
potential. Stable and widely accessible energy supply could act as a catalyst for
regional economic development. To unlock the region’s resource potential and meet
future energy demand the region must attract investment, build institutional capacity
and improve its on-grid and off-grid energy supply.
FIGURE 22: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA’S ENERGY TRILEMMA PROFILE
Source: World Energy Council / Oliver Wyman, 2016
Although the region is well endowed with natural resources, including fossil fuels,
hydropower and renewables, most Sub-Saharan African countries perform poorly on all
three dimensions of the energy trilemma. The region is home to 16% of the global
population,46 but at less than 700 kilograms of petrol equivalent per capita, compared to a
North American average of 7,844 kg, it uses the lowest amount of commercial energy in the
world.47 Globally, Sub-Saharan Africa is the most electricity poor region in terms of both the
total number of people served and the low percentage of its overall population with access
to modern energy services.48 Overall, the region performed poorly in the 2016 Trilemma
Index, with a C in energy security, a D in energy equity, and a C in environmental
sustainability.
Stable energy supply could act as a catalyst for regional economic development. Currently,
the region accounts for just 2.5% of the world’s total economic activity.49 However,
depending on its development path, Sub-Saharan Africa could contribute up to 11.9% of
the world’s total economic activity by 2060.50 However, most countries in the region depend 46 Discourse Media: Power Struggle, 2016: Sub-Saharan Africa access to energy research brief 47 ibid. 48 International Energy Agency, 2016: World Energy Outlook 49 ibid. 50 World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Scenarios
Sub-Saharan African countriesAngolaBeninBotswanaCameroonChadCongo (Dem. Rep.)Côte d’IvoireEthiopiaGabon
GhanaKenyaMadagascarMalawiMauritaniaMauritiusMozambiqueNamibiaNiger
SenegalSouth AfricaSwazilandTanzaniaZambiaZimbabwe
BENCHMARKING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF NATIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS
41
on imports for more than 65% of their energy needs and as a result, the region spends
more on oil imports (US$18bn) than it obtains in international aid ($15.6bn).51
Improving energy equity in the region (i.e., access to, quality and affordability of energy
supply) will be challenging. For example, 50% of the Sub-Saharan African population lives
in scattered rural and predominantly agrarian communities. Connecting these communities
to the main grid would require immense infrastructure investments. An estimated US$11bn
per annum must be invested to achieve 100% electricity access by 2030.52 However,
historically, annual investment levels have been about $2bn.53
Off-grid technologies represent the most feasible solution to electrify rural areas, and pay-
as-you-go models provide several advantages to customers with low or variable incomes.54
Several Sub-Saharan African countries have already experienced success with this
approach. M-KOPA Solar, which operates in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, and Off Grid
Electric, in Tanzania and Rwanda, offer packages of small appliances, such as LED lights,
a mobile phone charger and a radio, all of which are powered by a solar panel and a
battery. Rather than paying for the electricity itself or purchasing more expensive kerosene
to fuel older appliances, customers pay for the power equipment and new appliances in
small instalments using mobile phone payment processing.55
At the same time, a number of large-scale renewable projects are in progress. These
include Africa’s first privately funded and developed geothermal plant, which will be built in
Kenya; a 155 MW photovoltaic (PV) power plant, which is expected to increase Ghana’s
power capacity by 6% when it comes online in late 2016; the Congo’s 40,000 MW Grand
Inga Dam; and Ethiopia’s 120 MW Ashegoda wind farm.56
Moreover, a number of untapped oil and gas reserves have been discovered in Cameroon,
Ghana, Equatorial Guinea, the Congo (DR), Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, and could be
exploited in the future. However, the process of converting these resources into energy for
domestic populations may be challenging and effects will be limited to urban and peri-urban
areas. For instance, in Nigeria, only 56% of the population has gained access to secure
electricity despite the fact that the country holds the continent’s largest known natural gas
reserves.57 This fact suggests that financing, institutional capacity and infrastructure deficits
pose the greatest barriers to full access, rather than supply.
51 EIA, 2013: International energy statistics 52 Discourse Media: Power Struggle, 2016: Sub-Saharan Africa access to energy research brief 53 ibid. 54 World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Trilemma 2016: Defining measures to accelerate the energy transition 55 ibid. 56 Banks J: Key Sub-Saharan Energy Trends and their Importance for the US (Africa Growth Initiative at Brookings) 57 ibid.
WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL | ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX
42
FIGURE 23: SUB-SAHRAN AFRICA’S PROJECTED CHANGES IN DIVERSITY OF PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY
Source: World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Scenarios to 2060
Managing energy demand is also a challenge for countries as they develop economically.
South Africa, as one of the most developed countries in the region, still struggles with an
unreliable supply of electricity, low capacity margins and the challenge of meeting growing
energy demand. In response to insufficient electricity capacity during peak hours, South
Africa’s major power utility has devised various strategies to engage the public in voluntary
demand reduction. The principal approach has been rotational load shedding to avoid
national blackouts. Ghana has also implemented an efficiency programme to promote
energy savings and with that security of supply. The Ghanaian programme is focused on
household refrigerators, and involves minimum energy efficiency standards, consumer
education, as well as outreach and rebate efforts.
Regional energy security in the long term is currently hard to predict. Projections suggest
the region will manage the growth in energy demand, and the diversity of energy supply is
predicted to improve. The region’s import dependence is also expected to increase to a
maximum of 12% by 2060.
Although the Sub-Saharan African region registers low emissions from the energy sector
and relatively strong environmental sustainability, this trend is projected to change. Current
environmental sustainability scores are a reflection of low energy consumption levels and
lower social and economic development. However, economic growth is projected to
increase significantly and energy demand in the region is predicted to more than double
by 2050.
2010 2030 2060
Modern Jazz Unfinished Symphony
EJ/y
Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables
Hard Rock
2010 2030 2060 2010 2030 20600
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
BENCHMARKING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF NATIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS
43
These developments are currently projected to increase CO2 levels. According to the 2016
World Energy Scenarios, CO2 emissions are expected to increase between 104% and
258% by 2060. At the same time, both CO2 intensity and energy intensity are expected to
decrease between 59−92% and 66−90% respectively by 2060 (see Figure 24).
FIGURE 24: SUB-SAHRAN AFRICA’S PROJECTED ENERGY AND CO2 INTENSITY
Source: World Energy Council, 2016: World Energy Scenarios to 2060
0
2
4
6
8
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2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Final energy intensity (MJ/USD2010 MER)
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BENCHMARKING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF NATIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS
45
COUNTRY PROFILES
Country profiles provide the Index rankings overall and per dimension for each of the World
Energy Council's member countries represented in the 2016 Trilemma Index as well as
their balance score. The trilemma graph on each country profile illustrates the balance
score, which highlights the trade-offs between the three competing dimensions: energy
security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability. The table on the right hand side
shows the Index rankings from three consecutive years broken down by dimension and
trends in performance over the years. Furthermore, the country profile provides an
indication of trends and future developments, an overview of the country’s energy
endowment, contributions of energy sources to total primary energy supply and electricity
generation as well as relevant key metrics to provide more context.
Interactive country profiles and associated data can also be viewed on the Index web tool,
which has been developed by the World Energy Council, in partnership with global
management consultancy Oliver Wyman and the Global Risk Centre of its parent Marsh &
McLennan Companies.
The tool can be accessed at: www.worldenergy.org/data.
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aims to remedy investment thro
nt these reforms
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
NA
40% 60%
201
k and ore
61
ormance
security 57
equity 69
mental bility
66
e 97
n 2016. The cou
ubsidies to consed by 30% sinceusly a net energS$3bn.
epsol shares in the large reserv
stment have so
this situation byough a focus ons to attract new
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
1 61
7 51
9 69
6 69
7 92
untry has a well-
umers continuee 1998, while nagy exporter in 20
Argentina’s biggves of unconvenfar not been su
y phasing out sun renewables aninvestment whil
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
58
48
69
69
92
-balanced ener
es, there is little atural gas produ006 with a surpl
gest oil companntional oil and nccessful.
ubsidies to retund clearer regulale not comprom
N
High (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
BBB
B
B
B
gy
uction us of
ny), is natural
rn to ations.
mising
N.A. (II)
1,422)
95 | 95
14.9
2.5
TRILEMM
RANK
69
SCORE
CBC
TRENDS
Armeequitybalan
The Aas of natiohave dime
The cProgrgeneaccouplantimpro
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
C
S AND OUTLO
enia drops 9 play dimension, en
nce score of CB
Armenian Publicf 1 August 2016nal utility to gento monitor the n
nsion of the ene
country is moreoram for Armeniaration by 2020 aunt for 11.4% ofs (World Bank, oving the enviro
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 15 M
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
aces, from rank 6nergy security a
BC.
c Services Regu, following an u
nerate the financnew tariff’s influergy trilemma, w
over working ona’, published in and 2025 respef Armenia’s ene2016). If solar a
onmental sustain
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
A
0%
D BALANCE
60 in 2015 to rand environment
ulatory Committnsuccessful tarices needed to g
uence on the affwhich is currentl
n building capacApril 2014, sets
ectively. Small hergy production,and wind optionnability dimensio
28.6
0.11
100
N.A.
0.27
ARMENI
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
ank 69 in 2016. tal sustainability
tee has introduciff scheme that wguarantee the sfordability of enely the strongest
city in the renews a target of 21%hydropower plan, with a further 1
ns are further exon of the trilemm
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
A
40% 60%
201
k and ore
57
ormance
security 58
equity 61
mental bility
83
e 58
While exhibitingy scores are we
ced a new, morewas initiated in ecurity of supplyergy to avoid ad of the three dim
wables sector. T% and 26% of rents and other re18.6% coming frxplored, this polima in Armenia.
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
7 60
8 63
1 61
3 82
8 65
g a good performaker in compari
e sophisticated 2015. The new y. Going forward
dverse impacts omensions.
he ‘Scaling Up enewable energnewable energyrom two large hcy has the pote
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
69
84
65
78
70
mance in the enrison, resulting i
set of tariffs eff tariffs aim to he
rd, policy makeron the energy e
Renewable Enegy in total powery sources now
hydroelectric powential to contribu
8,3
Low (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
CBC
C
B
C
nergy n a
fective elp the rs will equity
ergy r
wer ute to
94 (III)
5,170)
95 | 51
14.6
4.2
TRILEMM
RANK
10
SCORE
AAA
TRENDS
Austrstron
Austrlong-than
Policycountsusta
Austrenergemissthe c
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
A
S AND OUTLO
ria improves by g and well-bala
ria’s energy sec-term goals, as wdoubled the pro
y developmentstry’s Sustainabi
ainable goods a
ria faces three mgy efficiency, susions; and 3) thountry’s ranking
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 15 M
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
1 place in this yanced, resulting
curity ranking rewell as the progoduction of rene
s in Austria are lity Strategy listnd services; an
major energy poustainability ande integration of g, Austrian polic
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
A
0%
D BALANCE
year’s Index, main a score of AA
flects its increasgress made sincewable energy.
in line with the Ets 20 goals to: ind optimise the t
olicy challenges d internal market
these two elemcymakers will ha
28.0
0.08
100
0.26
0.19
AUSTRIA
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
aking it into the AA.
sing energy selfce 1980 in the re
EU’s climate anncrease quality transport system
according to tht dimensions; 2
ments into an enave to continue
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
A
40% 60%
201
k and ore
8
ormance
security 20
equity 7
mental bility
22
e 16
top 10 list at ra
f-sufficiency, whenewable energ
nd energy goals of life overall; s
m.
he IEA: 1) the in) the further redergy and climatto build a strong
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
8 11
0 26
7 5
2 24
6 15
nk 10. The coun
hich is also one gy sector, where
for 2020 (the 20trengthen econo
tegration of secduction of Greente strategy. To mg, integrated en
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
10
20
6
23
16
ntry’s energy po
of the country’se Austria has m
0-20-20 targetsomic growth; su
curity of supply, nhouse Gas maintain or impnergy policy.
47,
High (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
AAA
A
A
A
olicy is
s main ore
s). The upport
rove
824 (I)
1,261)
95 | 95
5.0
0.4
TRILEMM
RANK
59
SCORE
CAD
TRENDS
Bahrais unbscore
In 20in Ba
The econsedeveActio
The uand pprogrbeingthe plevelsdeve
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
D
S AND OUTLO
ain drops 6 placbalanced due toe of CAD.
13 the cabinet aahrain and is exp
establishment oervation and molop ‘Bahrain’s N
on Plan (NREAP
unit is tasked wiproposals for theressed very welg elevated to theolicy plans whics. Part of the plloped in collabo
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 170
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
ces, to rank 59. o relatively low s
approved the espected to addre
of the ‘Sustainabore concrete coNational Energy P).
ith the preparate feed-in tariff (l during the pase highest authoch are being finalan is the so-ca
oration with the
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
B
0%
D BALANCE
The country exscores in energy
stablishment of ess Bahrain’s we
ble Energy Unit’mmitment to theEfficiency Actio
ion of proposalsFIT) and financi
st 18 months (Jarity in the decisialised at this molled ‘KEEP – KinWorld Bank to t
50.7
0.08
94
0.01
0.63
BAHRAI
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
xhibits a high dey security and e
an ‘Energy Thineak scores in en
’ is designed to e utilisation of reon Plan (NEEAP
s for energy effiial support for reanuary 2015–timion making procoment, are fostengdom of Bahratackle energy in
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
N
40% 60%
201
k and ore
39
ormance
security 48
equity 8
mental bility
95
e 41
egree of energy environmental s
nk-tank’ to addrnvironmental su
make a significenewable energP) and to develo
ciency levels, laenewable energme of writing, 20cess in the Goveered and implemain Energy Efficnefficiencies (pri
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
9 53
8 86
8 9
5 101
1 47
equity, but its oustainability, res
ess the issue ofustainability and
ant contributiongy. This unit is cop a National Re
abelling requiremgy initiatives. Th016), and its roleernment of Bahmented by the Gciency Plan’ whicmarily electrica
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
59
80
7
104
58
overall energy poesulting in a bala
f sustainable end energy security
n to energy currently workinenewable Energ
ments for appliahe Unit’s tasks he and responsibrain. It is hoped
Government at ach is being
al energy).
46,
Low (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
CAD
C
A
D
olicy ance
nergy y.
g to gy
ances have bility is d that all
946 (I)
8,872)
95 | 95
5.2
4.4
TRILEMM
RANK
23
SCORE
BAB
TRENDS
Belgipartic
Belgipoint
Low amargin theimpagove
VAT 14%,and wcontin
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
um drops 3 placcularly strong sc
um’s supply is ss for natural gas
average wholesginal cost renewe EU Emissionsct negatively onrnment is alloca
on energy bills , partly to keep iwind in the Belgnue to weigh on
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 0 Mto
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
ces, from rank 2core in energy e
secure, as a liqus pipelines and
sale prices in nowables, a continus Trading Systemn the economic ating strategic re
of final consuminflation low and
gian system will n Belgian electri
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
oe
ply composition
neration
B
0%
D BALANCE
20 in 2015 to raequity, for an ov
uid oil market anLNG) facilitate
orth-west Europuing low level ofm (EU ETS), anprofitability of theserves and pos
ers was raised d mask the highhave to be paidicity prices.
22.1
0.08
100
0.27
0.24
BELGIUM
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
ank 23 in 2016. Tverall score of B
nd a well-diversits reliance on o
e, a pushback of demand, low g
nd the technical he Belgian electssibly capacity
back to 21% (ah levies for rened for by high-end
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
M
40% 60%
201
k and ore
20
ormance
security 22
equity 14
mental bility
39
e 26
The country perAB
sified contractuaoil and gas impo
of thermal geneglobal coal priceissues on two m
tricity market. Toremuneration m
fter being lowerwable support).d consumer ele
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
0 20
2 24
4 10
9 41
6 26
rforms well acro
al gas portfolio (orts.
ration due to thees and low pricemajor nuclear poo tackle these is
mechanisms.
red by previous The very fast gctricity prices. T
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
23
38
14
37
24
oss the board, w
(with 18 entranc
e injection of lowes for CO2 certifower plants, all ssues, the
governments togrowth of solar PThese choices w
43,
Low (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
BAB
B
A
B
with a
ce
w icates
o PV will
992 (I)
3,310)
95 | 95
4.6
-1.1
TRILEMM
RANK
100
SCORE
CCD
TRENDS
Bolivsusta
BolivAmerkeep and w
Receexponew h
Key itransexploorderspee
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
D
S AND OUTLO
ia drops 2 placeainability, resulti
ia exports naturrica. Proven oil pace with cons
wood industries
ent developmenrts to Brazil andhydrocarbons la
ssues for policyport of hydroca
oration and prodr to increase pudier approval of
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 22 M
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
es in this year’s ng in a balance
ral gas to Brazil reserves are re
sumption. There, and hydroelec
ts focus on the d Argentina, throaw and a law on
ymakers to focurbons in both th
duction potentiablic acceptancef contracts; and
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
B
0%
D BALANCE
Index, to rank 1e score of CCD.
and Argentina latively small, a
e is good potentctric which has n
oil and gas sectough an Investmn prior consultat
s on: 1) creationhe internal netwol of domestic na
e, shorten the tim4) further deve
36.8
0.11
80
0.09
0.31
BOLIVIA
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
100. The countr
and it has the fiand the country tial for renewablnot yet been full
ctor, aiming to rement Act, compltion.
n of an attractivork and future eatural gas resoume of pre-consu
elopment of rene
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
A
40% 60%
201
k and ore
10
ormance
security 69
equity 97
mental bility
10
e 96
ry still lags behin
ifth largest provhas become a ne energy, espey exploited.
eplenish oil reselemented by a L
ve, enabling envexport markets; urces; 3) engageultation with indiewables, includi
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
00 98 1
9 65
7 97
08 106
6 102
nd regarding en
en natural gas rnet oil importer acially from by-pr
erves and maintaLaw of Incentive
vironment for inv2) continuous a
ement with the ggenous peoplesng hydropower.
DP Group)
gy suppliers M
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
100
73
97
107
110
nvironmental
reserves in Souas production faroducts of suga
tain natural gas es for the oil sec
vestment to flowassessment of general public is and allow for
r.
6,8
Medium (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
CCD
C
C
D
uth ails to
ar cane
ctor, a
w into
n a
81 (III)
1,556)
94 | 27
9.6
7.7
TRILEMM
RANK
94
SCORE
DCC
TRENDS
Botswpartic
BotswMoruPowereliesIndee
The gthe e
In 20greatsolar
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
C
S AND OUTLO
wana improves cularly weak, re
wana’s power supule A 132 MWer Corporation. s on an indepened, the country i
government hasnergy mix. In pa
15, the governmt solar potential r PV plants. Ren
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 0 Mto
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
2 places, to ransulting in a bala
ector relies on cW coal-fired pow
However, back-ndent power prois highly depend
s only recently rarticular, Botsw
ment asked for aof the country.
newable energy
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
oe
ply composition
neration
BO
0%
D BALANCE
nk 94. It receiveance score of DC
coal for 60% of er plant − is run-up power plantducer running pdent on electrici
recognised the nana is endowed
assistance fromIn June 2015, thcurrently accou
39.2
0.07
43
0.07
0.26
OTSWAN
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
s relatively low CC.
electricity genen by the verticalts are necessarypower plants coity and diesel im
need to further id with ample so
m the World Banhe government unts for less tha
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
NA
40% 60%
201
k and ore
96
ormance
security 10
equity 88
mental bility
93
e 46
scores across t
ration. The powly integrated goy to meet the consuming approx
mports to meet i
its strategy for ilar energy poten
k for a renewabannounced it w
an 2% of the cou
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
6 96
07 106
8 92
3 93
6 46
the board, with e
wer system – comvernment-owne
ountry’s peak deximately 17,000ts peak demand
ncreasing the rontial.
ble energy stratewould release a tuntry’s generatio
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
94
105
90
92
45
energy security
mprising only thed utility, Botswaemand. Botswa0 litres of diesel/d.
ole of renewable
egy to harness tender for two 5on mix.
15,8
Low (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
DCC
D
C
C
being
he ana na /hour.
es in
the 50 MW
807 (II)
8,732)
90 | 38
6.9
1.2
TRILEMM
RANK
57
SCORE
CBB
TRENDS
Brazienerg
In 20to redand dits dein cruprodudrougdome
Goingresiliethreaenvirthe psolarenvir
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
il drops 2 placesgy security bein
15, Brazil experduce power billsdiesel oil prices ependence on foude oil and natuucts. This declinght, which had aestic energy sup
g forward the chence of the cou
atened by the steronment on the ower sector sup
r, biomass and hronmental susta
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 6,91
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
s, from rank 55 g the country’s
rienced a 50% rs by 20% in 201rose by 12.4%
oreign energy toural gas productne in consumptia negative impapply rose from 3
hallenge for Brantry’s infrastruceep increase in Brazilian energypply capacity is hydro. Accordin
ainability dimens
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
3 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
0%
D BALANCE
in 2015 to rank weakest trilemm
rise in electricity2. While there wand 13.0% resp
o 7.1% in 2015, ion, combined won also contribu
act on the count39.4% to 41.2%
azilian policymakcture to extreme
consumer pricey sector will be expected to incgly, it is possibl
sions in the com
23.4
0.09
99
0.11
0.19
BRAZIL
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
k 57 in 2016. Thma dimension, r
y prices due to lwas a drop in ppectively. Rega down from 12.7with a 7.2% decuted to a decreatry’s hydroelectr.
kers will be to ree weather eventses. The impact attenuated. The
crease via the ee for Brazil to im
ming years, even
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
L
40% 60%
201
k and ore
54
ormance
security 85
equity 62
mental bility
40
e 65
e country’s eneresulting in a ba
osses incurred rices in the interding the energy7% in 2014. Thi
cline in consumpase in emissionsric power genera
emove barriers s, and find waysof the recent ade production of oxploitation of re
mprove its rankin with the return
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
4 55
5 73
2 67
0 43
5 67
rgy policy is balalance score of C
by the governmrnational markey security dimenis was achievedption demand fos of 4.6%. In spation, the share
to investment, is to improve enedverse political aoil and natural gnewable sourceng in energy se of demand gro
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
57
68
70
46
75
lanced overall, wCBB.
ment following a et, domestic gasnsion, Brazil redd largely by incror petroleum pite of the 2014−e of renewables
improve the ergy equity, whand economic gas is increasinges, such as windecurity and owth.
15,3
High (HHI
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
CBB
C
B
B
with
plan soline duced eases
−2016 in the
ich is
g and d,
359 (II)
= 992)
95 | 64
15.1
3.4
TRILEMM
RANK
48
SCORE
CBB
TRENDS
Bulgaand e
In theindeptransimproprior
Key ireliabindigethe eacces
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
aria improves byenvironmental s
e spring of 2015pendence of theparency; promo
ove the sustainato full liberalisa
ssues policymable energy infrasenous energy renergy sector; 4)ss to natural ga
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 1,65
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
y 1 rank in this ysustainability be
5 the Bulgarian e national regulaote trans-borderable use of renetion of the mark
akers need to fostructure, furtheesources; 2) inc) increased soc
as by 2020 as se
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
7 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
BU
0%
D BALANCE
year’s Index, to ing Bulgaria’s s
Parliament ameatory commissior trade; and enhewable energy sket. The amendm
cus on are: 1) imer diversifying socreased energy ial protection; 5et out in the nati
27.2
0.09
100
0.12
0.47
ULGAR
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
48. The countrstrongest trilemm
ended the existion; financially sthance end-user sources, marketments have not
mproved energyources and routefficiency; 3) pr
5) pursuing the aional energy str
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
IA
40% 60%
201
k and ore
56
ormance
security 59
equity 60
mental bility
81
e 52
ry’s energy policma dimensions,
ng Energy Act ttabilise the electrights. The newt liberalisation a yet resulted in
y security throutes of energy surompt actions foambitious targetrategy; and 6) re
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
6 49
9 52
0 59
1 71
2 50
cy is balanced, wresulting in a ba
to: increase the tricity sector; im
w legal framewornd social equitythe expected im
gh stimulation oupply, and optimocused on finants of giving 30%espect for the ru
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
48
67
55
67
49
with energy equbalance score of
political mprove market
rk was expectedy during the permprovements.
of investments imising the use oncial stabilisation% of householdsule of law.
17,5
Low (HHI =
s (%) N.A.
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
CBB
C
B
B
uity f CBB.
d to iod
n f n of
512 (II)
4,685)
. | N.A.
12.0
0.5
TRILEMM
RANK
105
SCORE
BDB
TRENDS
Cameequity
SigniDisrusupp
CamesuppadditMovininterm
Howefossilthe dGDP achie
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
eroon maintainsy dimension lag
ficant energy isuption of energyly can significan
eroon’s Energy orted by the Caionally implemeng away from omittency.
ever, the governl fuels in the shoevelopment of cand economic
eve ‘energy eme
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 147
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
s its position at gging behind the
ssues affecting Cy supply is currently decrease.
Sector Developameroon Clean ented policies suover-reliance on
nment will need ort term to creatclean energy sugrowth in the la
ergence’.
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
CA
0%
D BALANCE
rank 105. The ce other two, resu
Cameroon are (ntly significant a
pment Plan aimDevelopment Much as the ‘enerhydropower an
to ensure signite and speed ecupplies and greaast five years an
30.1
0.11
54
N.A.
0.11
AMEROO
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
country’s trilemmulting in a balan
(a) the intermitteas it is largely d
s to achieve a 7Mechanism projergy emergence’
nd diversifying th
ificant investmeconomic growthater mix. Camernd figures provid
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
ON
40% 60%
201
k and ore
10
ormance
security 29
equity 11
mental bility
47
e 10
ma performancence score of BD
ence and (b) suependent on ra
75% electrificatiect to convert bi initiative, whichhe energy mix w
nt takes place. , and re-invest troon has experide positive signs
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
03 105 1
9 33
1 113
7 48
09 110
e is imbalanced,B.
pply of energy tinfall. Conseque
on rate by 2030ogas into electr
h is due to be cowill assist in redu
It is planned thathe financial gaienced a slow bus for the investm
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
105
43
112
51
112
, with the energ
to the populatioently, in dry per
0. These plans aricity. Cameroonompleted in 203ucing energy su
at Cameroon wiin from growth iut steady increa
ment needed to
3,12
Low (HHI =
s (%)
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
BDB
B
D
B
gy
n. riods
are n has 35. upply
ill use into ase in
23 (IV)
4,228)
41 | 5
14.4
1.0
TRILEMM
RANK
22
SCORE
AAC
TRENDS
Canaranks
Manythe pfrom and pto caelectrimpro
Three(58%deveinfrasensuCana
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
C
S AND OUTLO
ada, at rank 22 ms 11th, but still la
y world-leading rimary authoritythe generation
provincial goverpture, use and pricity generationovement in Can
e key issues of % of total emissio
lopment (25% ostructure projectring wider enga
ada’s aboriginal
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 34,0
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
maintains its strags behind on e
efforts in carboy over energy anmix of Canada’
rnments, and invpermanently ston are now underada’s future ran
current focus aons come from of total emissionts to access new
agement and thepopulation on w
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
86 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
C
0%
D BALANCE
rong scores on eenvironmental s
n policy have bend environments largest provinvestments in adore CO2 from a rway in several nkings.
re: 1) managingtransport, buildi
ns); 2) a more inw export markete sharing of benwhose traditiona
28.6
0.13
100
0.17
0.43
CANADA
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
energy securitysustainability.
een implementetal matters. Exance, regulations dvanced technocoal-fired poweprovinces. The
g the environmeings, industry, anclusive and comts, taking accou
nefits from resoual lands most m
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
A
40% 60%
201
k and ore
15
ormance
security 4
equity 5
mental bility
10
e 15
y, where it ranks
ed by Canada’s mples include tto eliminate coalogy such as the
er plant. Furtherese developmen
ental/climate impand electricity) amprehensive reunt of the many urce developme
major energy pro
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
5 18
4 4
5 14
00 97
5 14
5th, and energ
provincial govehe elimination oal-fired power bye world’s first fu, transformationnts should suppo
pacts of energy and also from oiview process fodiverse interest
ent projects, mojects will be loc
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
22
5
11
96
14
gy equity, where
ernments, whichof coal-fired powby both the fedeully integrated pns towards greeport the continuin
end-use applicl and gas
or energy ts involved; and
ost notably with cated.
44,
Low (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
AAC
A
A
C
e it
h have wer ral roject n ng
ations
d, 3)
310 (I)
4,629)
95 | 95
9.7
0.2
TRILEMM
RANK
119
SCORE
CDB
TRENDS
Chadwith a
Conscharc11,00OutpChad
The cutilitygrowwith c
The SdeveProdu
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
d maintains its pa balance score
sumption of eleccoal provide 90%00 households aut of electricity w
d’s economic de
country is highlyy responsible foring electric eneconsiderations g
Sustainable Enelopment of a firsucer (IPP) sche
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 216
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
position at rank e of CDB.
ctricity and petro% of the energyare equipped wiwas 103 GWh i
evelopment.
y dependent on r electricity prodrgy demand. Thgiven to renewa
ergy Fund for Ast phase 40 MW
eme to be conne
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
0%
D BALANCE
119. The countr
oleum products y consumed in Cith gas heaters.n 2008, from th
oil imports fromduction and distrherefore, the coable energy due
frica (SEFA) haW of Starsol solaected to the nati
15.1
0.04
4
N.A.
0.02
CHAD
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
ry receives a pa
accounts for onChad, while natu Most of energyermal sources o
m Nigeria, Cameribution, does nuntry is in the p
e to its great sola
as approved in 2ar PV plant nearional grid.
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
40% 60%
201
k and ore
12
ormance
security 89
equity 12
mental bility
52
e 12
articularly low sc
nly 10% of natioural gas consumy production andonly. High costs
eroon and otherot have the cap
process of implear potential.
2015 a US$780,r N’Djamena in
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
20 119 1
9 91
25 123
2 54
25 124
core in the energ
onal consumptiomption is very limd consumption os and scarcity of
r neighbouring cpacity to meet thmenting a natio
,000 preparationChad as the firs
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
119
93
123
52
124
rgy equity dimen
on. Wood and mited as fewer toccurs in the caf electricity ham
countries. STEEhe country’s eveonal energy poli
n grant for the st Independent
2,17
Low (HHI =
s (%)
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
CDB
C
D
B
nsion,
than apital.
mper
E, the er-cy,
Power
71 (IV)
7,910)
27 | 6
12.2
N.A.
TRILEMM
RANK
38
SCORE
BBB
TRENDS
Chiledime
Chilepoliticresouefficieinterctende
The 22) 253) rensavinowneand i
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
e drops 3 placesnsions, with a b
e currently imporcal and market urces, in particuency; reducing bconnectors; advers for electricity
2014 Agenda de5% price cuts of newables to conngs target by 20ed ENAP to havnclusive energy
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 54 M
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
s, from rank 35 ibalance score of
rts 60% of its torelated risks. Th
ular renewables;biomass cookin
vancing e-mobiliy production.
e Energía sets ttenders for hou
nstitute 45% of 25; 5) developm
ve a greater party policy.
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
0%
D BALANCE
in 2015 to rank f BBB.
otal primary enehe greatest cha; developing a r
ng and heating; ity and smart cit
the following taruseholds as welcapacity installe
ment of a framewticipation in new
35.1
0.09
100
0.09
0.28
CHILE
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
38 in 2016. The
rgy, exposing itllenges are perc
regulatory framepromoting regioties; and accoun
rgets: 1) 30% rel as small and med by 2025; 4) ework to hedge e
w electricity gen
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
40% 60%
201
k and ore
35
ormance
security 42
equity 68
mental bility
46
e 22
e country perfor
t to internationalceived to be: seework for the gaonal integration nting for additio
eduction of margmedium enterprenergy efficiencexposure to fueeration; and 7) d
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
5 35
2 42
8 66
6 51
2 20
ms well across
commodity pricecuring fuel suppas sector; promothrough gas andnal capacity del
ginal costs of elises that producy improvementsl price volatility; development of
DP Group)
gy suppliers M
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
38
44
66
48
23
all trilemma
ce volatility as wply; developing oting energy d electricity livered by upco
ectricity in 4 yeace electricity; s to achieve a 2 6) reform of staf a comprehens
22,3
Medium (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
BBB
B
B
B
well local
ming
ars;
20% ate-ive
316 (II)
2,231)
95 | 53
7.0
3.6
TRILEMM
RANK
87
SCORE
BBD
TRENDS
Chinadime
Chinaand tattenproteprimareduc
2016ambit18%,335 creformmore
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
D
S AND OUTLO
a maintains its pnsions, with its
a is still in the pthe related enertion. China’s 12
ection and low cary energy consced to 18% and
is the first yeartious mandatory, increasing the cities on 80% ofms, including la
e sustainable de
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 85,36
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
position at rank environmental s
rocess of rapid rgy/environment2th five-year plaarbon during 20
sumption and ca 21% respective
r of China’s 13thy targets for 201share of non-fo
f days. In the meaunching the natevelopment in th
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
63 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
0%
D BALANCE
87. The countrysustainability sc
industrialisationt issues is a chan set mandatory
010−2015. In tharbon emission ely, and the sha
h five-year plan.15−2020, includossil to 15%, andeantime, China tionwide carbon
he coming five y
42.7
0.13
100
0.08
0.60
CHINA
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
y performs well core remaining r
n and urbanisatiallenge for Chinry targets on eneis period Chinagrowth of 3.6%
are of non-fossil
. China has proding reducing end an air quality pledges to enh
n trading marketyears, will be an
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
40% 60%
201
k and ore
87
ormance
security 83
equity 77
mental bility
11
e 62
in the energy srelatively low, re
ion and balancina, to which the ergy efficiency, ’s GDP grew by and 2.7%. Enel energy increas
posed the stratenergy intensity btarget which aimance legislationt. Related plansnounced soon.
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
7 87
3 70
7 77
9 116
2 63
ecurity and eneesulting in a bala
ng the economiChinese governnon-fossil share
y 7.8% on averaergy intensity ansed to 15%.
egy of green deby 15%, reducinms for I and II den and introduce and policies, w
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
87
62
77
117
62
ergy equity ance score of B
c/social developnment is payinge, environment
age with an annnd carbon intens
evelopment and ng carbon intensegree level air imarket-based
which will promo
14,2
High (HHI
s (%) 7
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
BBD
B
B
D
BBD.
pment much
ual sity
set sity by n
ote
39 (III)
= 572)
70 | 19
6.2
8.4
TRILEMM
RANK
41
SCORE
BBA
TRENDS
Colomdimea bal
Colomof enenergCO2 e
Main as ondemaparticgas; geneinves
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
A
S AND OUTLO
mbia improves bnsions, with envance score of B
mbia, although ergy services, agy services; diveemissions.
areas policymane of the main dand and supply cipation of differ5) developing aration capacity;
stment in scienc
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 5,17
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
by 2 places in thvironmental sus
BBA.
in a relatively hand finding soluersification of th
akers are focusidrivers of econoside, and conso
rent stakeholderand implementin and 7) strength
ce and technolog
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
8 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
CO
0%
D BALANCE
his year’s Indexstainability, whe
igh position in thtions based on
he energy mix; a
ng on are: 1) enmic growth andolidating a culturs in the develop
ng efficient masshening guarantegy in the energy
36.0
0.05
97
0.14
0.13
OLOMB
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
x, to rank 41. Thre it ranks 10th
he Index, still fanon-convention
and sustaining p
nsuring the contd social developure for sustainabpment phases os transport systeees and investmy sector.
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
IA
40% 60%
201
k and ore
47
ormance
security 46
equity 79
mental bility
7
e 68
he country perfoglobally, being
aces major challnal energies; impositive econom
tinued developmment; 2) promo
ble use of naturaof the industry; 4ems; 6) ensurin
ment opportunitie
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
7 43
6 35
9 81
7 8
8 66
rms well acrossa particular stre
enges such as:proving quality
mic development
ment of the miniting energy effical resources; 3) 4) increasing exg the expansiones in the country
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
41
36
80
10
68
s all trilemma ength. This resu
: expanding covand reliability ot without increa
ing and energy ciency on energ) strengthening txploration of natn of electricity ry, and boosting
13,8
Low (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
BBA
B
B
A
ults in
verage f sing
sector gy the tural
g
01 (III)
7,767)
95 | 49
12.3
1.7
TRILEMM
RANK
117
SCORE
DDC
TRENDS
The Dtrilem
The Dof its poweThe Wthe In
Despthe wvoltag
All ththroudistrib
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
C
S AND OUTLO
Democratic Repmma dimensions
DRC meets its ehydroelectric re
er, the highest inWorld Bank andnga 3 site.
pite such rich hyworld, amountingge transmission
ese conditions ugh which the cobution.
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 24 M
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
CONGO
ANKINGS AN
OOK
public of the Cos, energy equity
energy needs mesources from tn Africa. Currend the African De
ydroelectric poteg in 2013 to 1%n lines (only 4,60
have favoured tountry has been
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
O (DEM
0%
D BALANCE
ngo (DRC) ranky is particularly w
mostly through bhe Congo Rivert hydro installed
evelopment Ban
ential and 2009 in rural areas a00 km).
the developmenn liberalising the
33.2
0.43
15
N.A.
0.12
OCRAT
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
ks 117th in this yweak, with a ba
biomass and hydr, which is estimd capacity is 2,4
nk are supportin
reforms, the DRand 19% in urba
nt of small and ie sector, promot
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
IC REP
40% 60%
201
k and ore
11
ormance
security 95
equity 11
mental bility
84
e 12
year’s Index. Relance score of D
dropower. The cmated to have th420 MW, of whicg the country to
RC has one of than areas. This is
ndependent powting private inve
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
UBLIC)
% 80%
14 2015 2
5 116 1
5 94
4 112
4 86
23 122
eceiving low scoDDC.
country currentlye potential to such only 1,281 M
o develop an add
he lowest rates s due to a limite
wer producers aestment in gener
DP Group)
gy suppliers M
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
117
98
113
85
122
ores across all
y exploits only 2upply 100 GW o
MW is operationaditional 4,800 M
of electrificationed length of high
and distributorsration and
78
Medium (HHI =
s (%)
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
DDC
D
D
C
2% of al.
MW at
n in h
,
83 (IV)
2,174)
14 | 5
N.A.
3.1
TRILEMM
RANK
101
SCORE
ADC
TRENDS
Côte in en
Côte policiin en
Althoelectrand t
The gand tconsuuse othis ta
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
C
S AND OUTLO
d’Ivoire improvergy security, b
d’Ivoire has a laies to develop thergy and infrast
ough there is extricity. As a resuthe households
government agrtransport infrastumption by 202of solar), policiearget, and with
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 14 M
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
es by 3 places, ut energy equity
arge renewablehese energy sotructure, this ha
tensive grid suplt, there is a largthat are actually
reed in 2012 onructure, and co0. While there as to reduce the that an improve
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
CÔT
0%
D BALANCE
from rank 104 iy remains its we
e energy potentiurces has beens resulted in low
pply, the prohibitge disparity betwy connected.
an energy sectmmits the countare some effortscost and furthe
ement in its trilem
21.1
0.12
59
N.A.
0.14
TE D’IVO
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
in 2015 to rank eakest trilemma
al. However, then hampered by iw energy acces
tive cost of acceween the numb
tor plan that priotry to achievings to increase the
er promote the dmma ranking an
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
OIRE
40% 60%
201
k and ore
10
ormance
security 18
equity 10
mental bility
99
e 11
101 in 2016. Tha dimension, res
e country’s abilinternal conflict.s and a poorly d
essing the grid ber of people wh
oritises investm a 15% share oe use of renewa
deployment of rend balance.
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
05 104 1
8 19
07 106
9 95
6 113
he country has asulting in a balan
ty to develop anCombined with
diversified energ
presents a barriho live in a grid-c
ent in fossil-fuelf renewables in
ables (such as reenewables are r
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
101
30
105
94
102
a strong performnce score of AD
nd implement eh a lack of invesgy mix.
rier to access thconnected loca
lled power gene final energy
reduced taxes forequired to achi
3,49
Low (HHI =
s (%)
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
ADC
A
D
C
mance DC.
nergy stment
e lity
eration
or the eve
96 (IV)
6,872)
35 | 5
20.7
3.4
TRILEMM
RANK
29
SCORE
BBA
TRENDS
Croatsusta
In 20(RESfinal cgas bIonia
EnergNatiotargeboost
Furthsyste
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
A
S AND OUTLO
tia maintains itsainability receivi
13 the governmS) in line with maconsumption amby developing stn Adriatic Pipeli
gy efficiency is onal Energy Efficet of reducing finting security of
hermore, attentioems and therma
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 28 M
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
s position at ranng a particularly
ment adopted a arket changes amounted to 16.8trategic gas infrine (IAP) and th
playing a key rociency Program
nal energy consenergy supply,
on has increasinal energy genera
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
C
0%
D BALANCE
k 29. The county high score, res
National Action and the decline 8%. The countryrastructure to enhe LNG terminal
ole in the overalmme, and the Fir
umption in 2016competitiveness
ngly shifted towation in cogener
28.8
0.08
100
0.18
0.22
CROATIA
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
try’s trilemma psulting in a lette
Plan (NAP), revin energy consu
y is seeking to innsure stability ofl on Krk island.
ll strategy of therst National Ene6 by 19.77 PJ (ps of the energy
wards energy effration plants.
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
A
40% 60%
201
k and ore
31
ormance
security 47
equity 44
mental bility
34
e 49
erformance is wer grade of BBA
vising the 2020 umption. Alreadntroduce more ff supply. Among
e country. With tergy Efficiency Apetajoule), and sector and sust
ficiency by deplo
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
1 29
7 43
4 44
4 28
9 44
well balanced, w.
target for renewy in 2012 the sh
flexible and diveg the most nota
the 2009 EnergyAction Plan, the in 2020 by 22.7tainable develop
oying highly effic
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
29
41
43
26
54
with environmen
wable energy sohare of RES in ersified sources
able projects are
y Strategy, the e country set the76 PJ, with a viepment.
cient central he
21,8
High (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
BBA
B
B
A
tal
ources gross of
e the
e ew to
eating
880 (II)
1,393)
95 | 82
11.2
-0.2
TRILEMM
RANK
60
SCORE
DBB
TRENDS
Cypruenvir
The m(EEZthe aExplo
As ofthreenatiocompdisco
The eThe Ieffectregioexpe
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
us improves by ronmental susta
major energy issZ). The Aphrodit
nnouncement ooration of four o
f July 2016, eighe offshore blocksnal financial sta
petition from neioveries in the Me
electrical intercosrael and Greetively contribute
on to use naturacted that the co
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 121
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
4 places in thisainability, it ranks
sue in Cyprus ise project, the fir
of its commerciaother blocks is b
ht energy comps. The developm
ability. On the otighbouring projeediterranean.
onnection with Gce interconnect
e to the security l gas deposits a
ountry’s energy s
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
C
0%
D BALANCE
s year’s Index, tos low in the ene
s to develop therst runner, begaality in 2015. Theing conducted
anies have madment of the gas ther hand, markects in Israel an
Greece and Isrations are due to of energy supp
as well as renewsecurity and env
10.6
0.07
100
0.31
0.28
CYPRUS
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
o rank 60. Whileergy security dim
e natural gas offan preparations e block is estim
d by ENI/KOGAS
de expressions field will bring n
keting the gas cond Egypt which h
ael will be the nebe completed i
ply and reductiowable energy sovironmental per
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
S
40% 60%
201
k and ore
76
ormance
security 11
equity 67
mental bility
41
e 60
e it performs wemension, resultin
fshore field in thfor the develop
mated to contain S and Total.
of interest for thnew opportunitieould prove a chhave made the
ext major challen 2019 and 202n in CO2 emissi
ources for electrrformance will im
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
6 64
5 116
7 58
1 38
0 43
ell in terms of enng in a balance
e Cyprus Exclument and produover 125 billion
he exploration lies to the Cyprusallenge in the fulargest offshore
nge in the Cypr20 respectively. ons by allowing
ricity generationmprove in the co
DP Group)
gy suppliers M
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
60
112
58
32
38
nergy equity andscore of DBB.
usive Economic uction stage, foln cubic metres o
cencing rights is energy sector uture because oe natural gas
riot energy sectoThe project wil
g the countries in. It is therefore oming years.
30,7
Medium (HHI =
s (%) N.A.
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
DBB
D
B
B
d
Zone lowing
of gas.
n and
of
or. l n the
734 (II)
2,321)
. | N.A.
4.5
0.3
TRILEMM
RANK
19
SCORE
AAB
TRENDS
The Cpartic
In 20Czecand 4
The nnucleenergenergcomband minfrasas an
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
Czech Republiccularly high sco
15 the Czech gch Republic (SE4) the National P
national energy ear power plantsgy sources for egy mix (decreasbined heat and pmaking considestructure (electrncillary and tran
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 739
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
c improves by 2 re in energy equ
overnment issuK); 2) the NatioPlan on Nuclear
policy is baseds; gradual transelectricity and hesing from 45% topower (CHP), prable efficiencie
ricity, gas) to ensit services.
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
CZEC
0%
D BALANCE
places, to rank uity, where it ran
ued several enernal Action Plan r Energy Develo
on: constructioition from mostleat production, oday to less tharovision of coal/
es in use of all ksure system int
38.0
0.09
100
0.17
0.37
CH REPU
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
19. The countrynks 5th worldwi
rgy policies: 1) t for Smart Gridsopment.
on of new nuclealy extracted lignwith domestic c
an 20% in the co/fuels for centra
kinds of energy; tegration of dece
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
UBLIC
40% 60%
201
k and ore
23
ormance
security 17
equity 13
mental bility
63
e 32
y’s trilemma pede. This results
the update of ths; 3) the Nationa
ar power generaite deposits tow
coal remaining aoming decades)al heating; increa
and reconstrucentralised produ
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
3 21
7 14
3 8
3 62
2 30
rformance is wes in a balance sc
he State Energyal Action Plan fo
ation units on thwards natural gaa stable segmen); medium-term asing efficiency
ction and develouction, operation
DP Group)
gy suppliers M
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
19
14
5
54
29
ell balanced, witcore of AAB.
y Concept of theor Energy Efficie
he existing sitesas and renewabnt of the countrystabilising of
y in energy prodopment of netwonal reliability, as
32,1
Medium (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
AAB
A
A
B
th a
e ency;
of le y’s
uction ork s well
167 (II)
2,312)
95 | 95
6.5
-1.1
TRILEMM
RANK
1
SCORE
AAA
TRENDS
Denmperfo
In Maambitand tand tsupp
To ovCO2 ethe futhe e
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
A
S AND OUTLO
mark tops the Inormance is exce
arch 2012 a newtious initiatives.transport sectorthe overall energlied by wind pow
vercome the chaemissions, Danuture role of thelectricity grid.
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 104
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
ndex this year, raellently balanced
w Energy Agree This should bri
rs by 2050 by cogy system. Targwer, and more t
allenges and reish policymaker
e Danish natural
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
D
0%
D BALANCE
anking 1st not od, resulting in a
ement was reaching Denmark cloommitting to larggets to reach bythan 35% of fina
ach its ambitiours are focusing gas grid; and th
22.5
0.07
100
0.40
0.18
ENMAR
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
only overall, butletter grade of A
hed in Denmarkoser to reachingge investments y 2020 include aal energy consu
us targets of becon the implicatihe introduction
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
RK
40% 60%
201
k and ore
1
ormance
security 1
equity 15
mental bility
6
e 11
also on the eneAAA.
k. The Agreemeg the target of 1up to 2020 in e
approximately 5umption supplied
coming indepenons of: being foof huge amoun
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
1
1
5 13
6 5
1 12
ergy security dim
ent contains a w00% renewablenergy efficiency0% of electricityd from renewab
ndent of fossil fussil fuel free forts of fluctuating
DP Group)
gy suppliers M
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
1
1
10
6
11
mension. Its trile
wide range of e energy in the ey, renewable eny consumption
ble energy sourc
uels and reducinr the transport s renewable ene
46,
Medium (HHI =
s (%) N.A.
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
AAA
A
A
A
emma
energy nergy
ces.
ng sector; ergy in
635 (I)
1,597)
. | N.A.
5.6
-2.8
TRILEMM
RANK
50
SCORE
BBC
TRENDS
Ecuaenvir
The EEcuashareoil exlosse
For thhigh-chanrefine
The aprom
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
C
S AND OUTLO
ador maintains itronmental susta
Ecuadorian govadorian Nationale of renewable exports to higher es of generation
his purpose, the-capacity hydroege from gas-baery.
ambitious policiemoting improvem
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 1,184
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
ts place from lasainability dimens
vernment has bel Strategic Plannenergy in the elvalue-added pr and distribution
e government iselectric power psed cooking to
es developed bment on each of
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
4 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
E
0%
D BALANCE
st year at rank 5sion lagging slig
een pushing sevning (National Pectricity genera
roducts; increasn; and an overa
s currently devellants; 2) projectefficient inductio
y the governmethe three energ
39.1
0.08
97
N.A.
0.28
CUADO
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
50. Its trilemma ghtly behind the
veral initiatives tPlan for Good Liation mix; reducese of effectiveneall increase in en
loping several pts to promote thon-based cooke
ent will ensure thgy trilemma dime
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
OR
40% 60%
201
k and ore
51
ormance
security 51
equity 47
mental bility
70
e 98
performance isother two, resu
to create a moreiving), sets the fe oil-derived impess and efficiencnergy efficiency
projects, which ihe installation ofer appliances; a
he sustainabilityensions.
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
1 50
1 49
7 49
0 72
8 96
s well balanced olting in a balanc
e sustainable enfollowing goals: ports; change thcy of the transpo.
nclude: 1) the cf renewable pownd 4) the constr
y of the Ecuador
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
50
50
46
79
101
overall, with thece score of BBC
nergy sector. Th increase of thehe current profilort sector; reduc
construction of ewer plants; 3) thruction of a larg
rian energy sec
11,3
Low (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
BBC
B
B
C
e C.
he e e of ce
eight e
ge oil
ctor by
88 (III)
4,260)
95 | 87
12.4
4.4
TRILEMM
RANK
68
SCORE
CBB
TRENDS
Egypsusta
As thhas bthrouelectrsectofuel a
Policycostlythermstructof en5) ex
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
pt improves by 4ainability dimens
he most populoubecome one of tugh, challenges ricity capacity to
or, and the slow and renewable t
ymakers are ady location; 2) div
mal generation tture to encouraergy infrastructu
xtension of the re
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 2,04
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
4 places, to ranksions, but lags b
us country in Nothe most importrelated to energ
o meet the demprogress of new
technologies.
ddressing the foversification of po benefit from oge energy savinure including reegional intercon
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
0 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
0%
D BALANCE
k 68. The countrbehind regardin
orth Africa, Egyptant topics in recgy security needand and no resew and renewab
llowing energy dpower generatioone of the best sng measures; 4)newable energy
nnection power
39.9
0.06
100
N.A.
0.24
EGYPT
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
ry receives a gog energy securi
pt is keen to impcent years. Dued to be overcomerve capacitiesle energy projec
developments: on by expandingsolar belt locatio) encouragemey projects usinggrid capacity be
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
T
40% 60%
201
k and ore
64
ormance
security 94
equity 58
mental bility
44
e 10
ood score in theity, scoring a ba
prove its energye to the political me. These challe, low energy effcts due to the in
1) expansion ofg wind farms, anons in the worldnt of the private
g build, own, opeetween Egypt a
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
4 72
4 93
8 65
4 44
06 109
energy equity aalance grade of
y sustainability. Ttransition the co
enges include aiciency especiancremental cost
f new power capnd introducing s; 3) improveme
e sector to inveserate (BOO) schnd Arab, Africa
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
68
90
60
49
113
and environmenCBB.
Therefore, enerountry is going
an insufficient ally in the industt gap between fo
pacities at the lesolar PV and soent of the energyst in the develophemes; and and Europe.
10,8
High (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
CBB
C
B
B
ntal
rgy
rial ossil
east olar y tariff pment
91 (III)
1,215)
95 | 95
13.1
5.8
TRILEMM
RANK
40
SCORE
ABD
TRENDS
Estonenergperfo
EstonintercdemaproduconceMeanintrodfrom
Policyshareeffectbe re
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
D
S AND OUTLO
nia improves bygy equity, its po
ormance, with a
nia has successconnection with and. However, tuction capacity erns are presennwhile, Estonia ducing a marketthe old feed-in
ymakers shoulde of renewable et that fluctuation
endered more re
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 0 Mto
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
y 4 places in thisoor score in the e
score of ABD.
sfully improved its Baltic neigh
the current low ohave been put o
nted by the threastill struggles wt premium modetariffs until 2020
d focus on succeenergy to improns in global oil pesilient to cybera
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
oe
ply composition
neration
E
0%
D BALANCE
s year’s Index, tenvironmental s
its security of enbours and increoil prices put preon hold, which mat of cyber-attac
with environmentel to support new0.
essfully implemove the environmprices have on eattacks and extr
28.1
0.11
100
0.18
0.74
ESTONIA
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
to rank 40. Whilsustainability dim
nergy supply byeasing domesticessure on Estonmay result in a ncks and the incrtal sustainabilityw renewable en
menting these tarmental sustainaenergy security.reme weather e
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
A
40% 60%
201
k and ore
48
ormance
security 39
equity 54
mental bility
10
e 20
e it receives gomension results
y diversifying itsc electricity prodnian shale oil prnegative impactreasing numbery. To remedy thnergy projects, w
riff reforms and bility dimension Meanwhile, the
events.
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
8 44
9 27
4 53
07 107
0 18
od scores in ens in an imbalanc
energy importsuction capacity roducers, and int on energy secof extreme wea
is, the governmwhile existing pr
find other ways of the trilemma
e existing infrast
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
40
22
50
111
20
nergy security anced trilemma
s through greateto exceed dom
nvestments in ncurity. Further seather events.
ment is now rojects will bene
s to increase thea and to decreasstructure will hav
28,0
Low (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
ABD
A
B
D
nd
er mestic
ew ecurity
efit
e se the ve to
095 (II)
3,302)
95 | 69
10.2
1.0
TRILEMM
RANK
118
SCORE
DDC
TRENDS
Ethioenvir
Ethio2.5%aims on enaccesEaste
Whileten yeunlesrise sand cpetrorenew
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
C
S AND OUTLO
opia improves byronmental susta
opia’s GDP grow% annually, both
at becoming a nhancing develoss to affordableern Africa Regio
e Ethiopia has aears the volumess action is takesignificantly. Polcompetition; 3) holeum fuels; 5) wwable energy te
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 22 M
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
y 2 places, fromainability is the c
wth of about 11%contributed to imiddle-income opment with min
e, clean and modon.
abundant renewe of petroleum ien to change thelicymakers needhigh dependencwasteful and ineechnologies, ene
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
E
0%
D BALANCE
m rank 120 in 20country’s stronge
% for the last eigncreased energcountry by 2025
nimum carbon edern energy for
wable energy soumports has beee traditional devd to address: 1)ce on and unsusefficient energy pergy conservatio
14.7
0.32
23
0.03
0.08
ETHIOPI
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
015 to rank 118 est trilemma dim
ght consecutivegy demand. Thr5. The Climate-
emission. The vall citizens by 2
urces, the counen growing at apvelopment path,) high levels of estainable use ofproduction, tranon and sustaina
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
A
40% 60%
201
k and ore
12
ormance
security 11
equity 11
mental bility
91
e 11
in 2016. While amension, resulti
e years and popough the Growt-Resilient Greenision for the Eth2025 and to bec
try imports petrpproximately 8%annual petroleu
energy poverty; f biomass; 4) hi
nsportation, andable forest and w
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
21 120 1
1 107
7 118
1 87
2 114
attaining low scng in a balance
ulation growth ah and Transform
n Economy (CRhiopian energy scome a renewab
oleum fuels and% per year. Projeum and fuel woo2) low private sgh dependence use; and 6) devwoodland mana
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
118
102
117
90
111
cores on the whoe score of DDC.
at an average ramation Plan, Et
RGE) strategy fosector is to ensuble energy hub
d coal. Over theections indicateod consumptionsector participate on imported evelopment of aging practices.
1,62
Low (HHI =
s (%)
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
DDC
D
D
C
ole,
ate of hiopia cuses
ure in the
e past e that n will tion
26 (IV)
3,971)
27 | 5
21.4
4.2
TRILEMM
RANK
8
SCORE
AAB
TRENDS
Finlagloba
Whileand pgoveand ncoal apositirenewfurthe
FinniIf suc
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
nd drops 5 placally in the energ
e a majority of thpower productiornment has recenew energy techand to halve oil ive effect on thewables target uner increase of th
sh policymakersccessful, the cou
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 0 Mto
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
ces in this year’sy security dime
he country’s conon, Finland’s envently stepped uhnology projectsimports by 203
e trilemma’s enender the EU’s Rhe renewables s
s must now ensuntry’s ranking
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
oe
ply composition
neration
F
0%
D BALANCE
s Index, to rank nsion, resulting
nventional thermvironmental susp its efforts in ths. This is part of0. Imports of ha
ergy security dimRenewable Enershare to 50% by
sure that these pis expected to im
26.5
0.13
100
0.20
0.28
FINLAND
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
8. Finland’s en in a letter grad
mal power genestainability scorehe renewables sf a long-term plaard coal have almension. Furthergy Directive, wy 2030.
promising reformmprove in future
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
D
40% 60%
201
k and ore
5
ormance
security 2
equity 24
mental bility
78
e 3
ergy trilemma ise of AAB.
eration is made e still needs to bsector, making €an to completelyready decrease
er, the country hith the country’s
ms are implemee reports.
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
5 3
2 2
4 21
8 74
3 2
s well balanced,
up of highly efficbe improved. To€80m available y phase out ene
ed in 2015, whichas already mets domestic strat
ented in an effec
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
8
3
24
71
2
, and it places 3
cient combinedo this effect, theto support biofu
ergy production ch could have at its 38% 2020 tegy calling for a
ctive way.
40,
Low (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
AAB
A
A
B
3rd
heat e uel from
a
601 (I)
3,692)
95 | 95
3.0
-1.0
TRILEMM
RANK
6
SCORE
AAA
TRENDS
Francgloba
Francdepeby faworld
Receclimanuclecarboand g
Key cthe taprodu
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
A
S AND OUTLO
ce improves by ally in the energ
ce has very littlendency, Francer the largest nuc
dwide. Nuclear p
ent energy policate change. Theear energy in favon to €56 per togas to counterac
challenges for Fargets set. The ucers.
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 19 M
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
3 places to rany equity dimens
e domestic oil ae has pursued aclear generatingpower constitute
ies include meae government revour of renewab
on in 2020 and €ct the increase
France come witcoexistence of
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
F
0%
D BALANCE
k 6. The countrysion, resulting in
nd natural gas pa vigorous policyg capacity of anes about 79% o
asures and targeecently passed ables. The legisla€100 per ton in 2in energy prices
th the implemenregulated tariffs
19.4
0.07
100
0.23
0.15
FRANCE
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
y balances the tn a balance sco
production and y of nuclear powny country in Euof total electricity
ets to improve ea new energy tration includes th2030.The govers.
ntation phase ofs and market pri
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
E
40% 60%
201
k and ore
10
ormance
security 24
equity 10
mental bility
11
e 21
trilemma excellere of AAA.
relies heavily ower developmenrope, and is secy generation.
energy efficiencyansition law withe commitment rnment has also
f its policies andces for electrici
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
0 9
4 21
0 12
1 13
1 22
ently and places
n imports. To rent since the mid-cond only to the
y, boost renewah the aim to cutto increase the
o revised social
d efforts must goty could also ca
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
6
16
9
11
19
s in the top 10
educe import -1970s and now
e United States
able power and t France’s reliantarget price of tariffs for electr
o towards meetause friction for
39,
High (HHI
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
AAA
A
A
A
w has
tackle nce on
ricity
ting
678 (I)
= 728)
95 | 95
7.6
-1.2
TRILEMM
RANK
5
SCORE
AAA
TRENDS
Germ7th g
The msustaenergGermeight regulsecur
For indemaon surenewenergframe
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
A
S AND OUTLO
many maintains lobally regardin
most recent poliainability and focgy usage and C
many’s energy mnuclear power atory uncertaintre energy dema
ncreased share and and supply ubsidies rather twable energy angy into the systeework towards a
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 28,3
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
its 2015 positiong energy secur
icy developmencusing on a stro
CO2 emissions. Tmix. Eight out of
plants will be pty, investors are
and.
of renewables,for renewable p
than encouraginnd investments em have led anda free and efficie
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
55 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
G
0%
D BALANCE
n, at rank 5. Thity, for an overa
nt in Germany, inong increase in The 2011 decisif 17 facilities wehased out gradue reluctant to inv
the Renewablepower plants. Thng competition fin grid infrastru
d will continue tent European e
30.3
0.07
100
0.40
0.24
ERMAN
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
e country’s eneall balance score
nitiated before 2power generatioion to phase ou
ere closed immeually over the nvest in new con
e Energy Law (Ehe law is disablifor innovative, e
ucture to integrato lead to higherelectricity marke
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
NY
40% 60%
201
k and ore
4
ormance
security 6
equity 20
mental bility
24
e 14
ergy trilemma is e of AAA.
2010, is the Geron from renewat nuclear by 202
ediately, one waext seven yearsventional powe
EEG) guaranteeing market mec
efficient and inexte the increasinr electricity pricet to limit the bur
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
4 5
6 6
0 22
4 29
4 16
excellently bala
rman Energy Trable sources, a r22 constitutes as closed in 201
s. Due to low whr plants, which w
es a fixed price, hanisms, allowixpensive technog amounts of vo
es. Policymakerrden.
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
5
7
15
31
15
anced, and it pla
ransition, targetreduction of prim
a challenge to 5, and the remaholesale prices will still be need
independent ofing the sector toologies. Subsidiolatile renewabrs must set the
47,
High (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
AAA
A
A
A
aces
ing mary
aining and
ded to
f o rely ies for le right
268 (I)
1,387)
95 | 95
3.7
-0.8
TRILEMM
RANK
99
SCORE
BDC
TRENDS
Ghanresult
In ordnumbto exe
ReceproviTrans2011of heCompproce
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
C
S AND OUTLO
na drops 2 placets in the energy
der to improve eber of related checute policies; 3
ent policy develode for the plannsmission System (Act 832) to imat and power inpany in July 201essing, transpor
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 109
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
es in this year’s y security dimen
energy security,hallenges, such 3) governmenta
opments includening, expansionm, and to regula
mprove the deven an efficient and11 with the resprting and marke
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
0%
D BALANCE
Index, from rannsion, it lags beh
energy equity aas: 1) the lack
al interference; a
e: the enactmen, safety criteria, ate the wholesalopment, managd environmenta
ponsibility to buiting natural gas
27.7
0.07
61
N.A.
0.16
GHANA
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
nk 97 in 2015 tohind regarding e
and environmenof a credible, suand 4) ineffectiv
nt of Electricity R reliability and c
ale electricity magement and util
ally-sustainable ild, own, and ops in Ghana.
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
A
40% 60%
201
k and ore
95
ormance
security 32
equity 10
mental bility
75
e 80
o rank 99 in 201energy equity, re
ntal sustainabilitustained and focve regulatory au
Regulations, 20cost-effectivenesarket; the enactmisation of renewmanner; and th
perate infrastruc
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
5 97
2 36
04 105
5 78
0 83
6. While the couesulting in a bal
ty Ghana needscused energy pothorities.
08 (L.I 1937), wss of the Intercoment of the Renwable energy soe incorporation ture required fo
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
99
35
106
81
91
untry achieves glance score of B
s to address a policy; 2) the ina
which is intendedonnected newable Energyources for produ
of Ghana Gas or gathering,
4,20
Low (HHI =
s (%)
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
BDC
B
D
C
good BDC.
bility
d to
y Act, uction
01 (IV)
3,991)
28 | 5
23.6
7.4
TRILEMM
RANK
33
SCORE
BBA
TRENDS
Greeresult
Greemarkgenecount
A newlargeand ethe fiapplic
The Gcomp
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
A
S AND OUTLO
ce improves byting in a letter g
ce has put in plket uptake of renration, which cutry’s energy sec
w remuneration installations pa
encourages renrst half of 2015.cable only to so
Government is opany − the Publ
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 2,10
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
y 4 places, to rangrade of BBA.
ace a number onewable energyurrently accountcurity and enviro
policy framewoarticipate via comewable energy . To revive the s
olar PV installati
obstructing the ic Power Corpo
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
9 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
G
0%
D BALANCE
nk 33. The coun
of policy instrumy sources. The ats for 40% of poonmental sustai
ork for renewablmpetitive scheminvestors to stestalled domesticons for self-con
liberalisation of oration (PPC), ow
15.8
0.06
100
0.24
0.28
GREECE
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
ntry’s energy tril
ments to meet thaim is also to attower generationinability trilemm
les allows feed-mes. This requirep in without genc PV market, thensumption (both
f the energy marwner of the nati
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
E
40% 60%
201
k and ore
37
ormance
security 84
equity 45
mental bility
21
e 55
lemma performa
he ever-increasitempt to reduce. If successful, sa performance.
-in tariffs (FITs) res healthy comnerous FITs. One country has im rooftop and gro
rket, maintainingional transmissi
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
7 37
4 77
5 46
1 23
5 48
ance is well bala
ng electricity dee the share of cosuch plans can
only for small Ppetition among
nly 7 MW of newmplemented a nound-mounted s
g control of the on system oper
DP Group)
gy suppliers M
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
33
56
44
19
46
anced overall,
emand, favourinoal in electricity help to improve
PV systems, whelectricity gene
w PV was instalnet-metering schsystems).
national electricrator.
26,6
Medium (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
BBA
B
B
A
ng the
e the
ile erators led in heme,
city
680 (II)
1,696)
95 | 95
6.9
-1.1
TRILEMM
RANK
37
SCORE
DAA
TRENDS
Hongequityscore
The ereliabmainsuccePipelgovein pla
In theintrodlight b
With air qu
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
A
S AND OUTLO
g Kong improvesy and environm
e of DAA.
economy has scble electricity suland China in Aessful completioine has helped rnment has put
ace that requires
e 1990s, naturaduction of LPG vbuses.
the 2013 Cleanuality.
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 0 Mto
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
s by 3 places inmental sustainab
carce indigenouupply, Hong KonAugust 2008, guaon and commissensure a stablein place a cont
s major oil comp
l gas for electricvehicles around
n Air Plan for Ho
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
oe
ply composition
neration
HO
0%
D BALANCE
n this year’s Indebility dimensions
us energy sourcng signed a Memaranteeing suppsioning of the He and secure suingency plan forpanies to mainta
city generation wd the year 2000,
ong Kong, the G
7.3
0.03
100
N.A.
0.14
ONG KO
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
ex, to rank 37. Ts, but lags behin
ces and about 25morandum of Uply of nuclear enong Kong Bran
upply of natural gr oil in the evenain a minimum
was introduced , LPG has been
Government has
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
NG
40% 60%
201
k and ore
38
ormance
security 12
equity 26
mental bility
20
e 9
The country recend regarding ene
5% of electricitynderstanding (Mnergy and enhach Line of the Sgas from the mat of disruption. Aof 30 days’ sup
for diversity of sn used as a fuel
s implemented a
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
8 40
20 121
6 29
0 20
9 8
eives excellent ergy security, re
y is imported. ToMOU) on energyanced supply of Second West−Eainland for poweA code of practiply of gas oil an
supply. Moreovefor more than 2
a series of meas
DP Group)
gy suppliers M
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
37
117
31
20
7
scores in the enesulting in a bal
o secure clean ay cooperation wnatural gas. Th
East Natural Gaser generation. Tice has also beend naphtha.
er, with the 20,000 taxis and
sures to improve
56,
Medium (HHI =
s (%) N.A.
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
DAA
D
A
A
nergy ance
and with he s The en put
d
e
719 (I)
1,961)
. | N.A.
11.6
N.A.
TRILEMM
RANK
15
SCORE
BAA
TRENDS
Icelanpartic
With a powprovirespoLandpublic
Accopowe80 Mcable
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
A
S AND OUTLO
nd drops 3 placcular strength. T
a big share of rwer purchase agding approximaonsible for moresvirkjun generac utilities and th
ording to the Nater plants is expeW installed elec
es − to mainland
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 0 Mto
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
ces, to rank 15. This results in a
renewables, Icegreement (PPA
ately 75% of all te than 96% of aates is sold to enhe Icelandic Tra
tional Renewabected to increasctrical capacity. d Europe.
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
oe
ply composition
neration
IC
0%
D BALANCE
Iceland performbalance score
land currently d). State-owned the electricity prll hydro generatnergy intensive nsmission Syste
le Energy Actioe by 12% from Recently, the p
23.6
0.22
100
N.A.
0.15
CELAND
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
ms well across thof BAA.
does not have a Landsvirkjun is roduced in Icelation, and 11% oindustries via loem Operator (T
on Plan for 20205.24 TWh in 20
possibility emerg
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
D
40% 60%
201
k and ore
13
ormance
security 54
equity 17
mental bility
1
e 17
he board, with e
spot market forby far the large
and (12.6 GWh aof the total geothong-term contraSO).
0 (NREAP), elec014 to 5.8 TWh iged of exporting
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
3 12
4 54
7 17
2
7 17
environmental su
r electricity. Pricest energy compannually). Landhermal output. 8cts. The remain
ctricity generation 2020, which c
g electricity − via
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
15
57
19
2
17
ustainability bei
ces are negotiatpany in Iceland,dsvirkjun is 80% of electricitning 20% is bou
on from geothercorresponds to a HVDC subma
46,
Low (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
BAA
B
A
A
ng a
ted via
y ght by
rmal about
arine
547 (I)
2,671)
95 | 95
2.1
-1.4
TRILEMM
RANK
91
SCORE
BCC
TRENDS
India and rbalan
India33−3energClimaby 20
Rece2) UDcoal-fdomeimproefficie
Key cIndia
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
C
S AND OUTLO
improves by 1 receives lower snce score of BC
's Intended Nat35 % by 2030 frogy resources byate Fund (GCF)030.
ent policy develoDAY to turn aroufired stations; 5estic oil and gasoved availabilityency notified wi
challenges inclu; 3) expanding e
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 44,26
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
place in the 201scores in the en
CC.
ionally Determinom 2005 levels;y 2030, with the ); creation of ad
opments and imund DISCOMS;
5) leapfrogging ts exploration any of coal throughth wider scope;
ude: 1) DISCOMenergy access;
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
62 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
0%
D BALANCE
16 Index to rankergy equity and
ned Contribution about 40% cumhelp of technolditional carbon
mpacts include: 1 3) DDUGJY sco latest emissiod production se
h transparent co10) DSM throu
M reforms yieldin4) integrating la
30.1
0.09
75
0.08
0.32
INDIA
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
k 91. The countd environmental
ns (INDCs) inclmulative electricogy transfer andsink of 2.5-3 bil
1) phased implecheme for rural on standards in ector; 7) tighter Loal block auctionugh large-scale
ng expected resarge RE capacit
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
40% 60%
201
k and ore
90
ormance
security 50
equity 95
mental bility
98
e 10
ry receives a ba sustainability d
ude; reduction oc power installedd low-cost interllion tonnes of C
ementation of 17 electrification;road transport sLPG subsidy ben; 9) second cycreplacement by
sults; 2) growth ty.
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
0 92
0 60
5 93
8 96
01 105
alance score of imensions, resu
of emission inted capacity from national finance
CO2e through ad
75 GW RE powe4) EPAR for lim
sector; 6) help foeneficiary targetcle of PAT for iy LEDs; 11) sma
in manufacturin
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
91
51
93
97
100
B for energy seulting in an over
ensity of GDP bynon-fossil fuel
e from the Greedditional forest c
wer capacity by 2miting emissionsfor boosting of ting via DBT; 8) ndustrial energyart cities.
ng through Make
6,0
High (HHI
s (%) 7
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
BCC
B
C
C
ecurity rall
y based n
cover
2022; s from
y
e-in
89 (III)
= 779)
77 | 14
19.7
6.1
TRILEMM
RANK
78
SCORE
BBD
TRENDS
Iran iequity
Homesectoexpo
Furthgeneadva
The c5 GWinfrascountaroun
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
D
S AND OUTLO
mproves by 2 py dimensions, b
e of the world’s or has not manarts have tripled
her, Iran has maration and transnced combined
country is also tW of both solar pstructure more rtry’s hydroelectnd 15% capacity
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 21,4
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
IRA
ANKINGS AN
OOK
places in this yebut lags behind
fourth largest paged to developcompared to fig
anaged to attracsformation are n-cycle power pl
taking steps to apanels and windresilient to extreric power plantsy.
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
33 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
AN (ISL
0%
D BALANCE
ar’s Index, to raregarding enviro
proved crude oil , due to internat
gures from late 2
ct significant forenow being emplants with about
address the triled turbines by 20eme weather eves. Due to drough
38.2
0.15
98
N.A.
0.53
AMIC R
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
ank 78. The couonmental susta
reserves and stional sanctions2015, now exce
eign investmentoyed. This inclu
t 60% efficiency
emma’s environ021. These couldents: recurring dhts in early 201
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
REPUBL
40% 60%
201
k and ore
79
ormance
security 75
equity 33
mental bility
11
e 10
ntry performs winability, resultin
second largest ns. After sanctioneeding 2 million
t and more efficudes a contract y, to be complete
mental sustainad help to renderdroughts have s6, hydropower p
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
IC)
% 80%
14 2015 2
9 80
5 81
3 37
6 118
07 107
well in the energng in a balance
natural gas reses were lifted in barrels per day
ient technologiewith Turkey to bed within the ne
ability dimensionr Iran’s renewabsignificant negatplants are only a
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
78
58
40
119
105
gy security and escore of BBD.
erves, Iran’s eneearly 2016, Iran
y.
es for energy build 5,000 MWext three years.
n, with plans to ble energy ative effects on table to operate
17,3
High (HHI
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
BBD
B
B
D
energy
ergy n’s oil
W of
install
the at
366 (II)
= 866)
95 | 95
13.7
4.7
TRILEMM
RANK
74
SCORE
BBD
TRENDS
In thienergbalan
The loil anof thelimiterende
Othelegislexploinves
Improtarge
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
D
S AND OUTLO
s year’s Index, gy equity, with ence score of BB
raqi energy secnd gas revenuese highly expensed government rer oil/gas produ
r minor challenglations. Iraq is taoitation of gas asted in the non-e
ovement of eneet is for renewab
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 22,0
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
Iraq drops 5 plaenvironmental sD.
ctor is still comps for electricity give and destrucrevenues. Morection and expor
ges include risinackling these chnd gas-linked inenergy econom
rgy efficiency hable energy to ex
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
14 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
0%
D BALANCE
aces, to rank 74ustainability bei
letely owned bygeneration, tranctive war againstover, the continrt and hence an
ng energy demahallenges througndustry. In addity, including indu
as priority in thexceed 5% of tota
63.8
0.05
98
N.A.
0.29
IRAQ
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
4. The country reing Iraq’s lowes
y the public sectsportation and dt lSlS terrorists,
nued disputes wnual federal rev
and internally angh diversificatiotion, it is intendeustry, agricultur
e recently updatal electricity prod
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
40% 60%
201
k and ore
68
ormance
security 68
equity 52
mental bility
92
e 11
eceives good scst scoring trilemm
tor. The energy distribution. The and also the ve
with the Kurdistavenues are not c
nd also improveon of economic red that a good pre, trade, transp
ted renewable aduction by 2030
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
8 69
8 59
2 54
2 92
8 118
cores regarding ma dimension. T
sector is nearlye sector is still faery low oil pricesn Regional Govclearly defined.
ment of environresources, and tportion of the revort and educatio
and energy strat0.
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
74
64
53
100
118
energy securityThis results in a
y totally dependacing the challe
es, and hence vevernment (KRG
nment protectionthrough better
evenues will be on.
tegy. The nation
14,8
Low (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
BBD
B
B
D
y and a
ent on enge ery )
n
nal
895 (II)
4,669)
95 | 91
26.7
3.2
TRILEMM
RANK
20
SCORE
CAA
TRENDS
Irelansusta
In 20in 20(47%electrtargefrom
A fullPapeemisswhich
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
A
S AND OUTLO
nd ranks 20th inainability, placin
14, Ireland impo14. Fossil fuels
%), followed by gricity imports an
ets: to produce 4wind-powered g
review of Irish er; ‘Ireland’s Trasions by 2050. Th would involve
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 8 Mto
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
n this year’s Indeg 7th globally in
orted 85% of itsaccounted for 9
gas (28%), coal nd energy from w40% of its electrgeneration.
national energyansition to a LowThe White Papedecarbonising
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
oe
ply composition
neration
I
0%
D BALANCE
ex. The countryn the latter. This
s energy needs.90% of all energ(9%), renewablwaste. Ireland hricity from renew
y policy was undw Carbon Energer identifies the the heat and tra
25.6
0.05
100
0.34
0.18
RELAND
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
y performs well rs results in a bal
At the same timgy used in Irelanle energy (8%) ahas set one of thwable energy by
dertaken and thgy Future.’ It env
non-traded secansport sectors.
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
D
40% 60%
201
k and ore
17
ormance
security 70
equity 18
mental bility
9
e 10
regarding energlance score of C
me, total primarynd with oil remaand peat (6%),he world’s mosty 2020, with the
e outcome is sevisages a reducctor as the prima.
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
7 19
0 75
8 16
9 10
0 11
gy equity and enCAA.
y energy use in aining as the domwith the balancet ambitious renemajority of this
et out in the Dection of 80−95%
ary focus of gov
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
20
77
16
7
10
nvironmental
Ireland fell by 0minant fuel sou
ce (2%) comprisewable energy s expected to co
cember 2015 W% in energy-relatvernment policy
54,
Low (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
CAA
C
A
A
0.5% rce ing
ome
White ed ,
654 (I)
4,440)
95 | 95
7.6
-1.3
TRILEMM
RANK
34
SCORE
CAA
TRENDS
Israeenvirscore
The dexplogroware c
Receelectremiss
The g2) seefficie
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
A
S AND OUTLO
l maintains its pronmental sustae of CAA.
discovery of offsoration will chaning energy need
critical to the cou
ent policy develoricity generationsions.
greatest challent a binding targeency programm
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 165
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
place in this yeaainability dimens
shore natural gange the country’sds. As a countryuntry’s energy s
opments includen − set at 10% b
nges for policymet for reducing G
me.
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
0%
D BALANCE
ar’s ranking, at 3sions, receiving
as reserves ands energy landscy that has been security.
e: 1) the Nationaby 2020 − to hel
makers are to: 1)GHG emissions
31.4
0.05
100
N.A.
0.27
ISRAEL
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
34. The country its lowest score
d underground ocape, as Israel rlargely depend
al Energy Efficielp counteract in
) ensure that pros; and 3) closely
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
L
40% 60%
201
k and ore
30
ormance
security 79
equity 39
mental bility
36
e 23
performs well ine in energy secu
oil shale and therelies heavily onent on imports t
ency Programmcreasing energy
oduction of newy monitor the im
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
0 34
9 85
9 35
6 37
3 24
n the energy equrity. This result
e subsequent ben fossil fuel impoto meet its need
me; and 2) a targy demand and r
w resources is caplementation of
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
34
85
36
29
22
quity and ts in a balance
eginning of orts to meet its ds, these reserv
get for renewabreduce GHG
arried out efficief the energy
35,
Low (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
CAA
C
A
A
ves
le
ently;
432 (I)
3,383)
95 | 95
4.6
2.7
TRILEMM
RANK
17
SCORE
AAA
TRENDS
Italy iscore
Italy hgene7%). in the
ReceseismsuppTermrenewthermrenew
Incresecurlimit o
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
A
S AND OUTLO
improves by 6 pe of AAA).
has one of the mration is dominaEnergy efficien
e reduction of G
ent policy develomic retrofitting oforting the produ
mico 2.0, which ewable sources;
modynamic. Thewables in therm
ased interconnerity, also lowerinof 12 miles from
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 124
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
places in this ye
most efficient thated by natural cy improved in
GHG emissions a
opments includef buildings, builduction of energyencourages meaa 20-year plan
ese measures amal uses, and im
ection of the Itang natural gas p
m the coast for o
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
0%
D BALANCE
ear’s Index, to ra
hermoelectric gegas and renewathe residential, and water pollut
e: an extension ding renovationy from solar PV asures to increafor funding non-im to lower the
mprove efficiency
lian natural gasprices in the whooff-shore oil and
23.5
0.07
100
0.31
0.19
ITALY
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
ank 17, earning
eneration systemable energy (gacommercial andtion between 20
of the incentives and energy stand solar thermase energy effic-solar renewablburden of incen
y.
s market with EUolesale market. gas drilling act
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
40% 60%
201
k and ore
24
ormance
security 25
equity 32
mental bility
19
e 39
a perfect score
ms in Europe anas 48%, renewad transport sect005 and 2013.
es scheme for Ptorage systems;
mal plants in builciency and the pe energy such a
ntives on energy
U markets is exp The governmetivities.
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
4 23
5 23
2 33
9 19
9 40
across the boa
nd the energy mble 28%, coal 1ors, with impres
V installations, ; Conto Energialdings and busin
production of theas wind, geothey bills, increase
pected to increant has also rest
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
17
19
32
14
40
ard (overall bala
mix for power 5%, oil 3%, othssive achievem
energy efficienca, a mechanism nesses; Conto ermal energy froermal, biomass the share of
ase Italian energtored the minim
35,
High (HHI
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
AAA
A
A
A
ance
er ents
cy,
om and
gy um
896 (I)
= 886)
95 | 95
6.7
-1.1
TRILEMM
RANK
30
SCORE
CAB
TRENDS
In thienvirof CA
The g2017the nfarms
The NpoweAugutemp
Althoexpeexpe
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
s year’s Index, ronmental sustaAB.
government has. One of the critew FIT system s.
Nuclear Regulaer plants based ust 2016, Takahorarily shut dow
ough some challcted to restart incting a lifetime e
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 264
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
Japan maintainainability dimens
s amended the fticisms of the cuintroduces a bid
tion Authority (Non new safety sama nuclear pla
wn.
lenges might ben the long run aextension of nu
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
0%
D BALANCE
s its place at rasions, but lags b
five-year-old feeurrent FIT systedding system fo
NRA) approved standards. Whileants (2 units, 87
e encountered inand Japan’s eneclear plants from
26.2
0.07
100
0.11
0.28
JAPAN
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
ank 30. The coubehind in terms
ed-in tariff (FIT)em is that purchaor the purchasin
the safety meae Ikata nuclear 70 MW each) we
n restarting the ergy security scom 40 years to a
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
40% 60%
201
k and ore
28
ormance
security 61
equity 38
mental bility
37
e 19
ntry performs wof energy secur
system, with chasing prices weg price from lar
sures of Sendaplant unit 3 (890ere operational
remaining nucleore will improvet most 60 years
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
8 30
1 83
8 23
7 40
9 21
well in the energyrity, resulting in
hanges to be intre set high. To age-scale PVs su
i, Takahama an0 MW) started itin early 2016, b
ear plants, many. Additionally, th
s.
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
30
78
23
41
21
y equity and a balance score
troduced in Apraddress this criuch as mega-so
nd Ikata nuclearts operation in
but have been
y of these planthe plant owners
37,
High (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
CAB
C
A
B
e
ril ticism, olar
r
ts are s are
322 (I)
1,015)
95 | 95
4.8
0.4
TRILEMM
RANK
75
SCORE
DBC
TRENDS
Jordadime
The menergGDP demagrowtdiverimpo
The cmix bRussShalenew Lreduc
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
C
S AND OUTLO
an drops 8 placension, while ene
major current chgy demand annin 2014. The A
and is projectedth, and expansi
rsification of enert of Piped Natu
country has beeby 2020 comparsian state-ownede Company andLNG terminal opcing CO2 emiss
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 6 Mto
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
es, from rank 67ergy security is
hallenges for theually being impo
Arab Spring leavd to continue to gon of developm
ergy sources by ural Gas (PNG)
en attempting tored to 2% in 201d company Ros
d Shell with the epened in July 20ions as well as
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
oe
ply composition
neration
J
0%
D BALANCE
7 in 2015 to ranits weakest, res
e country are anorted. These im
ves the country igrow between 5
ment projects. Thintroducing alteto Liquefied Na
o increase the sh13, signing a $1satom in March 2expectation that015 to replace tincreasing ener
29.8
0.08
99
N.A.
0.37
JORDAN
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
nk 75 in 2016. Esulting in a bala
n extremely highmports impose ain constant insta5−7% annually whe country’s curernative energyatural Gas (LNG
hare of nuclear,0bn deal for co2015. The oil sht shales will conthe import of oil rgy security.
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
N
40% 60%
201
k and ore
62
ormance
security 93
equity 48
mental bility
76
e 71
nergy equity is nce score of DB
h dependence o heavy cost burability of supply with the flow of rrent and future , exploiting dom
G).
, solar and windnstruction of 2,0hale reserve hantribute 14% to and unstable P
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
2 67
3 100
8 50
6 83
1 68
the country’s stBC.
on imports with rden, representiof oil and naturrefugees, nationtop priorities ar
mestic reserves,
power to 16% 000 MW nucleas been developthe nation’s ene
PNG. This will al
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
75
106
52
82
72
trongest trilemm
over 95% of itsng about 20% oral gas. Energy nal population re to achieve a and switching f
of the total enear power reactorped by the Jordaergy mix in 2020lso contribute to
10,8
Low (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
DBC
D
B
C
ma
of the
from
rgy rs with an Oil 0. A o
80 (III)
2,854)
95 | 95
14.5
3.8
TRILEMM
RANK
82
SCORE
CBD
TRENDS
Kazaenergscore
Recein prothe edevealternthe mgenePresi
Policyimproenergintrodsignif
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
D
S AND OUTLO
akhstan improvegy security and e of CBD.
ent policy develooduction, extracnergy intensity lopment and incnative sources b
modernisation ofration portfolio wident of Kazakh
ymakers will coovements to thegy resources forducing cutting-eficant amounts o
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 28,66
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
es by 2 places inenergy equity,
opments in Kazaction and consumof industry (a 25clusion of availaby 2050 should f existing powerwill be enhancestan in 2013.
ontinue existing e country’s trilemr export to world
edge technologieof electricity to m
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
63 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
KAZ
0%
D BALANCE
n this year’s Indbut performs po
akhstan includemption of energ5% reduction by
able renewable provide 50% of
r generation, poed by Kazakhsta
successful pracmma balance, ad markets. Theres that will not omarkets in neigh
36.0
0.12
100
N.A.
0.69
ZAKHST
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
dex, to rank 82. Toorly in the envi
e: strengtheninggy; clear and comy 2020 compareenergy sourcesf the country’s e
ower grids and oan’s Transition t
ctices to maintaind attracts invere is a need to fonly ensure domhbouring countr
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
TAN
40% 60%
201
k and ore
75
ormance
security 37
equity 53
mental bility
12
e 56
The country recronmental susta
g state institutionmprehensive ened to 2008); thes (RES) into the electricity); and poil refining instalto a Green Econ
in a favourable estment into the urther develop p
mestic supply, bries.
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
5 84
7 72
3 52
21 123
6 60
ceives good scoainability dimens
ns responsible fnergy saving pro adoption of polenergy mix (ren
plans and progrlations. The div
nomy, approved
investment climexploration and
power generatinut also enable t
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
82
65
54
122
50
ores regarding sion, for a balan
for energy efficieogrammes to relicies to supportnewable and rammes to faciliversification of thd by the Order o
mate, which allowd production of ng facilities by the country to o
25,8
Low (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
CBD
C
B
D
nce
ency educe t the
tate he of the
ws
ffer
877 (II)
5,555)
95 | 77
8.0
6.0
TRILEMM
RANK
107
SCORE
BDB
TRENDS
Kenyenvirgrade
Kenyconncountweath
Receworldprojethe n
In its enabreguland PDeve
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
ya maintains its ronmental sustae of BDB.
ya’s energy sectectivity rate, a wtry’s high depenher events.
ent developmend’s largest singlect in the region ext five years.
long-term develers of the socioations have bee
Petroleum Policelopment and Pr
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 0 Mto
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
place in this yeaainability dimens
tor faces a numweak transmissindence on hydro
ts to boost elece-turbine geotheto deliver 15%
elopment stratego-economic tranen developed: tcy 2015 to supporoduction Local
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
oe
ply composition
neration
0%
D BALANCE
ar’s index, at rasions, but receiv
ber of challengeion and distributopower also exp
tricity generatioermal power plaof supply; and 3
gy ‘Vision 2030’nsformation envhe 2015 Energyort the administContent Regula
19.4
0.12
19
0.11
0.10
KENYA
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
ank 107. The coves a balance sc
es: growing demtion network, anposes the energ
on include the coant, which will a3) 1 GW of worl
’, energy was idvisioned for the cy Bill to consolidtration of all the ations 2014 Act
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
A
40% 60%
201
k and ore
10
ormance
security 31
equity 11
mental bility
56
e 94
untry performs wcore of D in ene
mand, inadequand lack of investgy sector to eme
ommissioning odd 140 MW to td-class solar pr
entified as one country. To thisdate all laws relaproposed laws
t for local conten
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
07 107 1
1 37
8 117
6 55
4 93
well in the energergy equity, for a
te power supplytments from theerging risks, suc
f: 1) the Olkariahe grid; 2) the larojects to be bui
of the critical foeffect a numbe
ating to energy, and the Petrole
nt provisions to
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
107
47
118
58
89
rgy security and an overall letter
y capacity, a lowe private sector. ch as extreme
a IV power plantargest wind eneilt by SkyPower
oundations and er of policies and the National En
eum Explorationname a few.
3,08
Low (HHI =
s (%)
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
BDB
B
D
B
w The
t, the ergy r over
d nergy
n,
83 (IV)
2,994)
61 | 5
15.6
2.4
TRILEMM
RANK
44
SCORE
CAC
TRENDS
In thireceiv
Energdepe
RecestrenDeveEnvirthe stsecur
Policydevesafetytrans
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
C
S AND OUTLO
s year’s Index, ves a letter grad
gy security remndency of aroun
ent policy measugthening the co
elopment Fund tronmental sustatrong support ofrity, economics,
ymakers need tlopment of reney issues, wasteparent.
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 88 M
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
Korea (Rep.) rade of C in both e
ains a major chnd 97%.
ures to enhanceompetitiveness oto fund energy dainability policy mf RD&D. Nuclea, climate change
to continue focuewable energy; e disposal, and i
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
KOREA
0%
D BALANCE
anks 44th. Energenergy security
allenge with a v
e energy securitof energy develodevelopment promeasures includar energy plays e and load dem
using on: 1) the and 3) the expancreasing publi
38.2
0.09
93
0.24
0.36
A (REPU
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
gy equity is the y and environme
very low stability
ty include: expaoping companieojects in additiode: the expansian essential ro
mand.
enhancement oansion of the nuc acceptance b
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
UBLIC)
40% 60%
201
k and ore
43
ormance
security 72
equity 30
mental bility
87
e 28
country’s strongental sustainabil
y of resource su
anding cooperates; and establison to giving goveon of renewablele in the country
of overseas eneuclear power secy providing obje
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
3 46
2 76
0 38
7 89
8 29
gest trilemma dity, for a balanc
upplies and an e
ion with resourching the Overseernment loans ae energy with tay’s energy syste
rgy developmenctor, with considective informatio
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
44
72
35
88
28
imension, whilece score of CAC
energy import
ce-rich countrieseas Resource and guaranteesargets until 2030em in terms of e
nt; 2) the deration given toon and being
34,
High (HHI
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
CAC
C
A
C
e it C.
s;
. 0 and energy
o
549 (I)
= 926)
95 | 95
3.5
2.8
TRILEMM
RANK
53
SCORE
CAD
TRENDS
Kuwatrilemresult
In lighdevecycleincreenergits ele
Althofrom regulinvesecon
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
D
S AND OUTLO
ait improves by mma dimension,
ting in a balanc
ht of the rapidlylopment plan fo
e gas-fired plantase to 25 GW, wgy consumptionectricity demand
ough most of thisrenewables by ated oil sector h
stment to bring pomy through na
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 15,5
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
3 places, from r with Kuwait rece score of CAD
y increasing powor the electric grs and several swith a reserve m
n from 34% in 20d at peak times
s planned capa2020 and to inc
has delayed furtproduction capaatural gas produ
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
10 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
K
0%
D BALANCE
rank 56 in 2015ceiving its lowes.
wer demand oveid. Since 2007, maller expansio
margin of more t009 to 42% in 2.
city will be fuellecrease to 15% bther exploration
acity to 4 millionuction.
64.3
0.05
94
N.A.
0.36
KUWAIT
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
5 to rank 53 in 2st letter grade fo
er the past deca5 GW of capac
ons to oil-fired fathan 10%. By in
2012, the countr
ed by natural gaby 2030, mainly n and productionn barrels per day
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
T
40% 60%
201
k and ore
59
ormance
security 81
equity 19
mental bility
96
e 79
016. Energy eqor its environme
ade, the governmcity have been cacilities. By 202ncreasing the shry has moreover
as or oil, 5% of deploying solar
n. Project Kuway by 2020, as w
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
9 56
1 74
9 24
6 98
9 78
uity is by far theental sustainabil
ment unveiled acommissioned, t0 the installed chare of natural gr been looking fo
the electricity isr and wind technit attempts to inell as to diversif
DP Group)
gy suppliers M
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
53
75
21
99
76
e country’s stronlity performance
an extensive through combincapacity is plangas in its primarfor solutions to m
s planned to comnology. Howeve
ncentivise foreigfy its oil-heavy
71,
Medium (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
CAD
C
A
D
ngest e,
ed-ned to ry meet
me er, the n
312 (I)
2,344)
95 | 95
13.3
3.5
TRILEMM
RANK
25
SCORE
ABB
TRENDS
In thienerg
In 20Socieincreled to
A plaand eLithuongo
The mfeed-
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
s year’s Index, gy security bein
12 the Latvian gety. Since then, ased, especially
o a decrease in
anned connectioequity dimensioania, is likely to
oing renovation o
main challenge -in tariff scheme
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 0 Mto
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
Latvia drops 1 pg its strongest d
government agrthe country has
y due to connecenergy prices.
on from Latvia tons of the trilemm
o further add to tof its hydroelect
for Latvia will be to support this
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
oe
ply composition
neration
0%
D BALANCE
place to rank 25dimension. This
reed on the Latvs made significactions between S
o Estonia, to be ma. A diversificathis. The countrytric power plants
e to further growgrowth.
23.4
0.11
100
0.17
0.19
LATVIA
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
5. The country’ss results in a bal
vian Energy Lonant progress on Sweden and Lit
completed by 2ation of gas impry has also mads, as well as bu
w its renewable
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
A
40% 60%
201
k and ore
26
ormance
security 16
equity 43
mental bility
53
e 24
s trilemma perfolance score of A
ng Term Strategthis plan. Interc
thuania as well
2020, is further ports, mainly due progress in thilding capacity i
energy sector,
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
6 24
6 15
3 41
3 49
4 23
rmance is overaABB.
gy 2030 – Compconnection in thas Poland and L
expected to impe to a new LNG
he renewables sn wind energy.
as well as desig
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
25
18
38
56
26
all balanced, wi
petitive Energy he area has Lithuania, which
prove the securG terminal in sector, with the
gning an effecti
24,2
Low (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
ABB
A
B
B
th
for
h has
ity
ve
286 (II)
2,539)
95 | 78
8.2
0.3
TRILEMM
RANK
86
SCORE
DBB
TRENDS
Lebaenvir
In 20energ
The ntowarcount
With adopefficie
A keysectoenergsecur
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
non maintains ironmental susta
10, the governmgy efficiency an
national target isrds developing try’s progress o
regards to enerted in 2011, expency gains.
y challenge to sor. Policymakersgy and energy erity dimensions.
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 0 Mto
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
ts place in this yainability dimens
ment approved ad renewable en
s for 12% of totalarger solar pow
on its renewable
rgy efficiency tapired in 2015 an
successful imples should focus oefficiency, which.
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
oe
ply composition
neration
L
0%
D BALANCE
year’s ranking, sions, but lags b
a strategy for thnergy to address
al electricity prower plants, suches targets.
rgets, progress nd no successo
ementation will bon creating an eh has the potent
24.8
0.06
100
N.A.
0.33
EBANO
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
at rank 86. Thebehind regarding
he rehabilitation s the country’s e
oduction to comh as the Beirut R
is slowing dowr plan has been
be to update theenabling legislattial to improve b
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
ON
40% 60%
201
k and ore
84
ormance
security 10
equity 75
mental bility
58
e 93
country performg energy securit
of the power seenergy security
e from renewabRiver Solar Snak
n. The Nationaln formulated to e
e legislative framtive framework fboth the trilemm
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
4 86
08 112
5 76
8 58
3 99
ms well in the enty, for a balance
ector, including concerns.
ble energy by 20ke project, is a p
Energy Efficienensure continuin
mework that govfor the developm
ma’s environmen
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
86
113
74
61
95
nergy equity ane score of DBB.
the developme
020. A recent mpromising sign o
ncy Action Planng energy
verns the powerment of renewantal sustainabilit
13,9
High (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
DBB
D
B
B
d .
nt of
move of the
,
r ble ty and
38 (III)
1,091)
95 | 95
9.6
3.7
TRILEMM
RANK
28
SCORE
BAB
TRENDS
Lithureceiv
Lithuthis trits endeve
In lighLatvia
LithuLNG countindicaimpo
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
ania ranks the sves a letter grad
ania remains amrend will continu
nergy dependenlop a regional e
ht of historic disa and Estonia, t
ania has alreadterminal in Dectry saw a drop oates that the cort ratio, all else
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 1 Mto
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
same as last yede of B in both e
mong the few Eue in the next 10nce on a single selectricity interco
sruption of gas sthe next importa
dy opened up pocember 2014 is of 63% in the shuntry’s energy sbeing equal.
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
oe
ply composition
neration
LI
0%
D BALANCE
ar, at 28. Energenergy security
uropean countr0 years accordisupplier to secuonnection and to
supply from Rusant policy challe
ower links with Panother effort tohare of total gassecurity perform
30.5
0.08
100
0.18
0.20
THUAN
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
gy equity is the cand environme
ries where electng to Litgrid. O
ure reliable and o construct an L
ssia to the isolatenge will be to s
Poland and Sweo enhance its ins imports that camance is likely to
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
IA
40% 60%
201
k and ore
29
ormance
security 40
equity 36
mental bility
72
e 34
country’s strongental sustainabil
ricity consumptOne of the count
reasonably pricLNG terminal an
ted energy counstrengthen regio
eden in Decembdependence fro
ame from Russio increase given
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
9 28
0 25
6 34
2 67
4 32
gest trilemma diity, for a balanc
ion grows steadry’s energy cha
ced energy. Its knd LNG Hub.
ntries, not only Lnal energy integ
ber 2015. The eom a monopoly a in the first quan the improveme
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
28
46
34
40
34
mension and it ce score of BAB
dily every year aallenges is to redkey actions are
Lithuania but algration.
establishment ofexporter. The
arter of 2016, went of its energy
27,7
Low (HHI =
s (%) N.A.
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
BAB
B
A
B
.
and duce to
so
f an
which y
730 (II)
6,272)
. | N.A.
7.5
1.6
TRILEMM
RANK
55
SCORE
DAD
TRENDS
Luxelimitasusta
A malimitecountimpro
The wthe ein tar
Energindusof the
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
D
S AND OUTLO
mbourg places ations of its geogainability, resulti
ajor challenge thed resource endtry needs to focoving its energy
wider deploymenergy mix in 20
riffs, investment
gy and carbon istry and transpoe contributing fa
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 0 Mto
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
55th in this yeagraphical size hng in a balance
hat Luxembourgdowment, there cus on promotiny efficiency and
ent of renewable010. However, th
incentives and
ntensity in Luxeortation sectors actors.
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
oe
ply composition
neration
LUX
0%
D BALANCE
ar’s Index. Whilehave negative coe score of DAD.
g faces is its depis little potentialg regional intercintensity to prom
es is a major chahe 2020 target itax deductions
embourg’s econenergy intensity
11.9
0.09
100
0.23
0.23
XEMBOU
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
e it achieves theonsequences fo
pendence on enl for Luxembourconnection, divemote its energy
allenge for Luxeis at 11% and d, the country is
nomy is the lowey is the highest
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
URG
40% 60%
201
k and ore
60
ormance
security 11
equity 1
mental bility
11
e 6
e best score gloor its scores in e
nergy imports (9rg to develop doersifying its enesecurity.
embourg, with reespite its suppounlikely to meet
est among EU-1among all EU-1
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
0 57
8 120
1
1 108
6 3
bally regarding energy security a
96.8% in 2010). omestic energy srgy sources and
enewables accoort mechanismst the target give
5 countries. Ho5 countries with
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
55
122
1
103
5
energy equity, tand environmen
Due to the cousources. Instead suppliers and
ounting for 2.9%s, which include en current progr
owever, for the h low diesel pric
101,
Low (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
DAD
D
A
D
the ntal
ntry’s ad, the
% of feed-ess.
ce one
926 (I)
3,876)
95 | 95
1.9
2.3
TRILEMM
RANK
35
SCORE
BBC
TRENDS
Malayenvir
Accokey aapprogeneNew susta
The cpotengeothtotal plant wind
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
C
S AND OUTLO
ysia improves bronmental susta
ording to the elevaims for the Maloximately 98% iration plants wipower plants w
ainability through
country is also sntial of several ahermal and windgeneration capais currently undmapping by 20
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 1,39
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
by 3 places, to rainability dimens
venth Malaysia aysian energy sin 2015. In ordeth 7.6 GW of to
will contribute to h replacing olde
seeking to improalternative sourcd are expected acity is 7.8% in der construction16 to explore its
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
5 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
M
0%
D BALANCE
ank 35. Its trilemsion, for an over
Plan (2016−202sector. The shaer to complete thtal capacity andnot only the imp
er, inefficient pla
ove its generatioces is being exato be at the heaPeninsular Mal
n and will start os feasibility as a
40.0
0.07
99
N.A.
0.36
ALAYS
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
mma performanrall letter grade
20), rural electrre of household
he electrificationd a number of gprovement of enants.
on mix, which wamined by the gart of governmeaysia and Saba
operation in 201a reliable source
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
IA
40% 60%
201
k and ore
41
ormance
security 64
equity 37
mental bility
69
e 35
nce is overall baof BBC.
rification and rends with access ton of the entire corid interconnectnergy equity but
will reduce its higgovernment; in pnt policy. The ta
ah by 2020. Und8. In addition, th
e of energy.
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
1 38
4 55
7 40
9 75
5 33
lanced, scoring
newable energyo electricity hasountry by 2020, tion projects willt also enhance e
gh dependency particular biomaarget share of reder this aim, thehe country will c
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
35
37
41
83
33
g slightly lower in
y development ws increased to construction ofl be implementeenergy security
on oil and gas.ass, biogas, enewable sourc
e first geothermacomplete its nat
26,8
High (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
BBC
B
B
C
n the
will be
f new ed. y and
The
ces in al tional
891 (II)
1,411)
95 | 95
4.2
4.4
TRILEMM
RANK
52
SCORE
BBB
TRENDS
Mexicacros
The Mmarkecon
Mexicto climwell areducto co
The genergnaturand e
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
co improves by ss the board, re
Mexican energyket scheme, folloomy.
co is the secondmate change (2as measures of ction in GHG emme from clean e
greatest challengy programme aral gas on and oenergy conserva
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 2,63
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
7 places in thisceiving a balanc
y sector is facingowing the marke
d country, after 2012 General La
adaptation. Memissions by 203energies by 202
nges policymakeand the re-initiaoffshore as well ation including c
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
8 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
M
0%
D BALANCE
s year’s Index, frce score of BBB
g a dual challenet liberalisation
the UK, which haw on Climate Cexico’s Intended30 (compared to24 and an aspira
ers need to focution of a nucleaas the developm
cogeneration in
34.4
0.07
99
N.A.
0.27
MEXICO
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
rom rank 59 in 2B.
nge: a) the transin 2013; and b)
has enacted a laChange, LGCC)d Nationally Deteo a business-as-ational goal of a
us on to meet thar programme; 2ment of shale gorder to reduce
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
O
40% 60%
201
k and ore
52
ormance
security 66
equity 64
mental bility
51
e 51
2015 to rank 52
sition from a mo the transition fr
aw that frames ), both from an eermined Contrib-usual projectiona 50% reduction
he targets are: 12) continued incgas resources; ae Mexico’s ener
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
2 59
6 62
4 72
1 57
1 56
in 2016. The co
nopolistic structrom a high-carb
the actions to bemission mitigatbutions for COPn), with 35% of
n in GHG emissi
) the continuatiorease of produc
and 3) improvedgy intensity.
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
52
59
71
55
55
ountry performs
ture to a compebon to a low-car
be taken with regtion point of vie
P21 include a 25electricity geneions by 2050.
on of a renewabction of both oil d energy efficien
17,2
Low (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
BBB
B
B
B
s well
etitive bon
gards w as
5% ration
ble and
ncy
277 (II)
6,511)
95 | 61
14.8
1.7
TRILEMM
RANK
114
SCORE
DCD
TRENDS
Mongboth
An imfour sthe d
ModeDeveincreplant
Lastlygovecountappro
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
D
S AND OUTLO
golia drops 3 plaenergy security
mportant challenseparate electricistribution syste
ernisation and inelopment Bank, asing over the ps and operation
y, the governmernment is strengtry’s renewableoximately 2,600
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 1,79
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
aces to rank 114y and environme
nge for the Mongcity grids are in
em under the Pr
ncreasing electrthe share of ele
past years. Duenal managemen
ent is aiming to gthening its intes potential, whic
0 GW.
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
3 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
MO
0%
D BALANCE
4. The country rental sustainabil
golian energy soperation. Ther
rogramme on M
ric production caectricity which ise to ageing powet and to develop
increase the shernational coopech has been est
37.2
0.14
86
N.A.
0.74
ONGOL
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
receives low sclity. This results
ector is to deverefore, the coun
Mongolian Integr
apacity are prios being importeder plants it is esp new plants to
hare of renewaberation and worktimated by the M
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
LIA
40% 60%
201
k and ore
11
ormance
security 11
equity 96
mental bility
12
e 64
ores across thes in a balance sc
elop a national inntry is planning trated Power Sys
rities for the coud from Russia tossential to reducsecure a reliab
bles in the nationking with internaMongolian Natio
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
1 111 1
6 115
6 95
22 123
4 69
board, scoring core of DCD.
ntegrated energto connect thesestem (2007−204
untry. Accordingo manage peak ce losses by imple energy suppl
nal energy mix tational companional Renewable
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
114
114
95
124
65
a letter grade o
gy system. Currese grids and exp40).
g to the Asian k demand has beproving existingly.
to 20% by 2020ies to develop t
e Energy centre
12,1
Low (HHI =
s (%)
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
DCD
D
C
D
of D in
ently pand
een
0. The he to be
89 (III)
6,621)
43 | 5
12.8
4.5
TRILEMM
RANK
80
SCORE
DBC
TRENDS
Moroletter
Moroenergenergin 20
Accoopenpowesameimpro
Renecount
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
C
S AND OUTLO
occo ranks 80th r grade of D reg
occo has taken agy imports and tgy from solar, w15.
ording to the Climed in 2016, can
er over one millie time, the counovement by 203
ewable energy atry as US$11bn
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 2 Mto
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
in this year’s Inarding energy s
a strong initiativto reduce its de
wind and hydrop
mate Investmenn play a vital roleon homes by 20
ntry is focusing o30.
and energy efficn is projected to
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
oe
ply composition
neration
M
0%
D BALANCE
ndex. The countsecurity, for a ba
ve to develop renpendency on foower, which wil
nt Funds, the firse to improve en018 and reducinon promoting en
ciency will keep be invested in s
29.3
0.07
99
0.12
0.25
OROCC
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
try’s strongest tralance score of
newable energyossil fuels. The cll lead to 42% of
st phase of the ergy security an
ng emissions bynergy efficiency
its position as tsolar and wind
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
CO
40% 60%
201
k and ore
78
ormance
security 11
equity 57
mental bility
67
e 82
rilemma dimensDBC.
y since 2008 in country set a taf installed powe
NOOR project, nd sustainabilityy an estimated 7. The goal for e
the heart of the over the next fiv
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
8 78
3 118
7 57
7 76
2 81
sion is energy eq
order to deal wirget to establish
er capacity in 20
a group of 5 soy by producing e760,000 tons of nergy efficiency
national energyve years in Moro
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
80
111
59
75
81
quity, but it rece
ith high levels oh 6 GW of renew020 compared to
olar plans which enough energy CO2 per year. A
y is to achieve a
y strategy in theocco.
7,8
High (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
DBC
D
B
C
eives a
of wable o 13%
was to At the a 20%
21 (III)
1,047)
95 | 87
13.7
5.1
TRILEMM
RANK
965
SCORE
DDB
TRENDS
Namitrilemof D.
Namineightacklehas rnatiothe p
FormResoRegupoliciarrive
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
ibia improves bymma dimension
this results in a
ibia struggles tohbouring countrie these difficultirecently developnal regulator, thotential to impro
mulating an integource Plan and tulatory Authorityies are still forme at a strong an
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 53 M
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
y 4 places in thiis environmenta
a balance score
o meet local demies such as Zimes, particularly
ped a frameworhe Electricity Coove the country
grated long-termthe Renewable y (NERA) with a
med under the aed coherent ene
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
N
0%
D BALANCE
is year’s index, al sustainability of DDB.
mand. In additiombabwe, Zambia
through the expk to include Inde
ontrol Board (EC’s energy trilem
m energy strategEnergy Policy, n expanded regegis of the 1998rgy policy and th
31.8
0.08
44
0.11
0.18
NAMIBIA
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
from rank 100 iwhile both ener
on to its own insa, Mozambique pansion of its reependent Powe
CB), has alreadymma performanc
gy remains a keas well as the t
gulatory remit ar8 White Paper ohus to improve
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
A
40% 60%
201
k and ore
10
ormance
security 11
equity 10
mental bility
54
e 61
n 2015 to rank 9rgy security and
talled capacity tand South Afric
enewable energyer Producers (IPy issued 14 IPP
ce across all dim
y challenge for ransformation ore positive rece
on Energy Policythe country’s ra
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
02 100
4 113
00 100
4 52
1 57
96 in 2016. Thed energy equity
the country relieca. However, they sector. To this
PPs) in the energ licences. These
mensions.
the country. Theof the ECB into tnt developmenty, which needs
anking.
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
96
103
100
45
59
e country’s stronreceive a letter
es on imports froe country planss effect the counrgy supply, and se developments
e National Integthe Namibia Ents. However, theto be updated t
10,4
Low (HHI =
s (%) 8
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
DDB
D
D
B
ngest grade
om to ntry the s have
grated ergy
ese to
14 (III)
2,522)
83 | 14
12.6
4.5
TRILEMM
RANK
123
SCORE
DDC
TRENDS
Nepascore
The kelectr
Nepadepeover
To prsuppProgrsolar deve
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
C
S AND OUTLO
al ranks 123rd ines are particular
key energy chalricity supply to p
al has one of thendent on traditio8% per year un
rovide reliable aorted by the Unramme (2012−2r heating systemlopment to the c
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 0 Mto
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
n this year’s Indrly low, resulting
llenges for Nepaprovide reliable
e lowest levels oonal biofuel for
ntil 2027 accordi
and sustainable nited Nations De2017) is building
ms. The programcountry.
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
oe
ply composition
neration
0%
D BALANCE
ex, maintainingg in an overall le
al are to improvenergy services
of electrificationheating and cooing to the Nepal
energy, a ‘Ruraevelopment Progg on the Rural Emme is expected
15.6
0.18
76
N.A.
0.10
NEPAL
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
g its 2015 rank. Tetter grade of D
ve access to mos to the populat
n among South Aoking. At the sal Electricity Auth
al Energy Develgramme (UNDP
Energy Developd to bring benef
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
40% 60%
201
k and ore
12
ormance
security 12
equity 11
mental bility
85
e 11
The country’s eDC.
odern energy in tion.
Asian countries ame time, energhority (NEA).
lopment PrograP). The Nationament Programmfits of economic
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
23 123 1
25 125
2 111
5 85
4 116
nergy security a
rural communiti
and the rural poy demand is ex
mme’ was launcl Rural and Ren
me by building s, environmental
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
123
125
111
86
115
and energy equ
ies and to incre
opulation is higxpected to increa
ched in 1996 newable Energysmall hydropowel and social
2,45
Low (HHI =
s (%) 6
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
DDC
D
D
C
ity
ase
hly ase at
y er and
58 (IV)
9,432)
67 | 10
24.4
2.7
TRILEMM
RANK
4
SCORE
AAB
TRENDS
In thimakinbalan
The Ndebathe fabasefairly
Key emarksusta
A keystimuNethebalan
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
s year’s Index, ng it into the topnce score of AA
Netherlands is wte around insta
ace of challengi; and a feed-in tslow.
energy policy deket steering, marainable/renewab
y trend is the strulate or facilitateerlands is expecncing fuel in a sy
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 715
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
the Netherlandsp 10 not just ove
AB.
well-positioned llation of additiong markets; enstariff scheme th
evelopments arerket involvemenble energy) feed
rong decentralise this developmected to strengthystem that is mo
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
NET
0%
D BALANCE
s improve by 4 perall, but also w
in the Index butonal onshore winsuring solar surat is not sufficie
e: the green deant and market red-in scheme tha
sation of power ent including the
hen its position aoving towards s
21.2
0.07
100
0.23
0.25
THERLA
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
places to rank 4with regard to en
t still faces a nund capacity; higrges and geotheent to reach targ
als; energy innoesources for eneat is fully operati
generation. Pole upgrade of thas a gas countrysustainability.
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
NDS
40% 60%
201
k and ore
7
ormance
security 15
equity 3
mental bility
42
e 8
4. The country pergy security an
mber of challengh expectations ermal meet expegets. Furthermo
ovation top sectergy; and the SDonal and funded
licymakers havee existing netwoy, with an increa
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
7 8
5 20
3 4
2 42
8 5
performs stronglnd energy equity
ges. These inclof biomass and
ectations given tre, energy effici
or approach deDE+ (stimulatiod (over €1.5bn p
e to create the fork such as smaased focus on th
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
4
9
3
42
6
ly across the boty. This results i
lude: the public d green gas in the low startingiency progress
esigned to strengn of per annum).
framework to art grids. Finallyhe role of gas a
48,
High (HHI
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
AAB
A
A
B
oard, n a
is
gthen
y, the as a
459 (I)
= 924)
95 | 95
3.9
0.1
TRILEMM
RANK
9
SCORE
AAB
TRENDS
New baseequity
The Ngoverespoperfo
Retireto 81energtarge
Trendimplicinvolvfuture
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
Zealand placesd framework any and environm
New Zealand Enrnment’s overaronsibility, efficieormance.
ements of therm% in 2015. Recgy sector wide t
ets and support
ds to watch arecations of the envement in the ee competition, n
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 440
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
s 9th in this yearnd strong econo
mental sustainab
nergy Strategy rching energy p
ent use of energ
mal generation hcent policy initiattargets for incremeasures for e
: 1) the speed onergy-sector wilectricity market
network regulatio
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
NEW
0%
D BALANCE
r’s Index. In thismic growth the
bility well, resulti
(NZES) and Enolicy frameworky, and secure a
has seen New Ztives have focusasing the propolectric and low e
of electric vehiclde targets on int, and the implicon, and prices.
24.6
0.10
100
0.13
0.27
W ZEALA
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
s year’s index, Ncountry balance
ing in a balance
nergy Efficiency k. Its four prioritand affordable e
Zealand’s alreadssed on leverag
ortion of renewaemissions vehic
e uptake in lighnvestment and ecations of the m
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
AND
40% 60%
201
k and ore
11
ormance
security 19
equity 29
mental bility
38
e 4
New Zealand raes the trade-offs
e score of AAB.
and Conservatiies (diverse res
energy) help sha
dy high proportioging this advantable energy in thcles to 2021.
t of governmentenergy intensityore rapid adopt
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
1 7
9 16
9 18
8 36
4 4
nks 9th. With itss between energ
on Strategy setource developm
ape New Zealan
on of renewableage, with gover
he economy and
t and business atrends; 3) growion of new tech
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
9
13
20
36
8
s stable market-rgy security, ene
ts out the ment, environmend’s trilemma
e electricity incrrnment consultind implementing
action; 2) the wing demand-sidhnologies on dem
36,
High (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
AAB
A
A
B
-ergy
ental
ease ng on
de mand,
982 (I)
1,024)
95 | 95
6.6
0.4
TRILEMM
RANK
124
SCORE
DDD
TRENDS
Nigerequity
Despecon
NigerIt is ecome
Natioinfras
With speci
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
D
S AND OUTLO
r places secondy. This results i
pite the richnessomic productivit
r has significantestimated that 9es from biomass
onal law and thestructure for del
regards to the rifically competit
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 20 M
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
d to last in this yn an overall bal
s of Niger’s resoty and investme
t natural energy90% of Niger’s ps. The second la
e liberalisation oivering energy r
renewable eneriveness, transp
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
0%
D BALANCE
year’s Index, at rance score of D
ources, energy isent, and also the
y resources suchpopulation accesargest contribut
of the energy maremains a key b
gy sector, therearency and sec
19.5
0.17
9
N.A.
0.13
NIGER
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
rank 124, and reDDD.
s still a challenge limited access
h as biomass, usses energy thrtor is oil at 17%
arket result in Nbarrier.
e is still lack of scurity of the mar
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
40% 60%
201
k and ore
12
ormance
security 11
equity 12
mental bility
12
e 11
eceives the low
ge for the authos that the majori
uranium, mineraough the use of.
iger being an at
sufficient legislatrket.
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
24 124 1
9 117
24 125
20 120
1 112
est score globa
rities. This is maty of the country
l coal, natural gf biomass, and 7
ttractive investm
tion to attract in
DP Group)
gy suppliers M
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
124
119
125
120
114
ally regarding en
ainly a result ofry has to energy
gas, hydro and s70% of energy s
ment opportunity
ncoming investm
95
Medium (HHI =
s (%)
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
DDD
D
D
D
nergy
f low y.
solar. supply
y, but
ment,
54 (IV)
2,031)
6 | 5
15.0
N.A.
TRILEMM
RANK
104
SCORE
ADD
TRENDS
NigerdimeADD
The kHousgene
Howesourcfirms and b
The selectrtransenerg
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
D
S AND OUTLO
ria drops 3 placnsion, placing 8.
key priority chalsing of Nigeria, trates about 14%
ever, the gas suces, i.e. renewafor the construc
bring the benefit
second challengrification. Only 4mission and disgy agenda.
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 9,384
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
es in this year’s8th globally, it re
lenge for Nigerithe country dep%.
upply is frequenble energy. In Jction of solar pots of enhancem
ge refers to the 48% of the popustribution netwo
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
4 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
N
0%
D BALANCE
s Index, to rank eceives a letter g
ia is to diversify ends on gas-fire
tly disrupted by July 2016, the feower plants. Theent of energy se
energy equity aulation currentlyrk and improvin
24.2
0.08
48
N.A.
0.04
NIGERIA
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
104. While the grade of D in th
y energy sourcesed power plants
y militants. This ederal governmeese are expecteecurity.
aspect of the Triy has access to ng existing lines
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
A
40% 60%
201
k and ore
98
ormance
security 5
equity 10
mental bility
97
e 11
country performe other two dim
s. According to s for over 80% o
situation drives ent signed the ped to give the co
lemma. Nigeriaelectricity. Therwill come into t
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
8 101 1
5 5
06 107
7 102
7 117
ms strongly in themensions, for a b
the Ministry of Pof its electricity w
the country to fpower purchaseountry 975 MW
has one of the refore, developithe priority list o
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
104
8
108
101
117
e energy securbalance score o
Power, Works awhile hydropow
find other energe agreement witof electricity ca
lowest shares ong a new
of the country’s
5,99
High (HHI =
s (%) 5
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
ADD
A
D
D
ity of
and wer
gy th 12 pacity
of
92 (IV)
1,190)
54 | 10
15.8
2.0
TRILEMM
RANK
102
SCORE
CDC
TRENDS
Pakisscore
Pakisinefficgovethe c
In adachieand pprojeconst
Pakisdeve
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
C
S AND OUTLO
stan ranks 102ne of CDC.
stan’s energy secient power tranrnment in 2013 ountry’s potenti
dition, projects eve a higher shaplans exist to excts include sevetruction in the N
stan will also halopment of rene
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 1,99
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
nd in this year’s
ector is faced wnsmission systelaunched the Nal for renewable
are being deveare of renewablexpand its capaceral wind farms
North East of the
ave to make sureewable energy c
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
0 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
PA
0%
D BALANCE
Index. The cou
ith a triple challeem, and expensiNational Power Pe energy genera
loped under thees. One of the pity to 1,000 MWand hydroelect
e country.
e that the countcapacity to ensu
20.9
0.09
91
N.A.
0.19
AKISTA
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
ntry receives lo
enge posed by ive thermal powPlan (NPP). A kation.
e auspices of theprojects, the Qu
W. This would matric power plants
try’s transmissioure the reliable s
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
AN
40% 60%
201
k and ore
10
ormance
security 74
equity 99
mental bility
94
e 12
w scores acros
a large supply−wer generation. Tkey aspect of the
e China−Pakistauaid-e-Azam Soake it the world’s such as the S
on infrastructuresupply of energy
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
04 102 1
4 69
9 99
4 94
20 119
s the board, res
−demand gap, aTo remedy this e NPP is to step
an Economic Colar Park, starteds largest solar puki Kinari projec
e can keep up wy.
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
102
76
99
93
120
sulting in a bala
an ageing and situation, the
p up efforts to e
orridor (CPEC) d operating in 2power plant. Otct currently und
with this rapid
5,04
Low (HHI =
s (%) 7
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
CDC
C
D
C
nce
xploit
to 015 her er
42 (IV)
2,647)
71 | 11
16.6
3.1
TRILEMM
RANK
89
SCORE
CCB
TRENDS
Paragwherescore
Nearto de
The othat d24% in the
The abasis
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
guay maintains e it receives a lee of CCB.
ly 99% of Paragvelop a policy fr
only clean energdiesel sold commethanol. It is ho
e future.
abundant supplys for social and e
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 0 Mto
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
its place at ranetter grade of B
guay's energy dramework prom
gy policy incentmercially in the
oped that the po
y of energy resueconomic deve
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
oe
ply composition
neration
PA
0%
D BALANCE
k 89. The countB, but it scores lo
emand is met bmoting the use of
ive in Paraguaycountry must co
olicy will introduc
ults in low energlopment in the f
28.8
0.09
97
N.A.
0.10
ARAGUA
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
try’s strongest tower regarding
by hydropower. f renewables.
y is a biofuel maontain 5% biodice more diversif
gy costs for the future.
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
AY
40% 60%
201
k and ore
91
ormance
security 99
equity 87
mental bility
77
e 10
rilemma dimensenergy security
Therefore, there
andate for gasolesel and gasolification of suppl
retail and comm
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
1 89
9 97
7 86
7 59
02 100
sion is environmy and energy eq
e is little to no in
ine and diesel. ne must containly and less relia
mercial consume
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
89
96
86
57
96
mental sustainabquity, for a balan
ncentive for Par
The mandate sn between 18% ance on hydropo
er, and is a goo
9,1
Low (HHI =
s (%) 6
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
CCB
C
C
B
bility, nce
raguay
states and
ower
od
84 (III)
2,554)
68 | 20
27.1
3.6
TRILEMM
RANK
64
SCORE
BCB
TRENDS
Peru with e
Peru’privatof ennatio
Schesecurthe 2auctiofor sm
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
drops 1 place tenergy equity b
’s National Enerte investment inergy markets, enal level.
emes to support rity in hydrocarb013−2022 perioons and calls fomall-scale hydro
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 536
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
to rank 64 in thiseing its weakes
rgy Policy 2010n the sector; andencouraging effi
these goals arebons; a schemeod, implementedor tenders to seco, solar, wind, b
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
0%
D BALANCE
s year’s Index. Tst trilemma dime
−2040 was appd to minimise thciency and the
e already in place to promote thed in May 2013, wcure the implemiomass, and ge
36.8
0.05
85
0.16
0.15
PERU
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
The country perension, for a bal
proved at the enhe social and endevelopment of
ce and include: e modernisation with clearly defi
mentation of hydeothermal.
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
40% 60%
201
k and ore
63
ormance
security 65
equity 83
mental bility
32
e 57
rforms well regaance score of B
nd of 2010 with tnvironmental imf renewable ene
a law, passed iof oil refineries
ined targets for ro projects. Add
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
3 63
5 61
3 85
2 32
7 62
arding environmBCB.
the goal to encopacts by promoergies at the loc
n April 2012, to; a universal endifferent sub-co
ditional fiscal inc
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
64
54
84
38
60
mental sustainab
ourage and prototing the developcal, regional, and
o promote energnergy access plaomponents; andcentives are in p
12,4
Low (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
BCB
B
C
B
bility,
tect pment d
gy an for d place
02 (III)
3,055)
92 | 25
11.2
4.9
TRILEMM
RANK
61
SCORE
BCA
TRENDS
The Pdime
The P2−3 hstakeInterrincre
ThereprojeMost premregasEast/
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
A
S AND OUTLO
Philippines dropnsion, placing 1
Philippines suffehours daily. Thoeholders, the Deruptible Load Prase in capacity
e is a need for icts has been inprojects that ar
mium given to thesification opport/Europe/Austral
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 99 M
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
ps 1 place to ran1st worldwide, b
ers from a shortough the power epartment of Enrogramme; 2) a from renewable
nvestments in ptroduced, whichre currently in the peso-per-kilowtunities are curria with an antici
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
PH
0%
D BALANCE
nk 61. The counbut lags behind r
tage of power sushortage is a sy
nergy has outlineboost in supply
es, primarily sol
power generatioh is expected tohe pipeline are cwatt hour cost oently discussedipated capacity
31.4
0.05
83
N.A.
0.16
ILIPPIN
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
ntry performs exregarding energ
upply, often resystemic problemed some short-ty through the coar, wind and bio
on. Recently an o increase the incoal-fired as coaof electricity. Addd such as LNG tof 2−4 million to
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
NES
40% 60%
201
k and ore
67
ormance
security 60
equity 91
mental bility
2
e 75
xcellently in the gy equity, result
sulting in rotatingm to be resolvedterm solutions toommissioning anomass.
increased feed-nvestments in soal project develoditionally, naturaerminals to impons of gas per y
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
7 62
0 56
1 90
2 1
5 71
environmental sing in a balance
g brownouts lasd through the coo address the bnd rehabilitation
-in tariff allocatioolar energy projeopers are currenal gas projects vort LNG from th
year.
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
61
52
92
1
69
sustainability e score of BCA.
sting an averageollaboration of abrownouts: 1) thn of plants; 3) an
on for solar powects in the longntly favoured byvia LNG he Middle
7,3
High (HHI =
s (%) 7
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
BCA
B
C
A
e of all e n
wer -run. y a
59 (III)
1,253)
76 | 34
10.3
1.5
TRILEMM
RANK
36
SCORE
BAB
TRENDS
Polana par
Receincenefficieframeenvir
Expe1) demodemorebiofulow-ctechn
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
nd drops 4 placerticular strength
ent energy policyntives to diversifency; increasingework for explorronment by the d
ected future trenevelopment of thernisation of thee efficient coal mels production a
carbon economynologies to achie
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 3,912
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
es, to rank 36. T. This results in
y developmentsfy gas supply ang the competitivration works for development of
nds affecting Pohe country’s enee electricity genemining exploitatioand use; 6) conty, while enablingeve lower emiss
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
2 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
P
0%
D BALANCE
The country’s tra balance scor
s include the divnd developmentveness of fuels a
domestic primaf clean coal tech
land’s energy sergy network inferation sector; 4on and explorattinued efforts tog an improvemesions growth.
32.6
0.08
100
0.19
0.38
POLAND
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
rilemma performre of BAB.
versification of tht of renewablesand energy by lary energy fuelshnologies.
ustainability andfrastructure; 2) f4) increase secution for convent
o improve energent of lifestyles
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
D
40% 60%
201
k and ore
33
ormance
security 53
equity 31
mental bility
73
e 36
mance is overall
he energy mix t; reducing energiberalisation of t
s; and limiting th
d issues for polifurther diversificurity of primary fional and uncony efficiency andover the next 20
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
3 32
3 47
1 30
3 68
6 34
balanced, with
hrough additiongy intensity andthe markets; im
he energy secto
icymakers to foccation of energyfuel supply thronventional gas; d energy savings0 years, by dep
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
36
60
28
64
36
energy equity b
nal nuclear pland increasing ene
mproving the legaor impact on the
cus on are: y sources; 3) ough investment
5) increase trans; 7) transition t
ploying low-emis
26,1
Low (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
BAB
B
A
B
being
ts; ergy al
ts in nsport to a ssion
135 (II)
5,502)
95 | 95
7.0
0.0
TRILEMM
RANK
18
SCORE
AAA
TRENDS
Portususta
Portugainethe swere MIDCEuropof enefficieMoro
Greaby incTaxareduc
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
A
S AND OUTLO
ugal ranks 18th ainability being i
ugal’s aim to reined momentum wupply to Europealso considere
CAT), to integrapean supply secergy supply is aency and divers
occo.
ter access to encreasing tariff retion Reform andce emissions an
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 0 Mto
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
in this year’s Ints strongest dim
nforce the electwith the Madrid e of excess rened in the Madrid te the Iberian gacurity by taking also being pursusifying imports, w
nergy services feductions and bd called for civilnd promote the
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
oe
ply composition
neration
PO
0%
D BALANCE
dex. The countrmension. This re
tricity interconneDeclaration (4 Mewable electricitDeclaration, sigas market with Fadvantage of th
ued by promotinwith the Portugu
for low-income hbroadening the e
society participefficient use of
21.5
0.07
100
0.30
0.20
ORTUGA
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
ry balances the esults in a balan
ection capacity March 2015). Thty generated in gned by the threFrance and Cenhe high capacityng renewable enuese governme
households waseligibility criteriapation and suppresources.
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
AL
40% 60%
201
k and ore
16
ormance
security 27
equity 27
mental bility
12
e 29
trilemma very wnce score of AAA
between the Ibehe initiative seethis southweste
ee leaders of Spntral Europe, fosy of LNG terminnergy sources, bnt considering a
s facilitated by ta. The governmeort for a Green
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
6 17
7 39
7 31
2 11
9 27
well, with enviroA.
erian Peninsula ks to promote m
ern region. Gas pain, Portugal astering competitals in the Iberiabut also by proma submarine cab
he Portuguese ent also implemGrowth Commit
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
18
31
33
12
32
onmental
and Central Eumarket integratiointerconnection
and France (projtion and increas
an peninsula. Semoting energy ble connection w
government in mented a Green
tment, which ai
29,2
High (HHI
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
AAA
A
A
A
urope on and ns ject sing ecurity
with
2015
ms to
214 (II)
= 981)
95 | 95
10.4
-2.2
TRILEMM
RANK
39
SCORE
AAD
TRENDS
Qatareceiv
The Qwhichhydroinnov
Receconsuimpafive-yHoweforeig
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
D
S AND OUTLO
r maintains its pves a letter grad
Qatar National Vh national strateocarbon industrivation, and exce
ent energy policyumption by 35%cts within the enyear sustainableever, policymakgn investment to
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 23,72
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
place at rank 39de of D in the e
Vision 2030 defegies and impleies, building a kellence in entrep
y developments% within five yeanergy and induse development skers need to cono establish and
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
21 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
0%
D BALANCE
9. The country pnvironmental su
fines the long-tementation plans
knowledge-basepreneurship are
s include the objars; and 2) enhastry sector. Multstrategies with wntinue developinsupport the gov
67.9
0.05
94
N.A.
0.30
QATAR
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
performs very weustainability dim
erm outcomes fos can be develoed economy chae three key elem
jectives to: 1) reance the managtinational compawell-defined perng an integratedvernment’s goal
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
R
40% 60%
201
k and ore
34
ormance
security 35
equity 2
mental bility
11
e 25
ell regarding enmension, resultin
or the country aoped. Expandingaracterised by re
ments identified t
educe electricitygement of econoanies in Qatar arformance targed set of measurel to diversify the
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
4 39
5 40
2 2
3 112
5 28
ergy security anng in a balance s
nd provides a frg competitive indelying on researto achieve the s
y usage by 20%omic, environmeare encouraged ets with higher lees to attract dome economy.
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
39
25
4
115
30
nd energy equitscore of AAD.
ramework withindustries derivedrch, developmeset goals.
% and water ental and socialto put forward t
evels of innovatmestic, regional
143,
High (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
AAD
A
A
D
ty. But
n d from nt and
their tion. and
788 (I)
1,115)
95 | 95
6.7
10.9
TRILEMM
RANK
32
SCORE
ABA
TRENDS
Romaof AB
Roma4690renewuncesmall
Althopowerenew
Goingsuppexistiequity
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
A
S AND OUTLO
ania ranks 32ndBA.
ania’s renewabl MW. Further, twables in gross rtain due to recel renewable ene
ough plans to coer markets of thewable energy, is
g forward, Romort the further ding energy suppy score.
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 377
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
d in this year’s I
le energy sectohe country has final energy co
ent changes to ergy producers,
onstruct a subme Czech Repubs expected to m
anian policymadevelopment of ply and transmis
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
R
0%
D BALANCE
ndex. The coun
r, which is mainalready reachensumption. Howthe country’s grhaving been pa
arine cable conlic, Slovakia, Hu
maintain Romani
kers will have torenewable enerssion structure,
27.3
0.08
100
0.17
0.28
ROMANI
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
ntry scores well
nly comprised ofd and exceededwever, the futurereen certificate assed into law in
nnection with Tuungary and Romia’s strong ener
o find ways to drgy, as well as fwhich will need
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
A
40% 60%
201
k and ore
40
ormance
security 23
equity 63
mental bility
43
e 67
across the boar
f wind energy, ind its EU-mandae of further invescheme and then 2015, has still
rkey have beenmania, along witrgy security scor
esign more effeocus on the ma
d large investme
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
0 31
3 17
3 63
3 39
7 58
rd, resulting in a
n June 2016 reated target of a 2
estments in renee fact that a feedl not been effect
n abandoned, thth the already hre.
ective and coherintenance and i
ents to raise the
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
32
24
63
28
53
a balance score
ached a capacit24% share of ewable energy id-in tariff system
ctively implemen
he integration ofhigh share of
rent systems toimprovement of
e country’s energ
21,4
Low (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
ABA
A
B
A
e
ty of
s m for nted.
f the
o f the gy
403 (II)
3,132)
95 | 63
13.4
-0.9
TRILEMM
RANK
45
SCORE
ABD
TRENDS
In thiranksbalan
RussEuropthe vEuropas Ukto theover planndepe
EnergStateof theare to
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
D
S AND OUTLO
s year’s Index, s 6th globally, ance score of AB
sia is endowed wpe, Turkey, Japulnerability to thpe’s efforts to dkraine, led to the East’). Howevthe profitability
ned to be complndence on foss
gy efficiency is e Program on Ene economy by 2o account for 2.
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 62,6
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
R
ANKINGS AN
OOK
Russia improvend energy equitD.
with natural resopan as well as ohe fluctuations iecrease depende development
ver, competition of these plans. leted by 2030, R
sil fuels.
a key issue for nergy Efficiency
2020. Another ke5% of electricity
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
02 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
RUSSIA
0%
D BALANCE
es by 3 places, tty, but receives
ources, and expther Asian counn energy pricesdence on Russiof new transporwith other gas sWith nine new n
Russia is workin
Russia. To this y and Energy Deey part of this sty generation, ex
35.8
0.16
100
N.A.
0.72
N FEDE
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
to rank 45. The a letter grade o
ports natural gasntries. The high s, the developmeian gas imports rtation routes ansuppliers as wenuclear reactors
ng to further imp
end, the governevelopment, whtrategy is the fu
xcluding large h
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
ERATION
40% 60%
201
k and ore
50
ormance
security 11
equity 46
mental bility
11
e 53
country performof D in environm
s and oil to coundependence ofent of shale gasfollowing dispu
nd plans to tap ell as economic s currently undeprove its security
nment, in 2014,hich envisages arther developmydroelectric pow
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
N
% 80%
14 2015 2
0 48
1 8
6 42
7 117
3 51
ms well in energmental sustainab
ntries in Easternthe economy o
s in other regiontes with key tranew gas marketurmoil in Chinaer construction, y of supply while
published an ua 40% decreaseent of renewablwer plants.
DP Group)
gy suppliers M
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
45
6
42
116
48
gy security, whebility, resulting in
n and Western on energy exporns of the world, ansit countries sets in the east (‘Pa is raising concand another 31e reducing its
updated version e in energy intenles, which, by 2
24,4
Medium (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
ABD
A
B
D
re it n a
rts and and to uch Pivot cerns units
of the nsity 020,
451 (II)
1,519)
95 | 92
11.0
1.1
TRILEMM
RANK
47
SCORE
BAD
TRENDS
Saudreceiv
The SdiverArabi
In Juterm 2020pricestand
Saudinvesmakeenvir
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
D
S AND OUTLO
di Arabia maintaves a letter grad
Saudi energy sersify its energy sia’s Vision 2030
ne 2016, the cotargets for the c, which is to be s for solar PV te
dards for the int
di Arabian policystment, while alse up the vast maronmental susta
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 43,8
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
ains its place at de of D in enviro
ector is fully depsupply, the gove0’, which sets a
ountry publishedcountry. This incmet chiefly thro
echnology. The roduction of nuc
ymakers must nso continuing toajority of Saudi A
ainability as well
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
94 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
SAU
0%
D BALANCE
rank 47. The coonmental sustai
pendent on oil aernment in April goal of building
d the National Tcludes a goal ofough solar energNational Transf
clear power gen
ow focus on reao improve energArabia’s energyas energy secu
56.9
0.08
94
N.A.
0.36
UDI ARA
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
ountry performs inability, resultin
and gas for elect2016 launched
g 9.5 GW of rene
ransformation Pf generating 4%gy. This has beformation Progr
neration.
alising these amgy efficiency in thy supply, succesurity scores in fu
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
ABIA
40% 60%
201
k and ore
44
ormance
security 33
equity 11
mental bility
10
e 47
particularly welng in a balance
tricity generatio its long-term deewable energy g
Program 2020, w% of energy supp
en rendered moram also calls fo
mbitious goals ahe country. Althssful implementuture rankings.
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
4 47
3 41
1 11
09 110
7 54
l in the energy escore of BAD.
n and transportaevelopment roageneration capa
which specifies ply through reneore attractive byor full complianc
nd attracting theough fossil fuelation could imp
DP Group)
gy suppliers M
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
47
39
12
112
51
equity dimensio
tation. In order tadmap, ‘Saudi acity by 2030.
more detailed sewable energy by the recent droce with security
e necessary ls will continue t
prove the countr
53,
Medium (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
BAD
B
A
D
on, but
to
short-by p in
to ry’s
430 (I)
1,713)
95 | 95
9.7
6.1
TRILEMM
RANK
109
SCORE
CDC
TRENDS
Seneovera
Senebeinghave
The 2Targegeneearly
The S2012technmainequity
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
C
S AND OUTLO
egal ranks 109thall balance scor
egal’s energy seg properly maint
a strong impac
2012 Energy Stets include achiration mix by 202016 to develo
Senegalese gov to 2020. The a
nical and commly in Greater Day, improving ac
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 0 Mto
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
h in this year’s Ire of CDC.
ector is currentlytained nor plann
ct on households
rategy for Seneeving a 50% ru017. To supportop up to 200 MW
vernment has aaim of the Senegercial losses an
akar. While imprcess to electrici
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
oe
ply composition
neration
S
0%
D BALANCE
ndex. Energy eq
y faced with a nuned to be replacs, especially tho
egal sets out a sral electrificationt the deploymen
W of solar power
lso signed up togal Electricity Send to improve throving the reliabity in rural areas
23.5
0.10
57
N.A.
0.24
SENEGA
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
quity is the coun
umber of challeced. Water issueose located in ru
sustainable deven rate by 2017 a
nt of renewablesr.
o the World Banector Support P
he reliability of ebility of electricits will be require
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
AL
40% 60%
201
k and ore
10
ormance
security 86
equity 10
mental bility
88
e 10
ntry’s weakest t
enges, includinges are also at thural areas.
elopment plan foand a 20% renes, Senegal has j
nk’s Electricity SProject is to redu
lectricity supplyty supply will hed to achieve sig
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
09 109 1
6 82
08 108
8 88
05 101
trilemma dimens
ageing infrastruhe top of the age
or the country’sewables share ojoined the ‘Scal
Sector Support Puce the national y in certain areaslp to improve th
gnificant energy
DP Group)
gy suppliers M
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
109
92
107
91
99
sion (score D) w
ucture that is noenda, as droug
s energy sector,of the electricity ing Solar’ initiat
Project, running utility companys of the country
he country’s eney equity gains.
2,43
Medium (HHI =
s (%) 8
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
CDC
C
D
C
with an
ot hts
tive in
from y’s y, ergy
31 (IV)
1,618)
86 | 17
15.6
4.0
TRILEMM
RANK
73
SCORE
BBC
TRENDS
Serbiin the
Consreadyenerg
The nby thein tarthe epoweopera
Policythe othat win the
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
C
S AND OUTLO
ia drops 5 placee environmental
siderable investmy for constructiogy consumption
new Energy Sece Energy Commriff (FIT) schemenergy security a
er generation unation until after t
ymakers need tobligation from thwill remain in ope transport secto
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 9,404
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
es to rank 73. Tl sustainability d
ments have beeon to meet the tan in 2020 to be f
ctor Developmemunity Treaty ane has been modand environmennit has started. Ethe year 2023, w
to focus on: 1) ahe Energy Comperation after 20or; and 4) enfor
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
4 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
S
0%
D BALANCE
he country has dimension, resu
en made in the earget of 500 MWfrom renewables
ent Strategy to 2nd action plans dified for solar pntal sustainabilitExisting units arwhich is likely to
adopting the prommunity Treaty t023; 3) meetingcing the incentiv
29.8
0.10
100
0.08
0.50
SERBIA
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
a balanced trilelting in a balanc
energy sector toW, set by the Nas.
2030 (ESDS) hato implement e
power plants. Thty dimension. Atre being refurbiso improve the co
ogram for the imto implement fluthe 27% target ves for energy e
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
A
40% 60%
201
k and ore
73
ormance
security 52
equity 74
mental bility
90
e 92
emma performance score of BBC
o meet environmational Action Pl
as been adoptednergy efficiency
hese developmet the same timeshed, with the inountry’s energy
mplementation oe gas desulphuof renewables,
efficiency throug
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
3 68
2 46
4 73
0 90
2 89
nce overall, but C.
mental goals. Selan, which calls
d in line with they and renewableents will have a , construction o
ntention that thesecurity.
f the ESDS untirisation in all exincluding a 10%
gh the new budg
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
73
61
73
89
84
lags slightly be
everal wind farmfor 27% of gros
e EU policy, enfes. The existingpositive impact
of a new coal fireey will remain in
il 2023; 2) meetxisting power pl% target for biofget fund.
13,4
Low (HHI =
s (%) 8
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
BBC
B
B
C
ehind
ms are ss final
forced feed-on
ed
ting ants fuels
82 (III)
3,983)
89 | 41
15.9
0.6
TRILEMM
RANK
24
SCORE
CBA
TRENDS
Singabut re
The cinnovgenegoveLNG these
Smarwere to enrenew
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
A
S AND OUTLO
apore improves eceives a letter
country has beevation in gas indration, accountirnment, as is imterminals). To f
e areas in May 2
rt grids are the olaunched in Auhance energy swable energy.
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 0 Mto
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
by 1 place to ragrade of C in th
en investing intedustry is one of ing for nearly 95
mproving the resfacilitate gas tec2016.
other key part ougust 2016, andsupply stability a
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
oe
ply composition
neration
SIN
0%
D BALANCE
ank 24. The couhe energy secur
ensively in R&D the important is5%, thus securinsilience and efficchnology innova
of the new energ these are expe
and sustainabilit
24.9
0.03
73
N.A.
0.14
NGAPO
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
untry performs vrity dimension, f
projects, in parssues for Singapng reliable suppciency of gas ination, S$27m gr
gy industry in Siected to be comty by monitoring
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
RE
40% 60%
201
k and ore
25
ormance
security 73
equity 56
mental bility
10
e 1
very well in termfor a letter grade
rticular gas and pore. Natural gaplies of natural gfrastructure (su
rants have been
ngapore. The smpleted by 2021.g electricity disru
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
5 25
3 80
6 56
0 7
1
ms of environmee of CBA.
smart grid areaas is a major sougas is a high prich as the distrib
n awarded to 13
mart grid and d. The projects cuptions and faci
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
24
70
56
9
1
ental sustainabil
as. The R&D urce of electriciority for the bution network a
3 R&D projects i
data analytics prcan allow the coilitating the use
85,
High (HHI
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
CBA
C
B
A
ity,
ty
and n
rojects untry of
209 (I)
= 638)
95 | 95
0.5
1.1
TRILEMM
RANK
16
SCORE
AAA
TRENDS
Slovascore
ReceregulThe rlow-in
Policyprodurequimeastechnpolicy
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
A
S AND OUTLO
akia ranks 16th e of AAA.
ent policy develoation continuesremoval of crossncome househo
ymakers need tuction and e-mores structural ch
sures to reduce nology allows anymakers need t
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 13 M
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
in this year’s In
opments are mas, including marks subsidies is colds and for the
to focus on deaobility. Increasinhanges in the eenergy consum
n increase of eleo focus on decr
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
SL
0%
D BALANCE
dex. The countr
ainly driven by Eket liberalisationhallenging as it manufacturing
ling with the chang energy efficieconomy to mov
mption of buildinectricity generatreasing the depe
33.6
0.08
100
0.20
0.24
LOVAK
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
ry balances the
EU energy and cn and promotionconflicts with thsector.
allenge for the dency in all sectove from heavy inngs. The role of tion without increndence on nat
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
IA
40% 60%
201
k and ore
18
ormance
security 12
equity 21
mental bility
35
e 38
trilemma very w
climate targets an of environmenhe support of the
distribution systeors of the econondustry to sophisnuclear energy reasing carbon tural gas and oi
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
8 14
2 9
1 20
5 33
8 38
well, receiving a
and implementatally-friendly ene availability of c
em as a result omy remains a csticated productneeds to be disemissions. Furtl imports.
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
16
15
18
30
37
an overall balan
ation of EU policnergy technologcheap energy fo
of decentralisedchallenge and ction, but also scussed becausthermore,
28,8
Low (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
AAA
A
A
A
ce
cy and ies. or
d
se the
877 (II)
2,610)
95 | 95
3.4
-1.4
TRILEMM
RANK
12
SCORE
AAB
TRENDS
Slovedimein an
The Einvesenvir
Consof renprogrrealisopera
To immeasreplaenerginves
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
enia improves bnsion (rank 2) woverall balance
Energy Act increstment in renewronmental goals
struction of a senewables in theress, which will sation as well, inator.
mprove Sloveniasures, particularcement of obsogy supply of buistments in the e
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 0 Mto
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
by 1 place, to rawhile environmee score of AAB.
eases competitiables and in en
s, is still in public
ries of hydroelee energy mix. Th
benefit the regioncluding the SIN
a’s environmentrly in the energyolete heating sysldings. Nationanergy sector an
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
oe
ply composition
neration
S
0%
D BALANCE
nk 12 in this yeaental sustainabil
ion in the electriergy efficiency.
c discussion and
ectric power planhe construction onal energy ma
NCRO.GRID pro
al performance y consumption ostems) and in sul environmental
nd in renewable
33.1
0.09
100
0.22
0.24
LOVEN
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
ar’s Index. Enerlity is the countr
icity market, esp The National Ed should be ado
nts on the Savaof electricity an
arket. Multiple teoject, initiated b
additional finanof buildings (theupporting schem legislation and energy sources
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
IA
40% 60%
201
k and ore
12
ormance
security 3
equity 23
mental bility
50
e 33
rgy security is thry’s weakest trile
pecially in the gEnergy Concept opted by 2018.
a River is in progd gas interconn
echnologically aby a Slovenian tr
ncial investmentermal insulation,mes for the use permit granting
s.
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
2 13
3 3
3 26
0 47
3 35
he country’s stroemma dimensio
as market, and which sets ene
gress, which wilections with Hudvanced smart ransmission ope
ts are needed fo window replaceof renewable e
g are crucial obs
DP Group)
gy suppliers M
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
12
2
25
44
35
ongest trilemmaon (rank 44), res
stimulates ergy related
l increase the sungary are in
grid projects arerator with a Cr
or energy efficieement and
energy sources fstacles for
31,1
Medium (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
AAB
A
A
B
a sulting
hare
re in roatian
ency
for
122 (II)
1,548)
95 | 95
6.3
0.3
TRILEMM
RANK
84
SCORE
CCD
TRENDS
In thihas bbalan
Energinto twith t
EnvirelectrCoal-
Due t83%
Givensustainfrasdeve
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
D
S AND OUTLO
s year’s Index, been the countrynce score of CC
gy security mayhe electricity sethe balance com
ronmental sustaricity generation-based generati
to infrastructureof the country n
n that South Afrainability dimensstructure based lopment and us
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 21,0
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
South Africa rany’s strongest tri
CD.
y be improved dector using reneming online ove
ainability continun. Although the ion of electricity
e expansions annow has access
rica has no indigsion, policymakeon imported LN
se of the signific
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
39 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
SOU
0%
D BALANCE
nks 84th, down lemma dimensio
ue to the recentwable technolor 2017 and 2018
ues to be South contribution from
y will continue to
nd increased nets to energy, whic
genous natural gers and busines
NG, initially for pcant natural gas
29.5
0.12
83
0.09
0.72
UTH AFR
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
from rank 81 inon (rank 66 acro
t initiative that hgies. Of the 6,38.
Africa’s weakem renewable en
o dominate even
twork maintenach is likely to im
gas supplies ansses are exploripower generatio
resources in th
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
RICA
40% 60%
201
k and ore
81
ormance
security 76
equity 78
mental bility
10
e 45
n 2015. Over theoss all countries
has allowed inde376 MW planned
st trilemma dimnergy sources isn as renewable
ance efforts, blacmprove energy e
nd the need to ang possibilities
on. It is anticipathe region may a
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
1 81
6 68
8 80
06 105
5 49
e past three yeas). The country
ependent powerd, 2,220 MW is a
ension as a ress increasing, it isenergy program
ckouts reduced equity in the com
address the enviof establishing
ted that participassist in this initia
DP Group)
gy suppliers M
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
84
66
82
105
47
ars, energy secureceives an ove
r producers (IPPalready operatio
sult of coal-bases still small (<14
mmes are comp
significantly anming years.
ironmental a natural gas ation in the ative.
13,1
Medium (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
CCD
C
C
D
urity erall
Ps) onal,
ed 4%). leted.
nd
65 (III)
1,508)
94 | 63
9.2
2.1
TRILEMM
RANK
13
SCORE
AAA
TRENDS
Spaintrade
The eand fgene
SpainrenewHowelevel betwebelowFranc
With promSpain
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
A
S AND OUTLO
n improves by 3e-offs among en
electricity markefinancial sustainrated, accumula
n has set a targwables in final eever, regional inof electricity inteen Spain and w the EU target ce), but the tota
the potential opmoted. These are
n’s excellent ga
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 391
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
3 places in this yergy security, e
et reform (2013)nability. In 2015,ating a total of m
et of 20% of renenergy consumpnterconnection mterconnections wFrance (the firstof 10%. Gas in
al level still need
peration of the Ibe relevant stepss infrastructure.
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
D BALANCE
year’s Index, froenergy equity an
) aims to elimina, for a second cmore than €800
newable energyption reached 17may pose an obwith Europe hast since 1982), interconnection h
ds to be improve
berian gas tradis towards enhan.
22.4
0.06
100
0.31
0.19
0%
SPAIN
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
om rank 16 in 20nd environmenta
ate the tariff defconsecutive yeam (provisional d
y in gross final e7.43%, on track
bstacle towards s progressed signcreasing the inhas also increased.
ing being discusncing security of
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
20%
201
k and ore
14
ormance
security 21
equity 25
mental bility
17
e 30
015 to rank 13 ial sustainability
ficit and reinforcr, a surplus in thdata).
energy consumpk to achieve the the further grow
gnificantly in 20stalled capacity
sed (2 billion cub
ssed, the use off supply in Euro
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
40% 60%
14 2015 2
4 16
1 22
5 28
7 15
0 31
n 2016. The couwell, with a bala
ce the energy syhe electricity tar
ption in 2020. Inproposed objec
wth of renewable15, with a new i
y by up to 5%, thbic metres flowe
f gas across Euope, especially ta
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
% 80%
2016 Trend
13
26
30
17
31
untry manages ance score of A
ystem’s economriff has been
n 2015 the sharective by 2020. es. While the cuinterconnectionhis value is still ed from Spain to
rope is further taking into acco
34,
High (HHI
s (%) 9
%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
Score
AAA
A
A
A
the AAA.
mic
e of
urrent well
o
unt
527 (I)
= 721)
95 | 95
9.9
-0.6
oal
l
atural gas
onventional the
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
TRILEMM
RANK
81
SCORE
CCA
TRENDS
Sri LadimeCCA
Avoidcountand aLankpann
DespAsianparticprojeand 2
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
A
S AND OUTLO
anka improves bnsion, but it rec.
ding the expectetry faced nationa resultant drop a could face ened plant additio
pite this situationn Development cularly small islact includes the
2,300 km of low
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 0 Mto
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
by 2 places, to rceives a letter gr
ed energy shortnwide power fail
in hydropower ergy and capac
ons.
n, the project foBank (ADB) haands, to enjoy reconstruction of
w-voltage line ex
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
oe
ply composition
neration
SR
0%
D BALANCE
rank 81. Environrade of C in both
tage will be an uures in Novembgeneration. Mo
city shortages in
r 100% electrifics approved a loeliable electricityhybrid renewab
xpansions, and i
30.1
0.05
85
N.A.
0.09
RI LANK
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
nmental sustainh energy securi
urgent and impober 2015 and Feoreover, accordin 2018−2019 an
cation will gain moan of US$115mty supply and alble energy mini-is expected to b
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
KA
40% 60%
201
k and ore
85
ormance
security 82
equity 93
mental bility
27
e 85
nability is the coty and energy e
ortant challengeebruary and Mang to the Public
nd beyond unde
momentum in thm and US$3.8mlow the country grids, upgrades
be complete by 2
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
5 83
2 84
3 96
7 21
5 88
untry’s strongesequity, resulting
for the countryrch 2016, due to
c Utilities Commr drought condit
he near future. Iin grants to helto improve acce
s to the medium2021.
DP Group)
gy suppliers M
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
81
74
96
24
85
st trilemma in a balance sc
y. Recently, the to a severe drou
mission’s analysitions even with
In July 2016, thelp some areas,
cess to energy. Tm-voltage networ
11,7
Medium (HHI =
s (%) 6
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
CCA
C
C
A
core of
ught is, Sri
e
The rk,
39 (III)
2,081)
66 | 15
10.2
3.4
TRILEMM
RANK
95
SCORE
BDB
TRENDS
Swazsusta
Coal consisuppcogethe h(off- a
In adexplo
Policyenaband d
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
ziland places 95ainability dimens
will continue to idering building ly the country aneration to replaeavy reliance oand on-grid) and
dition, the counore the possibilit
ymakers need tle economic de
development, de
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 0 Mto
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
5th in this year’ssions, but lags b
play an importaa 300 MW coand allow exportace coal. These
on imported ened fuel (biofuels)
ntry is looking toty of setting up a
to: 1) support thevelopment and evelopment of s
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
oe
ply composition
neration
SW
0%
D BALANCE
s Index. The coubehind in terms
ant role in the el fired thermal pt to the Southerne efforts are exprgy. In addition,, an independen
increase its stra petroleum pro
he deployment opoverty reducti
skills, and capac
44.1
0.13
35
N.A.
0.14
WAZILA
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
untry performs wof energy equit
nergy mix of Swpower station usn African Powerpected to improv, the development power produc
rategic fuel reseoducts refinery,
of renewables; aon, through incrcity building.
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
ND
40% 60%
201
k and ore
92
ormance
security 41
equity 10
mental bility
62
e 90
well in the energty, resulting in a
waziland. The cosing clean coal tr Pool. Howeveve the country’sent of a renewabcer policy, and f
erves, enhance and tap into the
and 2) increase reased rural ele
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
2 95
1 48
03 103
2 66
0 90
gy security and balance score
ountry has vast technologies, whr, companies ar
s energy indepeble energy stratfeed-in tariffs ar
bulk purchasinge natural gas ma
the budget for tectrification, ene
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
95
45
103
70
98
environmental of BDB.
reserves and ishich is expectedre investing in
endence by redutegy for both pore underway.
g (better prices)arket in Mozam
the energy sectergy access, res
8,4
Low (HHI =
s (%) 8
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
BDB
B
D
B
s d to
ucing wer
, bique.
tor to search
27 (III)
9,609)
87 | 25
13.0
N.A.
TRILEMM
RANK
3
SCORE
AAA
TRENDS
Swedbetwemaint
CurresupptargereachHVO-
PolicyoperaVatteexpehas nfindin
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
A
S AND OUTLO
den maintains iteen energy sectain a high Inde
ently, the transport to incentivise
et to increase thehed 24% accord-biodiesel and o
ymakers need tation to meet fuenfall has taken cted to close thnot been formalng measures to
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 0 Mto
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
ts position of 3rdcurity, energy eqex ranking, a key
port sector (excee the purchase e share of biofuding to a Swedisother biofuels in
to focus on finditure electricity da policy decisioe two smallest rly withdrawn, Vameet the EU CO
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
oe
ply composition
neration
S
0%
D BALANCE
d place in this yquity and enviroy issue for Swed
ept trains, metroof electric cars
uels used in transh Energy Agen
n gasoline and d
ing a solution todemand. The firon to close the twreactors in Oskaattenfall has curO2 reduction an
26.0
0.09
100
0.25
0.10
SWEDEN
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
year’s Index. Thenmental sustainden is to make
o and trams) relare in place, bu
nsport to 10% byncy report. This diesel, and an in
o replace the exrst reactors are two smallest reaarshamn beforerrently stopped
nd RES targets,
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
N
40% 60%
201
k and ore
3
ormance
security 10
equity 28
mental bility
14
e 2
e country mananability well withthe transport se
ies on fossil fueut results are noy 2020 will be eis mostly due to
ncreased numbe
xisting 10 nucleaexpected to clos
actors in Ringhae 2018. While thany further worenergy efficien
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
3 4
0 13
8 32
4 9
2 10
ges to balance h a balance scorector sustainable
els. Special policot yet meeting exxceeded, as the
o a rapid increaser of cars runnin
ar reactors that wse between 201
als, and Uniper (e application to
rk on the applicacy needs to be a
DP Group)
gy suppliers M
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
3
10
27
8
4
the trade-offs re of AAA. In ore.
cies and financixpectations. The share has alrese in the blending on biogas.
will be taken ou17 and 2020. (formerly E.ON)
o build new reacation. In additiona top priority.
46,
Medium (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
AAA
A
A
A
rder to
al e EU
eady ng of
ut of
) is ctors n to
420 (I)
1,561)
95 | 95
7.2
-2.3
TRILEMM
RANK
2
SCORE
AAA
TRENDS
Switzin en
SwitzRece
Recebe inmeasnext flong t
Policyelectrenergbuildi
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
A
S AND OUTLO
zerland places 2ergy equity and
zerland’s leadingent policy decisio
ent energy policycluded in the nesures and next sfew months (a pterm, in the mid
ymakers need tricity market; angy market and tings as part of t
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 0 Mto
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
2nd in this year’d 3rd in environm
g position in theons however ar
y developmentsew energy stratesteps to phase opublic referendud-term Switzerla
to focus on: 1) cnd 3) coming to he EU-ETS. Futhe transition to
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
oe
ply composition
neration
SWI
0%
D BALANCE
s Index. The comental sustaina
e index reflects tre likely to have
s include the deegy that is undeout nuclear are um is probable).and is likely to be
construction of na bilateral agrerthermore, therea low-carbon e
26.3
0.05
100
0.17
0.10
ITZERLA
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
ountry’s trilemmability, resulting i
the country’s paa strong impac
cision to refrainer development not yet known a
. To achieve theecome more de
new electricity geement with the e is the need tonergy system.
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
AND
40% 60%
201
k and ore
2
ormance
security 9
equity 4
mental bility
3
e 13
a performance iin a balance sco
ast energy and ect on the country
from building nand expected toand will be a mae transition to a ependent on gas
grids; 2) compleEU in order to p
o be ambitious a
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
2 2
9 12
4 3
3 3
3 7
is excellent, andore of AAA.
energy-related py’s energy susta
new nuclear powo be implementatter of political low-carbon ene
s-fired electricity
ting the liberalisparticipate in theand increase the
DP Group)
gy suppliers M
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
2
12
2
3
3
d it ranks 2nd g
policy decisionsainability balanc
wer plants, whicted fully by 2050discussions in t
ergy system in ty generation.
sation of the e European intee renovation rate
60,
Medium (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
AAA
A
A
A
lobally
s. ce.
ch will 0. The the he
ernal e of
535 (I)
1,667)
95 | 95
7.4
-0.3
TRILEMM
RANK
122
SCORE
CDD
TRENDS
Tanzbeing
Tanzdistribgoveaccesgoveoptioplann
Targe2) incand dPetroenvir
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
D
S AND OUTLO
zania drops 1 plag energy securit
zania faces a shbution networksrnment is impless to electricity rnment is engagns, for example
ned 55 MW sola
ets set by the gocreasing electricdistribution losseoleum Policy, thronment for priva
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 101
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
ace to rank 122ty. Its overall ba
ortage of energs are inadequateementing a num
and to bring relging in the deve
e, thought the ‘Oar park in Dodom
overnment inclucity generation ues to 12% by 20e PPP Act and ate investors an
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
TA
0%
D BALANCE
. The country realance score is C
gy services. Powe, and there is aber of projects uiable power to c
elopment of the One Million Solama.
ude: 1) increasinup to 3,000 MW018. The governparticipation in
nd increase com
25.0
0.16
15
N.A.
0.08
ANZAN
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
eceives low scoCDD.
wer generation ca huge lack of inunder Big Resucitizens, to drivecountry’s solar r Homes’ initiati
ng electricity acW in 2018 and 10
nment has also the Southern A
mpetitiveness an
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
IA
40% 60%
201
k and ore
11
ormance
security 67
equity 12
mental bility
11
e 89
ores across the b
capacities are snvestment, humlts Now (BRN) t
e economic growenergy capacityive, as well as la
cess to 50% by0,000 MW by 20developed a nu
African Power Pond transparency
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
9 121 1
7 64
22 122
0 113
9 94
board, with its s
till insufficient, tman capital and t
to increase powwth and social dy, pursuing off-garger-scale proj
y 2025 and reac025; and 3) reduumber of initiativool, to create any in the energy s
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
122
83
121
114
94
strongest dimen
transmission antechnology. The
wer generation, development. Thgrid or micro-grijects such as a
ching 75% by 20ucing transmissves, such as then attractive sector.
2,66
Low (HHI =
s (%)
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
CDD
C
D
D
sion
nd e
he id
033; sion e
67 (IV)
3,722)
16 | 5
20.2
5.9
TRILEMM
RANK
76
SCORE
CBC
TRENDS
Thaildimebalan
Increfor Thresoueconalternindusrespo
The gbiofupollut
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
C
S AND OUTLO
and maintains insion, and it rec
nce score of CB
asing energy prhailand. To addurces at domestomies; develop native energy sostry by creating onsible for inves
government hasels, biomass, sotion and suppor
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 1,11
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
ts place at rankceives a letter g
BC.
roduction to enhress this challetic and internatioa more diversif
ources. In addita business-frien
stment procedu
s developed pololid waste and art farmers by en
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
8 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
TH
0%
D BALANCE
k 76 in this year’grade of C in bot
hance energy senge, the governonal levels; expfied energy mix;ion, the governmndly, transparenres and process
icies to encouraanimal manure. couraging the p
36.8
0.09
100
N.A.
0.32
HAILAN
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
’s Index. Energyth energy secur
ecurity and redunment aims to aplore the joint de; and encouragement aims to incnt environment tses in the energ
age the product These measure
production and u
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
ND
40% 60%
201
k and ore
80
ormance
security 10
equity 70
mental bility
74
e 72
y equity is the cority and environm
uce reliance on dvance the exp
evelopment of ee electricity prodcrease competitthrough the Invegy industry.
tion and use of aes are expecteduse of renewab
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
0 76
03 96
0 68
4 77
2 72
ountry’s strongemental sustaina
energy imports loration and pronergy resourcesduction from rention and investmestor Relation O
alternative energd to enhance enle energy at the
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
76
94
67
76
71
est trilemma ability resulting i
s is a key challenoduction of eneres with neighbounewable and othment in the enerOffice, which wil
rgy, in particularnergy security, re community lev
16,3
High (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
CBC
C
B
C
n a
nge rgy uring her rgy l be
r reduce vel.
305 (II)
1,103)
90 | 57
6.1
4.6
TRILEMM
RANK
90
SCORE
DBD
TRENDS
Trinid48 acacros
TrinidUS$0equityfuelsbasisan ef
The grecogin theincresourcand 3
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household$/kWh)
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
D
S AND OUTLO
dad and Tobagocross all countriss all countries)
dad and Tobago0.06 per kWh, wy performance. . The country is
s. There have beffort to decrease
government hasgnition for the nee production andasing current prces to include re3) maximising th
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 410
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
o maintains its pes), while enviroand energy sec
o’s electricity ratwell below the re
Trinidad and Tos the world’s 6theen two price ine the fiscal burd
s set a renewabeed to increased utilisation of eroduction levelsenewable energhe benefits that
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US cents
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
TRINIDA
0%
D BALANCE
place at rank 90onmental sustacurity is also low
tes are among tegional averageobago has sign largest exporte
ncreases since 2en on the gover
ble energy goal o energy security
energy sources. s while reducinggy and contribut
accrue to the c
56.5
0.11
99
0.06
1.05
AD & TO
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
0. Energy equityinability is the c
w, resulting in a
the lowest in thee of US$0.33 peificant oil and n
er of LNG. Liqui2015 in order tornment.
of 135 MW (10%y through promoKey issues the
g the rate of depting to global effcitizens from the
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
OBAGO
40% 60%
201
k and ore
89
ormance
security 10
equity 49
mental bility
12
e 63
y is the country’scountry’s weake
balance score
e Caribbean reger kWh, contribuatural gas reserd fuels subsidie
o bring prices in-
% of 2016 peakotion of energy government wi
pletion of energyforts to address
e exploitation of
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
O
% 80%
14 2015 2
9 90
01 102
9 48
24 124
3 61
s strongest trilemst trilemma dimof DBD.
gion at approximting towards therves and is a nees are removed -line with the int
capacity) by 20efficiency and ell continue to ad
y sources; 2) divclimate changeenergy resource
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
90
99
48
123
64
mma dimensionmension (rank 12
mately US$0.04e country’s eneet exporter of theon a step-by-stternational mark
021. There is a energy conservaddress include: versifying energe and global waces.
32,5
High (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
DBD
D
B
D
n (rank 23
to rgy ese ep ket, in
strong ation 1)
gy rming;
597 (II)
1,481)
95 | 95
2.6
4.9
TRILEMM
RANK
54
SCORE
DBB
TRENDS
Tunistrilem
Over energproduon thsubst
Key i(inclugene
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
sia ranks 54th inmma dimensions
the past few yegy sustainabilityuction of hydroce world market.titution have be
ssues policymauding wind, solaration); and 2) e
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 111
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
n this year’s Inds, but it lags beh
ears, Tunisia hay balance. To accarbons that will. Furthermore, pen initiated.
akers need to foar and a new coextending the na
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
T
0%
D BALANCE
ex. Energy equhind in terms of
as made continuchieve the latterl allow Tunisia tprogrammes for
cus on are: 1) inncentrated solaatural gas netw
29.3
0.07
100
N.A.
0.24
TUNISIA
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
ity and environmenergy security
ued efforts to sur, policies have to accelerate itsr the promotion
ncreasing the sar power (CSP) work in the south
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
A
40% 60%
201
k and ore
49
ormance
security 96
equity 41
mental bility
29
e 69
mental sustainay, resulting in a
stain its econombeen implemen economic deveof energy efficie
hare of renewascheme) and ho
h and central pa
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
9 54
6 101
1 45
9 35
9 80
ability are the cobalance score o
mic developmented to manage
elopment and toency, renewable
ble energy in eleouseholds (solart of the country
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
54
101
49
43
80
ountry’s strongeof DBB.
nt and improve tthe exploration
o establish its poe energy and en
ectricity generaar water heat, my.
11,3
High (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
DBB
D
B
B
st
the and
osition nergy
ation micro
97 (III)
1,396)
95 | 95
15.4
2.0
TRILEMM
RANK
46
SCORE
CBB
TRENDS
Turkeenvirof CB
Turkemeetdepe
Sevenucleup a begaGas C3) Tucapalikely
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
B
S AND OUTLO
ey places 46th ironmental sustaBB.
ey has to accomt this growth. Fundence is of gre
eral initiatives arear reactor at Ak10% share of ton on 17 March Corridor, has th
urkey is workingcity, and steppi
y to help the cou
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 6,12
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
n this year’s Indainability dimens
mmodate a fast-urthermore, onlyeat concern.
re underway to ikkuyu, with a fuotal electricity su2015, with the p
he potential to si on growing its ng up efforts in
untry improve its
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
3 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
T
0%
D BALANCE
dex. The countrysions, with a slig
growing demany 25% of energy
improve energyrther one plannupply; 2) constrproject expectedignificantly contrenewables secgeothermal and
s ranking in futu
27.1
0.07
100
0.13
0.30
TURKEY
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
ry receives a lettghtly lower score
nd for energy, any consumption is
y security in the ed in Sinop. Wh
ruction on the Trd to be complettribute to the divctor, which includ solar energy p
ure reports.
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
Y
40% 60%
201
k and ore
46
ormance
security 71
equity 50
mental bility
59
e 50
ter grade of B ine in energy sec
nd enormous ins met by domes
country: 1) Turkhen completed, rans-Anatolian Ned in 2018. TAN
versity and thusudes expanding production. Take
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
6 45
1 67
0 43
9 56
0 53
n both the energurity. This result
vestment volumstic resources, t
key is currently both reactors aNatural Gas PipNAP, the last sesecurity of Turkits existing hyd
en together, the
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
46
69
45
53
57
gy equity and ts in an overall
mes are requiredthus energy
constructing a are expected to peline (TANAP) ection of the Soukey’s gas impor
droelectric poweese developmen
19,6
High (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
CBB
C
B
B
score
d to
make
uthern rts; er nts are
618 (II)
1,199)
95 | 95
15.2
3.6
TRILEMM
RANK
63
SCORE
ABD
TRENDS
Ukraisusta
Ukraiand gincludthe B
Furthpotendistric
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
D
S AND OUTLO
ine improves 2 ainability being t
ine’s energy secgas, to inefficiende the decision
Black Sea shelf)
hermore, there isntial such as bioct heating secto
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 24,2
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
places to rank 6the country’s we
ctor faces greatnt infrastructure to replace Russand develop nu
s a need to streogas and municor to ensure hea
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
31 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
U
0%
D BALANCE
63. The country eakest trilemma
t challenges, froand markets. R
sian gas with Ukuclear power ca
engthen energyipal waste for h
at supply and low
25.4
0.19
100
N.A.
0.73
UKRAIN
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
y performs well ia dimension. It re
om a high depenRecent energy pkrainian coal, in
apacity.
efficiency policieat and power gwer energy bills
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
E
40% 60%
201
k and ore
65
ormance
security 26
equity 59
mental bility
11
e 99
n terms of enereceives a balan
ndence on expepolicy developmncrease oil and g
ies, make full usgeneration, ands.
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
5 65
6 28
9 60
2 111
9 95
gy security, withnce score of ABD
ensive fossil fueents to addressgas production
se of the country lower gas cons
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
63
28
61
108
97
h environmentaD.
el imports such as those challeng(for example, fr
ry’s renewable esumption in the
7,9
Low (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
ABD
A
B
D
l
as oil ges rom
energy
16 (III)
2,578)
95 | 89
12.3
-0.3
TRILEMM
RANK
43
SCORE
BAD
TRENDS
The Uand escore
The Uopposuch energ(30%coord
Diverenergleadinfinan
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
D
S AND OUTLO
United Arab Emenergy equity die of BAD.
UAE relies signiortunities for ren
as Vision 2021gy (7% and 5%
% demand reducdinate all federa
rsification of thegy nexus in a wng oil producer ces, rationalise
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 18,1
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
UN
ANKINGS AN
OOK
mirates ranks 43imensions, it rec
ificantly on convewable energy , Dubai Plan 20generation cap
ction target by 2al initiatives.
e energy mix, enater-scarce envin the UAE hasfuel consumptio
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
97 Mtoe
ply composition
neration
NITED A
0%
D BALANCE
rd in this year’s ceives a letter g
ventional hydrocand energy effic
021, or Abu Dhaacity in Abu Dh030 in Dubai). T
nergy efficiency vironment, are a scrapped subson and protect n
56.1
0.10
94
N.A.
0.35
ARAB E
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
Index. While thgrade of D in en
carbon resourceciency solutions
abi Vision 2030,habi and Dubai rThe UAE is also
and conservatiall issues policymsidies on petrol anatural resource
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
MIRATE
40% 60%
201
k and ore
45
ormance
security 45
equity 22
mental bility
11
e 27
he country perfovironmental sus
es for electricitys. For example, which include trespectively by 2o working on a c
on as well as a makers need toand diesel fromes and the envir
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
ES
% 80%
14 2015 2
5 42
5 34
2 19
4 114
7 25
orms well in bothstainability. This
y and transport. the UAE has la
the establishme2030) and energcomprehensive
deep understanfocus on in theAugust 2015 to
ronment.
DP Group)
gy suppliers M
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
O
Na
Co
N
Hy
O
2016 Trend
43
42
22
113
25
h the energy ses results in a ba
However, thereaunched initiativent of renewablergy efficiency taenergy policy p
nding of the wate coming years. o support state
70,
Medium (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
il
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
BAD
B
A
D
curity lance
e are ves e rgets
plan to
ter-The
238 (I)
1,628)
95 | 95
7.7
5.8
TRILEMM
RANK
11
SCORE
AAA
TRENDS
In thisecur
Challdeclinand gnucleUK leelectrrenewsourc
RegaAuthothe sin reladditand r
KEY MET
Industrial s
Energy int
Population
Household
CO2 intens
ENERGY
Fossil fuel
Total prim
Diversity o
MA INDEX RA
A
S AND OUTLO
s year’s Index trity, energy equ
lenges in securine, and the plangain public suppear was approveegislation by 202ricity generationwables is showices.
arding energy afority published iector has madeation to energy ion, the conseqrestructuring of
TRICS
sector (% of GD
tensity (koe per
n with access to
d electricity price
sity (kCO2 per U
Y PROFILE
l reserves: 740
ary energy supp
of electricity gen
ANKINGS AN
OOK
he United Kingduity and environm
ing energy suppns to expand proport. In the poweed by the new g25 (as well as en from coal and ng steady incre
ffordability, policits final review i
e significant progaffordability. Pruences of the Ugovernment de
DP)
US$)
o electricity (%)
es (US$/kWh)
US$)
Mtoe
ply composition
neration
UNITE
0%
D BALANCE
dom ranks 11thmental sustaina
ply, however, reoduction of uncer sector, an ag
government in mexisting EU regu
was at a recordease year on yea
cy changes connto the supply agress in reducinroposed regulatUK’s decision topartments are y
21.0
0.05
100
0.27
0.18
ED KING
20%
SCORE
Overall rankbalance sco
Energy perfo
Energy s
Energy e
Environmsustaina
Contextual performance
. The country mability well with a
emain. Overall dconventional oil geing nuclear plamid-2016. In addulation driving cld low in the first ar, but does not
ntinue to impact.and acquisition ng emissions antory changes in o leave the EU ayet to be realise
GDP per capita
Diversity of inte
Access to clea
Rate of transm
GHG emission
GDOM
40% 60%
201
k and ore
9
ormance
security 34
equity 12
mental bility
16
e 12
manages to balaa balance score
omestic producand gas still havant is being decdition, the plannlosure at presenquarter of 2016
t match the dec
. In June 2016, of energy in thend ensuring seclight of the repo
and subsequentd.
a, PPP US$ (GD
ernational energ
n cooking in urb
mission and distr
growth rate 200
% 80%
14 2015 2
9 10
4 38
2 7
6 16
2 13
nce the trade-oe of AAA.
ction of fossil fueve to overcome commissioned, wed closure of alnt) is resulting in6. Electricity genline in generatio
the UK Compete UK and, while urity of supply,
ort are yet to comchanges in gov
DP Group)
gy suppliers
ban | rural areas
ibution losses (%
00−2012 (%)
100%
Co
Oi
Na
Co
Nu
Hy
Ot
2016 Trend
11
32
8
15
13
offs between ene
els continues toe technical challewhile planned nll coal plants unn a decline in neration from on from conven
tition and Markeacknowledgingconcerns were me into effect. Ivernment leade
41,
High (HHI =
s (%) 9
%)
oal
l
atural gas
onventional thermal
uclear
ydro
ther renewables
Score
AAA
A
A
A
ergy
o enges
new der
tional
ets that raised
In rship
325 (I)
1,260)
95 | 95
8.2
-1.4
TRILEMM
RANK
14
SCORE
AAC
TRENDS
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WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL | ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX
138
APPENDIX: INDEX METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION The Energy Trilemma Index assesses 125 countries’ performance across three dimensions
of energy sustainability − energy security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability −
within a country context. The Index’s quantification provides two results: a country’s overall
ranking and a country’s balance score.
The Index ranking, displayed as a number, summarises a country’s overall energy trilemma
performance and shows its comparative positioning among 93 Council member countries
and an additional 32 countries.58 The balance score, displayed as three letters (e.g., AAD),
demonstrates how well a country is meeting the energy trilemma challenge – balancing the
three dimensions – with ‘A’ being the best and ‘D’ the worst grade.
Together, the Index ranking, balance scores and trend information provide insights into the
key areas that countries can address to further develop a balanced energy profile and
minimise the risks of an unsustainable imbalance.
BACKGROUND TO THE 2016 METHODOLOGY CHANGE The Energy Trilemma Index was first introduced in 2009 and ranked almost 90 countries. In
2013 the Index was expanded to cover additional countries where data could be captured
and the ‘balance score’ was introduced to highlight how well countries manage the trade-
offs between the three energy trilemma dimensions.
In response to the changing energy landscape, the World Energy Council, in partnership
with global management consultancy Oliver Wyman, conducted a review of the Energy
Trilemma Index methodology in 2016. The revised index methodology reflects global
energy sector insights captured through six years of trilemma research, leverages improved
data sets and addresses pressing issues that impact energy sector dynamics.
The 2016 methodology has a broader scope to provide a more inclusive representation of
the energy sector; enables a forward-looking view of energy performance by capturing the
resilience of a country’s energy system and aims to reduce a potential bias to wealthier
countries.
The comprehensive index methodology including the full list of data references is available
from the World Energy Council London Secretariat upon request ([email protected]).
58 The World Energy Trilemma Index report only features country profiles for World Energy Council’s member countries for which sufficient data is available. Results for all 125 countries can be viewed at www.worldenergy.org/data.
BENCHMARKING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF NATIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS
139
INDEX STRUCTURE To measure a country’s overall performance, the Index looks at indicators in four areas:
energy security, energy equity, environmental sustainability and country context. For each
area multiple, granular indicator categories capture key aspects of performance. For
example, energy security is evaluated by looking at security of supply and energy delivery
and energy infrastructure resilience. Indicator categories are composed of a set of
indicators. In total there are 35 indicators, which are made up from 71 data points (see
Table 4).
TABLE 4: INDEX STRUCTURE AND WEIGHTING
Source: World Energy Council/Oliver Wyman, 2016
Dimensions, indicator categories and indicators are assigned respective weights in the
Energy Trilemma Index to signify their relative importance, while balancing scientific
robustness and simplicity (for ease of understanding).
Trilemma dimensions: A major, overarching proposition of the Trilemma Index is
that the three core trilemma dimensions are equally important. Each receives an
equal weight of 30% in the Index.
Indicator categories: They provide an overview of energy challenges and
opportunities facing each country in the index. Indicator categories are weighted
equally to the dimension that they belong to.
WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL | ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX
140
Individual indicators: Each indicator is assumed to contribute equally to the
indicator category that they belong to; all indicators within an indicator category
receive equal weight.
On the basis of this weighting methodology, there are a similar number of indicators across
the core trilemma dimensions, such that indicators receive a comparable weight as a
reflection of their presumed importance. Slight differences among indicator weightings are
due to the lack of additional data sets or their failure in meeting the indicator selection
criteria.
INDICATOR SELECTION CRITERIA The selection and inclusion of indicators in the index is guided by a set of pragmatic
principles:
Robustness: Indicators are to be taken from reputable sources with the most
current information available. If data for an individual country is missing for the most
recent year, available data from previous years (maximum two years back) can be
considered instead. Where appropriate the average indicator value of a group of
countries sharing similar characteristics with the country with missing data is used
to substitute for the missing information. Such characteristics may include GDP
group, region, and/or other profiles.
Contextual sensitivity: Indicators capture different country situations (for example,
wealth, size) and where appropriate indicators are normalised by GDP (PPP),
GDP (PPP) per capita or other relevant metrics such as electricity consumption.
Relevance: Indicators are chosen or developed to provide insight into country
situations in the context of the Index goals.
Distinctiveness: Each indicator focuses on a different aspect of the issue being
explored, unless reinforcement is required.
Coverage: Individual indicators are required to provide data for 50% of countries
included in the Index. Only countries with data available for at least 75% of all
indicators and 50% per indicator group are included in the Index calculation.59
Comparability: Data to calculate an indicator is derived from as single and
common a unique source as possible, to ensure comparability between countries. 59 Indicators for electricity and gas prices currently experience <50% coverage. In the first year of implementation, a couple of theoretically critical indicators may fall short of the coverage criterion due to the lack of robust data covering a broad set of in-scope countries. As these indicators are theoretically important for a relevant and meaningful Trilemma Index, the World Energy Council is reluctant to exclude these indicators solely on the grounds of low data coverage. As such, the World Energy Council will strive to collect additional data from member countries to complement existing sources and ensure that we can meet the coverage criterion in future years.
BENCHMARKING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF NATIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS
141
However, in cases where data accuracy or coverage can be greatly improved,
exceptions can be made if the data sources produce comparable results.
Balance: Indicators within each dimension (and dimensions across the Index)
exhibit coverage of different issues.
CALCULATION OF THE INDEX RESULTS AND THE BALANCE SCORE After data for each indicator is collected and verified, and scores have been calculated for
each indicator, the indicator-level results are standardised using the z-score and then re-
scaled to a range between 0−100. This is to ensure cross-indicator, cross-category and
cross-dimension comparability. With that, indicators can be combined into dimension score,
based on the weights assigned to each indicator.
The balance score grade (A to D) for each dimension score is assigned based on the mean
and standard deviation of each dimension. This approach ensures that the distribution of
grades stay true to that of the underlying scores.
Grade A: Countries with a dimension score >0.75 standard deviation above the
mean dimension score across all in-scope countries
Grade B: Countries with a dimension score of the mean value to 0.75 standard
deviation above the mean across countries
Grade C: Countries with a dimension score of -0.75 standard deviation below the
mean to the mean dimension score across countries
Grade D: Countries with a dimension score ≤-0.75 standard deviation below the
mean dimension score across countries.
CALCULATION OF TRENDS Trends have been calculated taking into account rank changes between years and the
mean standard deviation of a country’s result across all years which is evaluated against
the mean standard deviation of all countries per trilemma dimension.
Upward trend: Countries that improve by 3 or more ranks from 2014 to 2015 and
by 3 or more ranks from 2015 to 2016, if their standard deviation is larger than the
mean standard deviation across all countries.
Downward trend: Countries that fall by 3 or more ranks from 2014 to 2015 and by
3 or more ranks from 2015 to 2016, if the standard deviation of their score is larger
than the mean standard deviation across all countries.
WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL | ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The project team would like to thank the individuals who informed the project’s approach,
supplied information, provided ideas and reviewed drafts. Their support and insight has provided
an invaluable contribution to the development and quality of the Index and this report.
WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL INDEX TASK FORCE – PRINCIPAL CONTRIBUTORS Joan MacNaughton (Executive Chair); Philip Lowe (Vice Chair); Hajime Murata (Honorary Chair)
(Note: organised by countries’ alphabetical order)
William D’haeseleer, Belgium; Boris Gorenstin, Brazil; Lauro Valdir de Souza, Brazil;
Steve Dorey, Canada; Jean-Paul Bouttes, France; Francois Dassa, France; Jean-Michel
Trochet, France; Hans-Wilhelm Schiffer, Germany; Stefan Ulreich, Germany; Daniela Di Rosa,
Italy; Giuseppe Montesano, Italy; Carlo Papa, Italy; Ryuji Matsuhashi, Japan; Nick Wilson, New
Zealand; Anne-Sophie Corbeau, Saudi Arabia; Vincent Micali, South Africa; Matthias Finger,
Switzerland; Aylin Çiğdem Köne, Turkey; Ivano Iannelli, United Arab Emirates; Ghasaq Yousif
Shaheen, United Arab Emirates; Gerald Davis, United Kingdom; Filippo Gaddo, United
Kingdom; Barry Worthington, United States
Einari Kisel (Regional Manager, Europe and Senior Fellow, European Policies, World Energy
Council); Florence Mazzone (Associate Director, Head of Communications, World Energy
Council); Max Muenchmeyer (World Energy Council); Stuart Neil (Senior Director, External
Affairs and Communications, World Energy Council); Karl Rose (Senior Director, Scenarios and
Resources, World Energy Council); Alessandra DeZottis (World Energy Council);
WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL STUDIES COMMITTEE Brian Statham, South Africa (Chair); William D’haeseleer, Belgium; Claudia Cronenbold, Bolivia;
Eduardo Correia, Brazil; Jing Ding, China; Bin Wei, China; Qinhua Xu, China; Yaxiong Zhang,
China; Li Zhu, China; Rauno Rintamaa, Finland; Jean-Paul Bouttes, France; Jeanne Ng, Hong
Kong; B P Rao, India; Nastaran Rahimi, Iran; Alessandro Costa, Italy; Carlo Papa, Italy; Hardiv
Situmeang, Indonesia; Atsushi Noda, Japan; Arturo Vaca, Mexico; Jan Antonczyk, Poland; Ioan
Dan Gheorghiu, Romania; Ayed Qahtani, Saudi Arabia; Maria Sunér Fleming, Sweden
OLIVER WYMAN / MARSH & MCLENNAN COMPANIES PRINCIPAL CONTRIBUTORS Francois Austin (Global Leader, Energy Practice, Oliver Wyman); James Basden (Partner, Oliver
Wyman); Paul Beswick (Partner, Oliver Wyman); Richard Druce (Associate Director, NERA);
Andrew George (Energy and Power Chairman, Marsh); Roxana Gharegozlou (Senior
Consultant, Oliver Wyman); Ana Patricia Giraldo Moreno (Managing Director, Marsh); Bernhard
Hartmann (Partner, Oliver Wyman); Wolfram Hedrich (Partner, Oliver Wyman); Louisa Li
(Principal, Oliver Wyman), Rodolfo Macarrein (Partner, Oliver Wyman); Arun Mani (Partner,
Oliver Wyman); Sandro Melis (Partner, Oliver Wyman); Bob Orr (Partner, Oliver Wyman); Robert
Peterson (Partner, Oliver Wyman); Jane Ren (Senior Director, Oliver Wyman); Saji Sam
(Partner, Oliver Wyman); Veit Schwinkendorf, (Partner, Oliver Wyman); Richard Smith-Bingham
(Director, Global Risk Center, Marsh & McLennan Companies); Carolyn Vo (Technical Lead,
BENCHMARKING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF NATIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS
143
Oliver Wyman Labs); Michael Wagner (Partner, Oliver Wyman); Kate Wildman (Manager, Oliver
Wyman); Alex Wittenberg (Executive Director, Global Risk Center, Marsh & McLennan
Companies)
PROJECT TEAM Christoph Frei (Secretary General, World Energy Council); Joan MacNaughton (Executive Chair,
World Energy Council); Brian Statham (Chair, Studies Committee, World Energy Council);
Sandra Winkler (Director Policies, World Energy Council); Upinder Aujla (Principal, Oliver
Wyman)
PROJECT MANAGEMENT Sarojini Davis (Project Manager, Oliver Wyman Labs); Wing Yi Kan (Associate, Oliver Wyman);
Lucy Nottingham (Director, Global Risk Center, Marsh & McLennan Companies); Zoe Valette
(Consultant, Oliver Wyman); Andrea Buser (Manager Trilemma & Issues Monitor, World
Energy Council)
WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL | ENERGY TRILEMMA INDEX
144
OFFICERS OF THE WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL MARIE-JOSÉ NADEAU Chair
YOUNGHOON DAVID KIM Co-chair
MATAR AL NEYADI Vice Chair – Special Responsibility Gulf States/Middle East
NUER BAIKELI Vice Chair – Asia
KLAUS-DIETER BARBKNECHT Vice Chair – Finance
LEONHARD BIRNBAUM Vice Chair – Europe
OLEG BUDARGIN Vice Chair – Responsibility for Regional Development
JOSÉ DA COSTA CARVALHO NETO Chair – Programme Committee
JEAN-MARIE DAUGER Chair – Communications & Strategy Committee
HASAN MURAT MERCAN Vice Chair – 2016 Congress, Istanbul
BONANG MOHALE Vice Chair – Africa
SHIGERU MURAKI Vice Chair – Asia Pacific/South Asia
O.H. (DEAN) OSKVIG Vice Chair – North America
BRIAN A. STATHAM Chair – Studies Committee
JOSÉ ANTONIO VARGAS LLERAS Vice Chair – Latin America/Caribbean
---------------------------------------
CHRISTOPH FREI
Secretary General
BENCHMARKING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF NATIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS
145
PATRONS OF THE WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL Accenture Strategy
Bloomberg New Energy Finance
Electricité de France
Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation
ENGIE
GE Power
Hydro-Québec
Korea Electric Power Corp.
Marsh & McLennan Companies
Masdar
Oliver Wyman
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Siemens AG
Swiss Re Corporate Solutions
Tokyo Electric Power Co.
VNG – Verbundnetz Gas AG
World Energy Trilemma Index | 2016 published by the World Energy Council (2016) in
partnership with OLIVER WYMAN.
Copyright © 2016 World Energy Council. All rights reserved. All or part of this publication
may be used or reproduced as long as the following citation is included on each copy or
transmission: ‘Used by permission of the World Energy Council’.www.worldenergy.org
World Energy Council, Company Limited by Guarantee No. 4184478
Registered in England and Wales No. 4184478, VAT Reg. No. GB 123 3802 48
Registered Office 62–64 Cornhill, London EC3V 3NH, United Kingdom
ISBN: 978 0 946121 59 5
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