CHINt. - PAST. PRESEtH AND FUTURE
! MUS T TELL YOU UP FRONT. THI1T 1 FOUND IT IMPOSSIBLE TO
FULU' COYER THIS SUBJECT IN 50 OR 60 MINUTES. 1 DOUBT
THAT ANYONE CAN. IN THE TWO NONTHS THAT 1 HAVE SEEN
wOR~ING ON THIS PAPER. THERE HAS BEEN A NEwS ITEM ABOUT
CHINA IN OUR LOC.:u.. PAPEkS t.jEAkLY EVERY UAY. NY PAPER
IS hBOUT 6500 WORDS LONG - 1/2 AS LONG AS MY ORIGII~L
ORAn . THE FESRUARY 18 ISSUE: OF THE NEW YOI,:I; T1I1ES
MAGAZINE WHICH SCOTT MCGEEHEE THOUGHTFULLY SENT ME,
CONTAINS SOME 1~.000 WORDS ON CHINA - CHINA ONLY AS IT
IS TOOAY. SO FORGIVE M£ IF THERE ARE PARTS OF THIS THAT
SEEN 10 BE DISJOINTED.
BECAUSE OF TINE RESTRICTlOf~ . I WILL NOT COVER THE ;;.00
YEAR PERIOD FI<OM THE 11 • .NCHU DYNASTY IN 1644 TO nle
1940·S. SUFFICE: TO SAY 1H1S WAS THE F'ERIOD. THAT AFTER
MANY YEARS OF ISOLATION. CHJNA. WITH THE OPIUM WAR OF
1840 AND
OPEN UP
I'IRlTAIN ,
THE BOXER REBELLION OF 1900. WAS
TO THE WESTERr~ PC)WEr<8 OF FRAr~CIo:
THE U.S. AS , IELL hS RUSSIA. nrE
FORCED TO
GERMANY.
RESULTANT
TREATlES GUARANTEED II CRIPPLED F.CDNOMv WHICH DOOMED THE
FI..Ii<DGl..l"''' C"'IN£~Ii< I<ILPUI.'I..JC. ~1 UP BV sur~ "'o:IT <;Fr~ IN
1<;'12.
•
IN THE eo VEARS OR SO f\FT£R THE O~'JLlM WAR, CHINA WAS
REPEATEDLY HUMILIATED [lY THE WESTERN POWERS . OVER <;>0
" TREATY PORTS" WERE ES1ABLlSHED IN WHICH FOREIGNERS
WERE IMMUNE FROM CHINESE LAW. MISSIONARIES REACHED
OVER HALF OF THE 2'000 COUIH I ES AND !>JERE FREOUENTL Y
INSTRUMENTS OF FORE I GN POWERS.
IN 1923. SUN VAT SEN REORGANIZED HiS KUOMINTANG
REPUBLIC AND REBUILT A I~ATIONALIST ARMY UNDER CHIANG
KAI-SHEK. FOR A SHORT nl1E. UNTIL THE DEATH OF SUN YAT
SEN IN 1<;l2'!i, THERE WAS THIS ALLlANCE BETWEEN THE COMMUNISTS AND
THE KUOMLNTANG . WHILE THE NATIONALISTS WERE ENGAGED IN MILITARY
CAMPAIGNS AGAINST THE WARLORDS. THE COMMUNISTS CO NCENTRATED ON THE
PEASANTS AND A RAOlCAL PROGRAM OF LAND REFOR~\. THiS DID NOT SIT
WELL OIITH THE RIGHT WING OF THE KUOMINTANG AND COMMUNIST PARTv'
r lEMBERS WERE MASSACRED IN SHANGHAI AND WUHAN.
WI TH CHIANG BEl rJG SUPPORTED BY ANT I-COMMUN I ST POWERS I N
EUROPE AND THE U. S •• THE CQMMur.ISTS FORMEO THE RED ARMY
AND THE CIVIL WAR LASTED UNTIL THEY WERE FORCED TO JOIN
FORCES ASA I NS T THE JAf'A I~ESE 1 N 19·37 .
AT THE END OF WORLD WAR 1. MAO AI.D CHIANG MET AND ON
OCT. 1 0 1946. REACHED A MOnuS v I VEND I BUT ALMOS T
IM~IE[)IATELY THEREAFTER. CHIANG'S FORCES INTENSIFIED
THEIR ATlACKS ON COMMUI~IST BASES . THE CiVil WAR W.:iS ON
IN E.:iRNEST. AFTER DEFEATS AT Bt:IJING. TIEtHSItJ . SHANGHAI .
CHUNf"'TNG. AND CANH1N . THE tJATIOI~ALlSTS GAVE UP THE r lAINlAND AND
MOVED TO FORMOSA. NOW TAIWAN . ON SEPT."lJ. 1949 THE PEOPLE 'S
Co il WAS
THE CENTRAL GOVERr.r';:,J-, ..\L.THQUGH BI.\5ED ON HAD ' S C01.ICEPT
OF" DEMOCRACY, corn"'~-,,,;) A NUf"IBER OF" I NSTITUTIONS COP!,,;)
FROM THE SOVIET Utl;C'" "'HERE A VERY DIFFERENT THEC;",. CF
CLASS REf'I'IESENTATlG'" "'F'PLlED, REGIONAL GOVERNMENT lolA;;
ORIGIN'I ... LY IN ,"';10 ;-;AtJt;S OF nlE MILITARV AND VARI;::D F"OM
P .. ACE TO PLACE, GO'JERNMENTAL POWER WAS SUPPOSED TO
PASS IjPWARD T"ROUGH V:l:R IOUS .. EYELS TO A PARLIAMENT. T;..,e:
worroNAL PEOPLE'S CO"GRESS. WI·IICH WAS ESTABLISHED "'3
THE HIGHEST POUTrC!,;L GilGAN OF THE STATE, IN REALiTY .
THE COMMUNIST PART{ .. A5 COMPLETELY DOMINANT.
ESTABLlSi"ED "IMS:::i..F AS CH I EF OF STATE AS WE LL
CHAIRMAN OF THE P~RT"{ AND SOMETHING OF A CL'LT
F'ERSCl NALlTY 1>EG"''' 70 DEVELOP AROUND THE CHAIRMAN . T"iE
MOST FAMOUS SYMBOL GF THE CULT WAS. "THE SELEC,C:O
QUOiAirONS FROM '1a-0 ZEDCNG", OR AS WE KNOW IT . "THE
LI T TLE RED BOOK" .
MAO. IN ATTEMPTING TC MODERNI ZE THE CHiNESE ECONO!':" ,
INDUSTR.iALLY AND lOaRICULT URALLV. FACEO CONFLICTiNG
FORCES. HE COULD NuT MOOt::RNJ2E "'J. rHOUT t:::~PUSING >'1,1.:;'
F"EOF'LE TO WESTERN MATERIALISM. THEREFOR . EVERY "lOW
"EARS HE WOULD PURGE LEADERSHIP . RE-ARRANGE nlE
BUREAUCRACY ArJO MOY;:: BACl WAF;O S TO A PEASANT SOCIETY.
THE GREtH PROLETARIAN CULTURAL REVOLUTION OF 19M TD~
THE WI-IOLC WOf/LD 0 " cur<N"llcc . CUDOCNLY. CHINA WAC AT WAn
WITH ITSELF AND : N CONFLICT WITH JUST ABOUT EVERYONE
ELSE . MILLIONS OF STUDENTS WERE ON THE MARCH, ENTIRE
CITIES WERE COVEReD WI1H WALL POSTERS:I1IGHTY LEADERS
WERE WEAAING DUI!CE CAPS, THOUSANDS wERE DYING IN
PITCHED BATTLES, EM~ASSIES HDBBED AND BURNED TO THE
GROUND. CLEARL" IT WAS A FOWER STRUGGLE AND
IDEOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES WERE AT THE ROOT. MAO WAS AT
THE CENTER 1- WAS HIS PERSONAL REVOLUTION. 'H' PARTICIPANTS WAVED THEIR LITTLE RED BO~S AND CHANTED
HI S NAME WHlLE THEY TOI,E APART HIS OWN PARTY . THE RED
GUARD WAS FORMED AND THlV WERE TO SPEARHEAD A PURGE OF
"CAPITALIST "WADERS" THOSE TAI':ING THE ROAD
CAPITALISM. MAO HIMSELF. CAME OUT OF SEMI-OBSCUflJ1V.
WHICH HAD PROMP-ED RUMORS OF ILUjESS OR EVEN DEATH.
BY THE END OF 196'. MAO REPENTED HIS ORIGINAL FAITH IN
THE STUDENTS . HIS WORDS WERE HARSH COMPARED TO EARLIER
PRAISE . " THE RED GUARDS WOULD CERTAI~Y BE TOPPLED
TOI'IORROW IF THEY WERE INSTALLEO TODAY. THIS IS BECAUSE
THEY ARE F'OLITIC4LLY IMMATURE. THEV ARE INCOI1PETENT:
THEY HAVEN'T BEEN TEMPERED.
"D LEFT n u, TO CHotI EN LA!. IIIITH 'H' 5UPPOF;T 0' n£
ARMY. " RESTORE O"DER. ,u' n ,os NO' EASV " PU' 'H' GENlE 0' CHAOS ~ACK WTO 'H' flOTTLE AND n 'AS NO<
UNTIL 1'i'6Q THAT 'H' RED GUARD STUDENTS r'ECAI1E A LOST
5E1l1fRO II Q" QtIQ JA m" e rR', ' loPEn QlJD COERCED TO '0 OOIllN
TO THE VILLAGES ANU COUNTRVS1~E.
ANV POLITICAL PHENOMENON AS COMPLEX AND DISRUPTIVE AS
THE CULTlJIlAL REVOLUTION IS BOUND TO BE PERCEIVED AND
EVALUATED DIFFERENTLY £IV DIFFERE:NT OBSE:fNERS. THREE
POSITIONS HAVE EMERGED.
THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION WAS A POWER STRUGGLE
BETWEEN COt1F-ETING ,,"ACTIONS AI,m GROUPS.
THE CULTURAL ~FVULUTION WAS A MUCH NEEDED
ATTEMPT TO COPE WITH CHINA'S GROW I NG POLIT ICAL
PROBLEMS , BUREAUCRATISM. SOCIAL INEQUALITIES, DECLINE
OF MASS PARTICIPATION AND ALIENATION.
THE CULT~AL REVOLUTION WAS A MISGUiDEO OR
QUIXOTIC EFFORT THAT DID HORE DAMAGE THAN
ACCOMPLI SHED GOOD.
MEANWHILE. TENSION BETWEEN THE SOVIET UNION AND CHINA
GREW . THIS EXTREME HOSTILITY WAS COUNTERBHLANCED BY A
SHIFT IN SINO-~RICAN ~ELATJON5. AS THE F I RST SlA&ES
OF AMERICAtI WITHDRAWAL FIiOl1 VIET t4A!'1 BEGAN. THERE WERE
INCREASING HINTS """ (10TH SIDES "'''E RAPPROCHEMENT WOULD EIE WF..LCOMED . TRAVEL RESTRICTIONS
ON AMERICANS WERE EASED. THE TRADE EMBARGO WAS LIFTED
AND WASHINGTON INDICATED THAT IT ~OULD NO LONGER OPPOSE
CHINESE ADHISSION TO THE UtlITED NATIONS. m JUtJE .
1971. f I SSINGER FLEW TO BEIJING TO NEGOTIATE A NUON
VISI T AND THE" FOLLOWING WEEI NIXOt, ANNOUNCED TJ.<AT HE
WOULD SOON VISIT CHINA.
THUS BOTH SIDES - NIXON THE FIERCE ANTI-COMMUNIST. AND
MAO. THE ARCH FOE OF CAPIT(\LlSM
DRAMATIC ABOUT FACE.
HAD EXECUTED A
CHOU EN LAI. HAVING SPENT OVER A aUARTER OF A CENTURY
AS NUt18ER THREE OR FOUR IN THE HIERARCHY. BEGAN TO
EMERGE AND OCCUPIED THE RISVIER SECOND SPOT. HIS
Cf\F'ACJTY FOR ~ HAD BEEN SEVERELY TESTED Dl.If!ING THE
CULTURAL REVOLUTION, WHEN HE !:EPT ,HE CENTRAL
AOHlNISTRATION TOGE'-HEot SINGLE-HANDEDLY.
Hi';. GOT RESlA.TS . INDUSTnJAL f.>RODUClION REBOUNDED At4D
MOVED UPWARD THROUGH THE 70'S. EDUCATION WHICH THE
MI\OISTS HAD WSISl'ED SHOULD 6H(.II'£ OFF BOURGEOIS
INFLtJENces. TO BE DRA WN BACK INTO MORE
CONVENTlONAL PATTERNS.
THE NEW THRUST IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS CONTINL~D TC DEVELOP.
IN SEPTEHBER OF 1977 THE SAME CHINESE LEA0ER5 WHO ONE
YEAR EARLIER WEh~ DENOUNCING JAPANESE HIL1T~RISM AND
EXPANSION . RECEIVED PRIME MINISTER TAAAI;A AND
ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATI~~6 BETWEEN BEIJING AND
TOKYO. THUS OevELoPED A SITUATION WHERE ONLY THE USSR
WAS A DANGEROUS ENEMY. AGAINST RUSSIA. CHINA WAS
I"t>kol-'I-lHt:.1.I IU "UIN ALL l,.UUNIHlt:;!:I WI1HUUI LUI\L t:.I'iN I'-uri"
THE I R REVOLUTIONARY CREDENTIALS.
CHOU EN LAI'S PROG"'AM WCLUDEO ;,'(BUILDING OF THE
POll TICAL AND AOM1N1STRAnvE 5'fSTEM . THE ErIEFiGENCE Of"
OENG XIAOPING FROM LABOfUrJG IN A TRACTOR FACTCRY . WHERE
HE WAS EHLEO DURING THE CULTURAL REVOLLTlOU, TO
MEMBERSHIP ON THE CENTR~ COMMITTEE WA5 MOST
DRAI1ATlC. HE SOON B£CAf'lE VICE-PREMIER. VICE D-AIRI"IAN OF
THE PARTY AND ~IEF OF STAFF OF THE PEOPLE'S LIBERATION
ARMY.
BY 1<;17:'> , PROTECTED BY THE AILlNG CHOU EtJ LAl. DEN(;
XIAOPING'S STAR WAR RTSING. THE ANXIOUS RADIC~LS TRIED
WITHOUT SUCCESS. TO REbAIN INFLU~NCE. MAO HAD
BEIJING FOR THE SOUTH ao THFY LAUNCHED A CA~AIGN
LEFT
"
['!JILl) UP CHIANG CHINb . flAW'!;, !-lIFE 1'18 THE "E~POllN['E;;: OF
MAO lEDONG THOUGI-lT,"
CHOU EN LAI DIED IN JArn.II'IRV 1976. foEtlt; GAVE THE £ULOGV
AND TI-IAT IoIAS HIS LAST PLI!!L IC UTTEAAr'CE FOR A LONG TIME.
THE RADICAL. ATUla- AbAlt./bl HIM WA~ IN FULL FORCE - EVEN
"AO DELIVERED A BAAl! OR TIoIO . DESCRIBED
" UNREPENTING CAPITALIST-ROADER" INSIDE THE PARTY . AND
IoIITHOUT CHOU'S PROTECTION. PENG DISAPPEARED IN FEBRUARY
DR MARCH. 1970 . TO THE ASTONISHH£rH OF EVERVONE . THE
UNKNOWN HUIlo GUDFEtiG WAS THE NEIO ACTING PI'IEMIER .
NOMJNATED BV MAO.
THE FAMOUS TIIloNANMEN SQUARE INCIDENT OF 1976 SEIloLED
DENG'S FATE - AT LEAST FOR THE TIME BEING. BLAMING HIM
FOR THE UNREST, THE POLITBURO STRIPPED HIM OF ALL
OFFICES. BUT THE RADICALS 010 NOT ENJOV A COMPLETE
VICTORV. P£N5'S REMOVAL WAS A SINGLE DEMOTION. ~IDT A
S,"EEPING PURGE. TH£ UHOlE SYSTEM OF CADRES
HILITARV LEAD£RS. MAlIV OF THEM DENG SUPPORTERS .
REHAINED IN PLACE.
MAO WAS NEAR lIEATH AND THE OtD TRADITIONAl. NOTIONS
REAPPEARED. IN lHE SF'Ri Nb OF It;o7b SEVERAL PROVINCES
SUFFEi'EO SEVERE DROUGHT . TWO MAJOR EARTHOUAr-.ES 51 RUC",
THE SOUTHWEST IN MAY lIN~ IN JULY. MAJOR QUAI,ES HIT
TANGSHAN AND SEIJING. MAO DI ED or. SEPTEHBER 9. 197b.
THE FOLLOWING MON1H HlIA 6UOFENG . WHO WAS AT THE TCIP Of'
HIS CAREER . WAS tIPPOlIlTEO 10 BE HEAD OF ALL THREE MAJOR
HIER~HIES - PARTY. COUNCIL HhO MILITARY.
THe NE)(T PERIOD OF 8 10 1(' YEARS WAS DESCR I DED AS THE
"RETURN TO PRAGMAT1S~I". THE: C~nNE6E fjATION .,.:IS SICI OF
THE ZEAL AND COEfl'CION AbSOCIATED WITH I1AOIS/'!. THE
PEOPLE HAO BECOME WEARY OF POLITICS AND ALTHOUGH
INDIVIDUALISM ~D NEVER ~EEN HIGH AMONG CHINESE VA~UES.
PEOPLE DEEPLY RESENTED orFICIAL INTRUSrON INTO PERSONAL
LIFE. PEOPlE WEF>E EVEN MORE TIRED OF POVERTY.
IN CHINA . POWER RESTS JiOA£ ftj PERSOljS THAN POSlTIONS. HUA GUOFENG
WAS MAO'S CHOICE AND HELD THE TITLES BUT SUPPORT FROM THE PARTY
WAS LESS TH(\N ENTHUSIASTIC. THE F'F>AGMATISTS WERE GROWING STRONGIc.I'I
AND MANY WHO HAD BEEN VICTIMIZED BY THE GANG OF FOUR AND Tl-~E
RADICALS, WERE RETURIIIING . ONE WHO WAS EAGERLY AWAITED BY MILLIONS
AND WHO HIID BEEN CHOU (N LAI'S CHOICE. WAS DENG XIAOPING. HE HI"lO
SUPPORT IN ALL TH;;EE POWER HIERARCHIES AtjD REGAIN£D HIS POSlTlONS
AS PARTV VICE-CHAIRMAN. STAlE COUNCIL VICE-PREMIER AND VICE-CHAIR
OF THE MILITARY COMMISSION.
BV THE END OF' 1979. TilE F'r,ESS 5TOf'PED REFE"RING TO ~OUR WISE
LEADER . CHAIRMAU HUA~ At~D SIMPLY CALLED HI M. "COttRADE HUA
GUOFENG" • OF GREAT SIGN1FIC~NCE F>EFLECTING THE CHANGE. WAS A
STATEMENT £IV CHEN YUtJ . A D£NG SUPPORTER AND POLITBURO MEMBER . HE
SAID. "HAD CHAIRMAN M,.O DIED IN 1"'~6. THER£ WDU..D HAVE BEEN ~JO
DOUBT THAT HE WAS A bR~AT LEADER OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE. HAD HE
DIED IN l<;lbb. HIS MERITORIOUS ACHIEVEMENTS WOULD HAVE BEEN
SOHEW~T TARtHSHED. BUT HIS OVERALL RECORD STILL VERY GOOD. SINCE
HE ACTUALLY tilED W 19/b . THF.RE IS NOTHING OJ€: CAN DO ABOUT TT."
L 47t:... /,/ i'""'--'","' •• - ••• 'J"H,,,r 1978. (, !'RAGILE DEMOCRACY Wr<S ElDRN . HUNDREDS OF"
POSTERS E~PRESSlrJG A r,fIQAJj RAN5E OF VIEWS APPEAREt.. ON DEMOCRACY
WALL. THE DELUGE OF EnnOR1AL POST£RS OEC .. :-oF. MORE ANO MORE D(\!~lNG
AUTHORS WE"E: SIGNING THEI l'< L::'1N NAtlE:5 AND CALLS fOR HUNAN RIGHTS
BECAME MORE STRIDENT. BUT AFTER ~ OR 4 MONTHS OF LOOSENED
RESTFOAl,~TS . IT I:'ECAME API-ARENT THAT THE LEADERS WEhi:: PUSHED B£VOND
THE LIMITS THEV WOULD TOLERATE . QUIET ARRESTS FOLLOWED. AHONG
THEM, WEI JINGSHEN WHO m;:AI"PE AR ED IN THE NEWS ONLY A FEIoJ MONTHS
AGO.
THE REPRESSIorl WAS NEITHER WIDESPREAD NOR DECISIVE
BECAUSE THE PRAGMATISTS WERE AMBIVALENT. THEV WANTEO
TO EASE CULTURAL AND POLIT ICAL RESTRIGTIONS WHILE
MA INTAINING THE PARTY'S Ul00lJ€STIONEO DOMI NANCE.
MEANI<HILE . HUA GUOFENG'S DECLliJE CONTlNU£D AND HE HELD
HIR pnRITlnN QULV THRf111r..H TI-Ie: TOLERClt.ICE nF !IF'.II';. HI'"
RESIENED AS PREMIER IN 4UGUST. 1~90 AND IN JUNE . 199]
AS FARlV CHAIFIMAU.
SOME: AUTHORS BELIEVE: n~n DENG XlAOPING. WHO WAS I'"OR
MANV VEARS I N THE SHADOWS Of MAO AND CHOU EN LAI. WILL
HAVE A MORE LASTlNG IMPACT Oil CHINA'S MODERNIZATION
THAN ANV OTHER . HKLUDIN(; THE CHAU<MAN H1MSi'.:LF .
ECONCMIC "EFORMS. WHICH PROVIDEO DRAMATIC RESULTS IN
AGRICULTURE, HOME BUILDI NG AI, D CO NSUMER 50005 . WERE
AMON!; HIS flCHIF.VEM(NT!'l. IN F'OL1T!('S AND GOVERt<MENT
PkOGRESS ~AS AUiO ACHIEVED , A W':;:W PARTY C;ONSTITUTION
• STIFPEt< ED rIEME<ERfiHIF' RULES AtJO A CAMl"AIGN TO WEEll OUT
THE UNQUAL1FIED WAS EME-ARI·ED UPOl~. IN F OR£ I EiN POLlCY .
FEA~ AND SUSPICION OF l~~ USSR REKAINED WUT THE DOOR TO
THE WESTERN WORLD OPENED FAIRLY WIDE . WHILE CH I NA'S
EOU::ATIONAL HESS DEM{.'l[oED MASSIVE RESOURCES 'OR
PR l l1ARv AND SECONI>AR~ StHOOLING. /.is WELL AS HIGHER
EDUtAliON . THE WHEREWITHAL WAS t.fOT THERE . BUl UNDER
DEt<i , F'ROGR£SS loJ A!> MADE AND EARLIER I>I RECTIorlS loJ ERE
REIv£RSED .
!loLL TH~OUGH CHINA'S HODE"N HISTO!;·Y. 1HE"E LAY THE
POTENT ISSUE OF STABILln" VERSUS CHAOS. CHINA'S POST-
MAO LEADERS REPEATEDLY TEMPERED THEIR DESJRE FOR
MODERNl ZAT lor, AND CI-IAlliGE ~ I TH A DEEP CONCERN FOR
MAINTAINING POLITICAL ORDER DISCIPLINE.
ACCORDINGLY. THEY TEN~D TO FOLLOW EACH NEW ROUND OF
LIBERALIZING REFORM WITH AN ATTEMPT TO RETAIN OR
f~EGAIN CONTROL. THESE CYCLES OF REFORM ARE C!loLLED
"F!loNG/SHOU" • LETTING ,"0 WITH ONE HAND (FANG). THEY
INSTINCTIVELY TIGHTENED UP lSHOUl WITH THE OTHER.
OVER TIME, THE CONFLICTING Ph~SSURES ASSOCIATED WITH
FANG AND SHOU PRODUCED AN EBB AND FLOW OF POLICY
INITIATIVE ArlO r.'£SPONSE. AS PHASES OF R£FORM AND
RELAXATION ALTERNATED WllH Pf-IASES OF RELATIVE
RESTRICTION AND RETRENCIIHENT. THEREFOR. THE PROCESS OF
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC REFORM HAD A PULSATING OUALITY.
REFLECTING 1HE HI5H DEGREE OF DEMOCRAT IC OPTIMISM THAT
ACCOMPANIEO REFORM INITIATIVES IN 1980 . LIVELY LOCAL
ELECTION CAHPAIGUS WERE HELD ACROSS CHINA It~ THE LATTER
HALF OF THE YEAR. IOITH 1\ NEW ELECTORAl.. I..AW AS A GUIDE.
THE 19S0 COUNTY-LEVEL PEOPLE> S CONGRESS ELECTlOtl9
REPRESENTED All UNPfi:ECEDEtHED DEGREE OF POLl TICAL
OPENNESS AUD GRASS-ROOTS PARTICIPATION .
UNIVERSITY CQNSHTUEt<C1J;S I:IEGAN nd:i'llNG THE: OUTE"
l UCY nEr,otl Tn QllfSTlON
•
THE SCIENTIFIC VALIU;:TV OF MARXIST DOCTRINES .
ASPERS I DNS or~ MAO'S !;EPUTATI ON AND CHALLENGED
SA NCTITY OF DENG'S FOUR PRINCIPLES . THIS CERTAINLY
THE APEX OF "FANG ".
CAST
'"' ""
THERE IS SOME I NDICATI ON THAT POL IT ICAL REFORM MAY HAVE
BEEN PUSHED ALONG BY THE POLISH SOLIDARITY MOVEMENT. A
SPEECH MADE BY A MEMBER OF DENG'S L IBERAL MO YEt1ENT
(CALLED THE "fUGHT WiN G" BY THE MAOISTS) REAO . "LEFTIS T
PRACTI CES BREED THE TYPE OF CRIS I S LIKE THE POLI SH
CRISIS. IF WE DO NOT CHANGE THE COURSE , THE SAME TH'NGS
WI LL HAPPE~ TO US . WilL OUR WORkING CL'-'SS NOT RISE I N
REBELLION? THEREFORE. OUR TRADE UNIONS AND MASS
ORGAN IZATIONS MUST BE THOROUGHLY REFORMED AND WDRKEi\S
MUST BE ALLOWED TO HIJOY FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACV IN
ELECT Ir~G THEIR OWN UNION LEADERS AND OFnCIO\LS OF THEIR
LEO\OING BODIES ."
THE BACKLASH WAS HARDLY UNEXPECTED. AND BY THE END OF
THE YEAR , THERE !<lAS AN I NDEFINITE FREEZE ON FURTHER
RE F ORM . SO FAR DID OENG DEF'ART F ROM H IS OR I GINA L
PROPOSALS . THAT lilY SPRlI'IG OF 1981 . REVISIONS PRESE riTED
WERE SO RESTRICTIVE AS TO REPRES ENT LITTLE iMPROVEMEr"JT
OVER THE PARTY DOMINATED, ORTHODOX STAL INIST SYSTEMS .
THIS WAS SHOU. OF FA~J6/SHOU IN OPERATION.
WHIL~ HARD AND SOFT LINERS STRUGGLED 10 GAIN THE UPPER
HAND. THE EFFECT OF THE AI~Tl-REFORM DRrvE WAS BLUNTED
LATE~ IN 1981 BY ANOTHER DENS SHIFT WHEN HE SOFTENED
H" PREV IOUS CALL FOR FIRMNESS CRlT ICIZII\G
IDED_OGICAL LA~lTY AND WEAI(NE88 IN THE CULTURAL FIELD.
THE CONSERVATIVES WERE GETTING TOO SnWNG AND DEI\G
ALWAYS TRIED TO KEEP THE PENDULUM FROM SWINGING TOO FAR
TO i::rTHER SIDE:. AFTER THE SInH PLENUM IN JUNE. 1981.
WHER~ HUA GUOFENG OFFICIALLV RESIGNED AS CENTRAL
COMMlrr~E CI IAI,., AND Tile GIIOGT or MAO WAG C~Or<ClSED BV A
RESO~UTtON REASSESSING HIS HISTORICAL CONTRIBUT IONS ~
HIS 'ISTAKES, DENG TURNED HIS ATT~NTION TO THE NEED FOR
"RE-INVENTING GOVERNMENT".
HE ='ROPOSED ELlMlNATING MaR;;: THAN ONE THIRD OF ALL
CADR;;: AND STAFF POSITIONS IN PARTY AND GOVERNMENT
AGEN~IES WITHIN TWO YEARS " TOTAL OF SEVEN 111 LLlotJ
JOBS. SOUND FAM1LIAR? AS A RESULT. THE NUMBER OF
MINISTERS ANO VICE-MINISTERS WAS CUT ~ROM 505 TO 167
AND OVERALL. ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL WAS REDUCED BY
MORE THAN ONE THIRD.
IN A='RIL. 1984 . FOURTEEN COASTAL CITIES JOINED THE FOUR
ALREADY EXISTING APPROVED GIES FOR FOREIGN INVES.TMENT
AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER. T-lE URBAN ECONOMIC E'·OCM
OCCURRED IN THIS SAME PEf.:lQO. BETWEEN 1983 IND 1985,
THE NUMBER OF REGISTERED. PRIVATE ENTErWRISES Ar-D
INDIVIDUAL HDUSEHOi...DS ENGI·I::iED IN DOMESl' I C TRADE.
DOUBLED F RO'" t>.<J ~11L.L.I(lN J(J Jr . 7 MIL.L.lUN. WHEN VOW
CONSIDER THE NON-REGlSTEf<CD HOUSEHUl.DS. THE TOTAL WAS
MUCH GREATER. THE:: RUR"L. COLL.E:CnVE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
GREW AT THE SAME RAlE. Ut;oE~ THI:. SLOGAN "A FACTOR~ FOR
EVERY VIL.LAGE", THE&E VllLA6£ ENTERPRISES EMPLOVED 52
HIL.LION P EoPLE TN 19a4-05.
DENG. WHO HAD SAID AT LI'~E TIME OR ANOTHER . THAT ~A
LITTLE C':'PITALISM IS NOT N:ECESSARILY HARMFUL". WAS
iNCLINED TO ~AC! OFF BECAUSE OF nBUSE9 IN THE REFORM.
THERE WAS A RISWG TIDE OF ILLICIT ACTIVIlIES.
INCLUD I NG FOREIGN EXCHANGE LAUNDERING . FRAUDULENT 8ANI
LOANS, EXCESS I VE WAGE "NU «ONUS PAYMENTS TO WQR':ERS AND
MANAGERS. SMUGGL I IIIG. PROST I TUTI Otj AND PORNOGRAPHY .
THESE ABUSES PROVIDED THE CONSERVATIVES WITH PLEIHY OF
FODDER AND THE REFORMERS GAVE GROUND . HOWEVER. WHILE
DENG WAS WILLlNG TO. RETr{EAT A BIT. HE CLEARLY WAS r.OT
PREPARED ,0 BHCf..TF~AC!, ON THE GENERAL PfdtJCIPLES OF HIS
OPEN POLICY. HE ARGUED THAT REFORM WAS NEEDED TO
OVERCOME :xK\ YEARS OF IMPOVERISHMENT, B~FWARONESS ANO
IGNORANCE CAUSED BY CHINA'S SELF-lMPOSED ISOLATION FROM
THE OUTSJUE WORLD. HE INSISTED THAT IF THERE IS TO BE
ANY CHANGE IN POLICY. IT WILL BE THAT CHINA'S DOORS
WILL BE OPENED EVEN MORE.
FOR A VARIErv ~ F;£ASOijS . DENG'S ATTEMPT A, A MIODl.E
COURSE &CAME PAOGkESSIVELY HARDER ,0 STEER . DESPITE
HIS PERIODI C PLEAS FOR STABILITY AND UNITY, A SERIES Of'"
REFORM RELATED EVENTS NOW f'EGAN TO TEAR 5EF;fOUSLY AT
THE SOClnL FABFiIC OF URiOImj CHINA. THE rlEW ERA IN
CH)NESE AAT AND LlT£RA1URE I.AGTED APPROXIMATEL Y 16
, , , 0
AND THE CURRENT RELEYAt,CE or Hf:IRX1ST ECONOMIC T'iEOR~
WERE COMMON. ONE OF THE LIBERflL CRITrcs. FANG LIZ,,!, IN
NOVEMBER. 19Bo. WROTE. "J HM HERE TO TELL YOU THAT THE
SOCIALIST MOVEMENT FRON ~lARX, LENIN. STALIN AND MAO
ZEDONG HAS BEEN PI FAILURE J THINI': THAT COMPLETE
WESTERNIZATION IS THE ONLY WAY TO MODERNIZE:.""
FOR THE FIRST TIME SINCE ,,(FORMS WERE INTRODUCED IN THE
WINTER OF 1978. CHINESE CITIES NOW !lEGAl< TO WlTl<ESS
SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL UNRESl. STUDENT PROTESTS WERE AG~rN
TAKING PLACE IN TlANANMEN SQUARE AND THE !lEIJING POLICE
WERE ARRESllNG DEMONSTRATORS. THE PROTESTS WERE AGAWST
THE PRESENCE OF MILITARY PERSDNNEL 01" CAMPUS. CONTWUED
CHINESE NUCLEAR WEAPONS TESTING AND A NUMBER OF OTHER
ISSUES. DESPITE SCATTERED ARRESTS AND SPORADIC USE OF
INTTMIDAT ION TACTICS BY PUBLIC SECUIUTV FOHCES. LOCAL AUTHORITIES
USUALLY REFRAINED FROM USING EXCESSIVE For,CE TO QUELL STUDENT
PROTESTS .
FINALLY. TRUE TO 1'"01':11. DEI<G, WHO HAD ORIGI!>IALLY OPErJED
THE DOORS TO FREE EXPRESSION, NOW COMES DOWN HARD AT"
THE END OF DE"CEMl~ER. 1<;!86. AND SAYS. "WHEN WE SPE"'" OF
DEMOCRACY, WE MUST NOT MEArJ BOURGEOIS DEMOCRACY . WE
· CI,\N~llll 8~T UP SliCH GHIIIICU, I~S SEPM;;j.ollOl~ OF P{lWI:"~:
ElETWEEN THE THREE l<RANCt IES Of' c;oVERNMENT. THIS CAUSES
GREAT TROUDLE.·
'OR THE MOH£NT HOWEVER. RELATIVE own RETURNED
FOLLOWING THE ARREST OF ::;::; STUDENTS II~ TlANANMEN SQUARE
ON JANlIARV 1. 1'187. SOBERED B'I' nus EXPERIENCE AND
8EIJ ING'S WINTER THE STUIiENTS BAet ED OFF, RETURNING TO
THEIR COLLEGE CAMF'USES. IoII TH THAT. THE CRISIS WEro/T
iNTO REMISSION AND OENG'S DARI ER SIDE I10MENTARILY
EXPOSED. WAS ONCE MORE HIDDEN FROM VIEW.
OENG XIAOPIN6 RETIRED AS HEAD OF THE POLITBURO IN
OCT08ER . 1'?87 AND THIS LEADEHSHIP CHANGE .BROUGHT ZHAO
ZIYANG TO THE FRONT AND HIS THEORY OF "WHATEVER WORI"S"
PRETTY MUCH GAVE CHINESE REFORMERS CARlE 8LANCHE TO TRY
ANYTHING THEY THOUGHT Mll>HT SPUR ECOUOMIC GROWTH AND
THEN CALL IT ·SOCIALISM·. ZHAO URGED THE CREATION OF
PRIVATE i'lARiETS FOk ESSENTIAL. SECTOF:S SUCH AS Ft.RMS.
LAWR, £;EFNIGe:S TECHNOLOGY INFOflMAT10I~ AIm REAL ESTA1E.
8RE~ INC> FROM MAfUIST l~tIDTTION. HE FURTHER INDICATCD
THAT IN 1IoiE FUTU~E . BUVEI,!:> ('IF bONDE- WILL EoARN INTEREST
ANO SHAREftOLDERS. DIVIliENl}S.
FREED FROM SaM" OF THE I RAlJ1Tlor.AL CENTRAL I"LANNIN"
CONSTRAINTS . THE CHINESE ECONUMV BEGrul TO LURCH GUT OF
CON1ROL TOWARD THE END OF 1987. THE HAIN PROBLEMS ~ERE
FAMILIAR SPIRALING W~/PRICE INFLATION. "ur-:AWA ...
MONE ... SlWPL Y. SURG ING CONSUMER DEI'IAND . OVER-INVESTMENT
IN CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION . RAI1F'ANT COMMERCIAL SPECLl.-"'TION
AND Of'FICIAL PROFITEERING. THE: 198B ECONOMIC MESSAGE WAS GLOOM ... .
FOR THE FIRST TIME SINCE THE REFORMS BEGAN. THERE WAS A REAL DROP
IN THE PURCHASING POWER OF SUBSTANTIAL NUI'IBERS OF URBAN WAGE
EARNERS. THE STAGE WAS SET FOR YET ANOTHER ROUND OF CONFLICT OVER
PRIORJT1ES. STRATEGIES liND LIMITS OF STRUCTURAL REFORM.
THE 7TH NATIONAL PEOPLE'S CONGr~ESS . WHICH CONVENED I N
MARCH. j <;lS8. SA~ A NUMi't.:R OF MAJOR CHANG.ES IN CHINESE
COMMUNIS1 PROCEDURES. THERE WERE SECRET BALLOTS, 70%
OF THE DELEGATES WERE FIRsT-TIMERS, THE AVERAGE AGE wAS
ONL ... 32, 36); HAD FiECEIVED POST SECONDARY EDUCATION AND
WHOLESALE CHANGES WERE ~~E IN LEADERSHIP POSITIONS.
THERE ~AS OPEN DE&ATE O'-'ER GOVERNMENT POLICIES.PJ;,'CHESTS
AGAJt4ST INFLATION. LOW PAY FOR TEACHERS. INEQUI1ABLE
DISTRIBUTION OF BENEFI IS AND A STRONG PUSH TOWARD
DEMOCRATIC SUPERVlSION /1140 CONSULrATJON .
DURI NG THE MONTH .. FOLLQWlt'l' THO' 7TH CONGRESS. CHIN-"'S
t!lRBAN PRQSLEM$ INCREASED. STUDENTS tlEGAN
DEMONSTRATE A(;AINST RJSlr~G L!YING COSTS . "'" INADEOUATE
GOVERNMENT EDUCATION &UOG€T AND REIn II£CONTROL . Tf./ERE
WERE 77 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY CAMPUS DEMONSTRATIONS IN
25 CITIES DURING THE FIFffil SU MOt~THS OF 1988 . LABOR
PROBLEMS ALSO aEGAN TO INLREASE AND MANAGERS OF STATE
ENTERPRISES FOR THE FIRST T I ME . BECAME S£RIOUSLY
CONCERNED WITH THE NEED TO INCREASE PROFITS AND CUT
PRODUCTION COSTS . MANY UNEMPLOYED PECAnE STREET
VENDORS . Hllwt ERS ~ PROSTITUTES . OTH£RS PAN-HANDLED AND
FOR THE FIRST TIME SINCE 1949 . BEGGARS WERE WIDELY
OBSERVED IN MANY CHINESE CITIES .
liT TH I S TI ME. OFFICIAL MISCONDUCT WAS AT AN ALL TIME
HI liH. THE CH I r.lESE CDMMu rH S T PARTY. WH I CH Or.lCE PRIDED
ITSELF ON THE INTEGRITY. SPIRIT AND OEYOTION OF ITS
MEMBERS. NOW SUFFERED GREATLY DI MINISHED POPULARI TV AND
PRESTlGE.
RUMORS OF PRICE REFORM AND DECONTROL CAUSED A BUYING
PANIC AND CHAOS IN THE MARl ET. D€NG. AS USUAL . BAC~ED
AWIIY FRO~ HIS SUPPORT OF THE PROGRA~ AND ZHAO ZJYANG
WAS LEFT HOLDlr.IG THE !;AG. HAVJNG LOST DENG'S PERSOtlAL
ENDORSEMENT. ZHAO FELL FROf1 GF;ACE AND (IS H1 S STAR
DESCENDED. LI PEr.IG. THE PREMIER'S. ROSE. PRIMARY RESPQNSIElILITY
FOR ECONOMIC POLICY r.lOW SHIFTED TO HIM.
HU YAOBANG DIED OF A MASSIVE HEART AT1AC~ ON APRIL l~.
I Q 99 AND THE FOLLOWING DAY . SEVERAL HUNDRED STUDENTS
FROM VARIOUS 8EIJING IJNIVERSlT1ES MARCHED TO TlAN.:.NMEN
saUARE TO PLACE ~MORJAL WREATHS. OVER THE NEXT FEW
DAYS. TEtJS OF THOUSANDS ARRIVED AND THE FIRST F'RO-
DEMOCRACV RALLIES TOOl- F1-ACE.
DESPITE OFFICIAL WARNINGS TO CLEAR THE SOUARE . ON APRIL
22, 100.000 PEOPl.E GATHEI,ED FOR HU'S FUNERAL CEREMONV.
AT THE CONCLUSION OF THE SERVICE. THE STUDENTS CHANTED
"DIALOGUE. DIALOGUE. WE DEMAND DIALOGUE. WITHOUT
RESPONSe: FROM THE GOVERNrIENT. THE STUDENTS PUSHED
FORWARD TOWARD THE GREAT HAt..t.. f-'ROMPT1NG A SCUFFLE WITH
THE POLICE.
FACED WITH A CONTAGIOUS SlTUATlOU OF STUDENT PROTEST
AND CITIZEN UNREST. PARTY LEADERS TOlJ&KENED THEtR
STANCE:. DENG XIAOf'ING SAID. "SOME PEOPLE CRAVE NOTHING
SHORT OF NATIONAL CHAOS • •• WE MUST TAKE A CL.EAR-CUT
STANO AND FORCEFUl MEASURES TO OPPOSE AND STOP THE
TURMOIL. DON'T BE AFRAID OF THE STUDENTS BECAUSE WE
STILL HAVE SEVERAL. rULLION TROOPS."
THE COUNTER-PROClUCTlvITY OF THE GOVERNMENT'S APPROACH
8ECAME EVIDENT ALMOST JMMEDT~TELY . THE r~UMBER OF
l--'l-iOTESTERS AT lHE SOUAhE DOUI)LED AND FOR THE FIRST
llME . SIGNIFICANT NUr4ERS OF 1,j(JN-5TUOErnS E<EGAN TO
MARCH AL.ONGSIOE rHE STUO"-tHb. FURTHERMORE. MORE TfOAN A
HALF MI LLION BEIJING RESrDENTS LINED THE STREETS OF THE
DEMONSTRATION MARCH. OFFERING ENCOURAGEMENT, FOOD AND
ZHAO ZIYANG. WliO IIAD PEeN ltJ N. 1 01l£A. RUSHED HOME 1'0
CONFER WITH DEr~G ~IAOPING. CONVEVING HIS MISGIVINGS
ABOUT THE GOVERNMENT'S CHOICE OF TACllCS IN DEALING WITH THE
STUDENTS. oeV I OUSLV SUI,PRISE)) BV THE BACI-LASH AGAINST HIS EARLIER
COM~lENTS. PENG AGREEP TO AL L.OW ZHAO TO TRV A SOFTER APPROACH.
5TASJLITV WAS HIS PRIMARV INTEREST. "ONCE THE SITUATION IS
STASJUZED . YOU MAY CARRY OUT YOUR PLANS". HE SAlO l "IF THEV PROVE
FEASIBLE. YOU MAY DISREGARD WHAT I SAID BEFORE."
IRONICALLY. DENG'S SOFTER AF'PROACH SERVED Ot~ LV TO FRAGMENT THE
STUDENT LEADERSHIP BETWEEN THE MODERATES AND THE RADICALS.
MOREOVER. IT Et,lCOURAGEO WORt_ERS. JOURt,jALISTS AND OTHER GROUPS TO
COME FORTH WITH THEIR OWN PnRTICULAR DEMANDS. WITH BOTH bOVERNMENT
AND STUDENTS INTERr~ALLV DIVIDED SETWEEN HARO-UIl£,:RS AND SQFT-
LINERS . THE RESULT WAS A STAND-OFF MAR~ED BY IMMOSILITY AND
JrHRANSJGEP«<:E.
HAD IT NOT BEEt. FOR THE I',RR!VAL Of" MlrHAIL GOREIACHEV IN MID HAV.
lHE STUDENT MOVEl'IEtn. WHICH WAS LOSlr,jG ITS MOMENTUM RAPIDLV . MAY
HAVE OUIETED . IF NOT OIErt ALTOGETHER. .,UT IT W':'S ~IANtu\ FROM
HOSCOW' 300(1 SIT-IN HUNGER SlRI~,ERS DREW LI'oRGE CROWDS
SVMP ATHETIC or"-LOO1'ERS TO nANANMEN S(JUAr~E . WITH AN I MPO/i<TANT
FOREIGN VISITliR AI~D I liE ATTEND,:\tJT NE WS MEDIA LIMITI NG THE
GOVE'*NMENT'S RESPONSE . THE 51'PDENT POSITION BECAME MORE GUTSV AND
' '' 'SRMSrgr J 5 ' ' '§ rC" ,,'-P' lt! , I I I f G" P fRE5H'IF~J <=:.IIIDENTS
WASHINGTON). LDUII SPEA! ERS, FLIERS ANI) POSTERS (SOfli': IN ENGLISH)
CALLED FOR THE RES1GNATfONS OF LI PENG AND DENG ~IAOPING .
ZHAO MADE ONE LAST ATlEMPT - HE S£NT A MESSAGE TO THE HUNGER 6T1'11! FoRS ACkNOWLEDG1NC> THE PATRIOTIC SPlRlT OF THE STUOENT
MOVEMENT /.\NO F'ROI1: SED NO HEPkISAL6 IF THE STUDENTS WOULD TERMlr.A l £
TI~ln ~TnII C. THE MAJOklTY OF THE ~TRl~EkS FAVORED ACCEPTANCE OF
ZHAO'S OFFER BUT ;1 W~S ~OCIED BY A COALITION OF HARD-LINERS . ON
MAY 17, AT A MEETING AT OENG'S HOME. ZHAO AGAIN APPEALED FOR
MODERATION. DENG REFUSEO AND IMPLIED THAT THE DlSTURB~NCES WERE
EXACERBATED ElY ZH04'S LEtJlENCV. DENG SAID. nI HAVE THE I>RMV BEHIND
ME~. "'BUT I HAVE THE PEOPLE BEHIND ME~, ZHAO RESPONDED, DENG THEN
TRUMPED HIM WITH • "THEN YOU HAVE NOTHING." ZHAO"S ATTEMPT TO
RESIGN AT THAT MONENT WAS REJECTED .
AFTER REPEATEDLV UNSUCCESSFUL EFFORTS TO FORESTALL MARTIAL LAW.
ZIiACI LEFT A MEETUIG ON MAV l~. IOENT TO TIkNANMEN SOUM:E AND AT
~.oo AM ADDRESSED THE HUNGER STRU.ERS. IN A VOICE I-EAVY WITH
EMOTION AND EYES FILLED WITH TEARS. HE SAID. "WE'VE COME TOO LATE.
I'M SORRY. YOU SHOULD CfllTIClZE US AND BLAME US. IT)S REJ\SQNA8LE
THAT YOU SI-fDULD 00 SO." THIS WAS ZHAO'S LAST PUBLIC ACT AS
GENERAL SECRETARV. ioJIlH JN HOURS. THE F1F<9T CmJTWGENTS ~ TROOPS
IJEGAN ARRIVING Al THE OU1SkHns OF £<EIJWG. SOLDIERS J'£JVED iNTO
POSI T ION TO TAI'E OVER Rr,l)IO, TELEVJSION AJW NEWSPAPERS. ON MAY
~ G 1 J sFt 'G GI G" E' XL'!' f lC " rR I Mf'0"'I" '-;; ! fART!l , ' , .. '" mJ THF= NATlaN'R
CIIPITAL.
AS THE >IRST TENtiE OIl¥S r-I\"SEO Wl1HC1UT bOVEkNMEI>IT RESPONSE. THE
NUMBERS OF DEMDNtiTRIITORS Crn~TINUED TO SWELL . WHOLE FIICTORIES liND
GOVERNMENT WO~ UNITS JOINED THE STUD~NTS . BUT THE ONE MAJOR GROUP
CONSPIGUOUS 8'1' tTS ~8bEtOCE WAS THE PEAStlN1RV. CHINII'S FARI'tERS HtlD
DONE WELL UNDER DENG XIAOPING'S AGRICULTURAL AND MARKETING
REFORMS. THE ONLY TWO LIVING KARSHALS OF THE PLA AS WELL AS 100
OTHER SENIOR ARHY OF~ICERS PROTESTED THE IMPOSITION OF HARTIAL
LAW.
CHINA'S LEADERS ACTED EARLY IN JUt'E TO PRE-EMPT WHAT TI-£Y VIEWED
AS A RAPIDLY DETERIORATING. DEEPLY THREATENING SITUATION. IN LIGHT
OF EVENTS WHI CH SUBSEOUENTLV OCCURRED IN EAST AND CENTRAL EUROPE .
THErR FEARS OF AN ANTI-GOVERNMENT REBELLION MAV NOT HAVE BEEN SO
FAR OFF THE MIIRI •
UNDER ORDERS TO CLEAR TIANANI1£N SOUARE BY SUNMY JUNE 4. OR FACE A
FIRING SOUAD, THE SOLDIERS AT A80UT 10 P.M. SATURMY . 8EGlIN FIRING
THEIR 1'11--478 DIf<ECTLV HllD THE CROOO . MOST OF THE ~ lLUNG TOO~
PLACE BETWEEN 1014:\ P.M. AND J.:t"lO A.M . WITI-I MOTORIZED INFANTRY
UNITS ORIV/t.G WEOG£S lHROUGH THE BARRICADES ANO CROWDS. ENRAGED.
THE PEOPLE FOUGI-IT 8ACI !,JITH MOLOTOV COCI(TA1LS. STEEL REINFORCING
"DOS .:'INn AN ASSORTMENT OF IIJIVES AND CLUBS. IT IS SIGNIFICANT
HOWEVER. THAl' WllH FI"ING GOING ON ALL I,ROUNO l'HEI1. THERE WEr,E NO
? 7I7 -T rEE OT 7" ]]' 7' I1T [' ' n G I " E ]. ![ !lIPm[]) SJI IDEtJIS HlIPl)LED tLCl flF
TOGETHER ON THE STEPS Lb1DI!~G UP TO THE th:.RO!"::S' r<ONurtEN1 ON lHE
SQUARE.
\<IQRLlJ REACTION CAUSED TNt:. l\UfHORl'fJE!; TO COOL Il AND IN JANUARY.
I <;><;>0. THE GOVEl\t.IMENT TE,f<tHNATED MARTIAL LAW I N BEl J I NG Ar~O
RELEASED 573 POLITICAL PRISONERS.
ZHAO ZIYArlb. WHO HAD ALREADY LOST FAVOR WITH Il£NG BY OPPOSING THE
MARTJAL LAW OECISION . w.:.s NOW THE P'RIH£ CANDIDATE FOR
HE WAS ACCUSED OF DRAVE ERRORS AND HISTAhES. INCLUDING
'HE PARTY . HE WAS STRIPPED OF ALL POWERS 'NO POSTS
SCAPEGOAT.
SPLITTItIG
AND Wt!S
RlLFU(;ED PCflHICCION TO OrCAI~ IN IUO OWN OCn::: NOL OUT WIICN Tllel'lC
WERE PRESSURES TO f.'ROSECUTE ZHAO FOR ALLEGED CRIMWAL BEHAV I OR,
OENG AGAIN REVEALED HIS PRACTICE OF COUNTER-BALANCING FANG AND
SHOU . HE CAUTIONeD. " LET us NOT GET TANGLED UP IN WHO IS
RESPONSIBLE FOR WHAT RIGHT NOW. LET THOSE QUESTlOW; BE RA I SED IN
Twa OR THREE YEARS." OF COURSE, HE PREVAILED AND ZHAO LIVED
COMFORTABL .... COrjl" I NED TO QUARTERS FOR THE NEXT SEVERAL MONTHS.
AL THOUGH DENG'S ROLE IN THE SECOND TIANAN~IEN INCIDENT WAS
VIRTUALLY THE REVERSE OF THAT IN THE FIRST. THE TWO EVENTS WERE
VER ... SIMILAR. EACH BEGAN AS A PEACEFUL DiSPLAY OF MOURNUNG FOR A
RECENTLY DECEASED CHINESE LEADER, ~ACH BECAME INFLAMED WHEN PARTY
HARD-LINERS IMPUGljED THE PATRIOTIC ~IOTIVES OF THE PARTICIPANTS.
" "", ''',~ Plln RFFORM LEAnFR WHO
WAS I:ILAM(D FOR Jt.H ... 111N6 I. l,;"lJNTE~-REVClLlITJONARV RJ(IT . THE: IIluNV
IS CLEAR. HAVING DEFEATED HlJA EtUAFEHG AND RISEr. TO F'OWER ON T'HE"
STRENGTH 0 "- HIS VINDICATION IN THE FII,S1 I NCIOENT. DENG NO", STOOD
TO HAVE HIS "EPUTATI~ lMNISHE:O FOREVER THROUGH HIS REVERSAL.
GOVERNMENT LEADERS COULD NOT IGNORE THE UNDERLVING PROBLEMS THAT
GAVE RISE TO THE MASSIVE URBAN PROTESTS. ON JUNE lb. IN A PUBLIC
SPEECH . DENG SAID. ·WE MUST PERFORM CERTAIN ACTS TO INSPIRE
SATISFACTION AMONG THE PEOPLE . THERE ARE TWO ASPECTS TO THIS, ONE
I S TO PURSUE THE REFDRtI /.IND OPE~~NESS POLlCIES I10RE AGGRESSIVEL V.
AND THE OTHER IS TO CATCH flrlO PUNISH THOSE IfHO ENGAGE IN
CORRUPTION •••• PARTICULARLV THOse INSIDE THE PARTY . '
THROUGHOUT EAST AND CFNTliAl. EUROPE A RISING TlOE OF GLASNOST-
!NOUCI!:O UNRES1' HAil K!:;"UL II:.I.> IN A "Ul,;Ll:,b!>lUN OF TEETERING COMMUN I S T
REGIMES. COMI NG so CLOSE TO THE TIANnNMEN liEf/ELLION. CHINA'S
ALREADV NERVOUS LEADERS (·JERE MORE THA N UNEASY .
i'lL THOUGH CHINA HOVERED ON THE [<RINle ()F POL! TICAL CH"OS THROUGHOUT
SPRING AND SUMMER OF 1989. TH~ REGIME RJGHTED JTSELf AND ACHIEVED
A MEASURE OF STAl<lLITV. tHIS WAS THE RESlLT OF S£VERAL FACTORS 1
FACTORS THAT VIRTUAl..L'< "'NSURED THAT CHJt~A WOUUi NOT FOLLOW THE
-GEflTLE REVOLUTlOW' THAr ENGULFED I10ST OF THE COMf'1UHIST WORLO, IN
THE LARGEST CITES TliROUGHOUT CHINA NONSTUDENT POPULATIONS WERE
MORE lNTERESTED IN MAUf~G MONEV THAN IN POLITICS, OENG'S GAMBLE
THAT SUCCESSFUL ECONOMlC REFORM WOULD DAMPEN PEOPLE'S DEMAND FOR
POLITICAL CHANGE . PROVED TO BE CORRECT.
IN THE AFTERMATH. PARTy OISCIPLWE WAS RIGIDLV I'.fm RUTHLESSLV
~NFORCE:D, THE: GOVERt.t1EtH HAD EFFECTIVELY BROI(EtJ THE BACI OF THE
DEMOCRACV MOVEMENT.
•
REACTING TO ALL. OF' THEIR Hl:OBLEHS, A NEW STRATEGIC AGENDA FOR
CH INA'S POST COLO 101M POLlTJC"'L Atm ECONIJtUC DEVELOPMENT WAS
FORHULATED. iT wtlS LABELED "N£W COtj5ERV~T1Sf1" AND HoOIO IT5 ORIGINS
I N A CONFERENCE Otl TRADITIONAl,. CHINESE CULTURE AND SOCIALIST
1'10DERNIIAT ION. "NEW CUN$€RVATISH" EMPHASIZED THE NEED 'OR
GRADUALISM AND CAUTlO~J IN ECONOMIC REFOf."M. THE IMPORTANCE 01"
COMMUNIST PIloRTV CONlf.!Ol OF THE ECONOMY Ar>lD THE STABILIZING EFFECTS
OF CUL1lJRAL NATIONALI SM. THIS WAS NOT TO BE A REVIVAL OF MAO'S
DISCREDITED DOGMAS )jUT r,ATHER A RENAISSANCE OF TRADlTlONAL CHINESE
CULTURE AND VALUES .
I~ ONE ISSUE FACJr'G THE N~W CONSERVATIVES "AS THE PAI<TY 'S SHARPLV
DIMINISHED PRESTIGE AND POPULARITY AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE. LI TTLE
MORE THAN 6% OF THE EDUCATED YOUTH WERE SERIOUSL" INTERESTED IN
JOINING THE COMMUNIST P~RTV . ~ CLE~R MAJORITY ~ERE EiTHER HOSTILE
OR r~Dl~~ERENT TO THE PARTY. AT THE SAME TIME THERE WAS A SERIOUS
EROSlOtj OF CDMMLJIIIST MORALITY AI~D ETHICS W CHltolA"S
VILLAGES.
RURAL
iN THE Sl1Ml'1ER OF 1<;09 1. WITH DEI'JG IN ILL HEALTH AtlD 'JAST AREAS OF
EAST CM I NA WlA\jIJATEO BY FLOODS THERE WAS COt./CERN BY PARTY
REFORMERS FOR THEIR OWN ~D THEIR COUNTRY'S FUTURE. '"' COWCIDEi'lCE OF DENG'S lLLJ«ESS AND THE FLOODS TRIGl'>ER£D /:I RENEWAL
OF THE OLD THEOR~ OF DYrNlSTlC DISORDER AND C~NGE.
IN LATE NOVEMBER. 19Q 1. A RECOVERED DEt.G CONVENED A MEETING O~
SENIOR PARTY LEI<DERS II" HIS Hm!E AND SAID. "WE !;.HOULD NO T
REPEATEDLV MENTJOtj THE r'EACEFUL E.VOLUTJON PLOT BY T .. e WE6T. WE
NEED THE UNITl!> ST(,H.b 1U 1-'1<0111'1£ lILli, h'IFOI:;I'1S AND OPDUNG UP. IF
WE I<LWAVS CONFROIH THE: U.S •• WE'LL LEAVE OURSELVES NO ROOM TO
MANEUVER . " ALTI-IQUGH FRAIL AI,m E~PE:RIENCIM; DIFFIClA.TI' "'AL~IN'" AND
TAL"-IN"'. DENG XIAQf'H~G ~tGArj A TOUR OF SOUTHEAST CHINA'E BUSTLING
COASTAL DEVELOPMENT REGIONS ON JANUARV IS . 1992. HE HOPED TO
BOLSTER HIS CLAIM THAT REFORM ANO THE: OPEN POLICY WERE ALL THAT
STODt BETWEEN CHINA (~NO r. SOVIET-STYLE POLITICAL MEL1DOWN . HE
ALSO WANTED TO SHORF. UP HIS lNCF>-EASINGLY PRECARIOUS HISTORICAL
LEGACY.
"MARIET ECONOMIES ME NOT NECESSARILY CAPITALISTIC". HE SAID.
"SOCIALISM HAS MARI'ETS. TOO. Pl.ANS AND MARKETS ,:oRE SIMPLY
ECONCMIC STEPPING STONES TO UUIVERSAL PROSPERITY AND RICHNESS."
WHILE COfoCEDIIIIG THAT DISPARITIES IN PERSONAL INCOMES AND REGIONAL
GROWTH RATES WOULD PF!OErABLY W~DEN IN THE EARLl' STAGES OF REFORM .
OVER TIME, ADVANCED AfiCtlS WOULD "PULL ALONG- MORE BAct-WARD
REGIClNS. SOMETHING LH,E BOATS IN A RISING TIDE. ABOUT WHICH wE
HAVE HEARD MUCH .
INTERESlINGLY. THROUGHOUT THE: TOUR. OENG'S POLITICAL MEhSAGE WAS
FAR MORE CONSERVATIVE THAN HlS ECONOMIC ONE. HE ARGUED THAT
AUTHORITARIAN MEASURES HAll TO BE TAl_EN IN ORDER TO CONSOLIDATE
POLITICAL ROWER. AND THAT!rj THo; COURSE OF ECONOMIC REFORM.
OICTIHORhHIF' MUSl COIHl!o/UALL~ BE tXERClSED OilER ENEMIE6 OF THE
777 ' C: 1 5 -TeT e
"11TH THE FANGiSHOU C'I"CLE UNOrR001HG A f'"QNOUNCI:'O ~""ASt: CHAN(;,I::: IN
THE DIRECTION OF GREATER ECONOMIC Atm CULTURAL L1i"JERALlZATION IN
TI-IE SUI1I1ER OF 1'1'>2. THEf<E W£RE SOME r~FIoI (,NO UNSETTLING TRENUS 1N
THE OOI1ESTJ C ECONOMY . I:lE.GINNINC. J ~j THE SPRING. tHE hHAr~I"HAI AND
SHENZHEN STOC/', E~CHANloE.;;. ):."ECENT RECIPI ENTS OF DENG·S !;L.ESSING .
STARTED TO OVERHEAT !; .. ULY . CHWESE CITIZENS RUSHED TO PURCHASE
SHARES ON THE NEWLY LEGIlIMIZED "N(JNCAPITALIST" STQC" MARKET . TWO
MILLION SI-1ANGHAI RESIDENTS -ONE SI~TH OF n!E POF-UL.ATION - Io.IAI T£O,
CASH READY. FOR TI-IE OPPORTUNITY TO INVEST. SHARE PRICES SOARED
AND IN SI~ MDNTHS lHE S1-lANI3HAI INDEX ROSE 1200%. SI-IARE PURCHASE
CERTJFICATES WERE SOLD AND WHEN THE PURCHASER'S NUMBER CAI'tE uP. HE
WAS THEN ABLE TO ENTER A LOTTERY WHOSE Wlt.rNERS WERE GIVEN THE
OPPORTUNITY TO BUY A LIMnED NUMBER OF SHARES OF Wf#\TEVER STOCK
HAPPENED TO BE AVAILASLE,
IN THE MEANTJME. DENG CHANGES COURSE AGA]N. HE SENDS A L.ETTER TO
CENTRAL COMMI TTEE MEMBERS AS~ ING THEM TO CALL OfF THE PARTY'S
YEAR-LONG CAHPAIGtJ "GAlUST LEFTISM AND TO HEIGHTEN THEIR VIGILANCE
A(;AINSl F"EACEFUL EVOLUTION. THIS ENCOURAGED OEtlG'" FO£S TO STEP UP
THEIR ACTIVITIES.
tjJ lHE POLITICAL. JCiCI:.El'WG FOR SUPPORT BECAME HEATED. PREMIER LI
PENG FOUGHT TO IMPROVE HtS IMI1GE, WHICH >.lAS li<Al.I!..Y DAMAGED AT
T I ANANMEN. POL 11'llURO MU1[tER ZHU HONJ I AND OTHERS FOLLOWED OENG'S
,EXAMP_E /.IND TRAVELU) THE SOUTHEAST COf'lST LOBBYING LU ... j 'l!.. ..... ~H .. jAL-o.
l'T W::JUL-D APPEA" THAl O!lNA HAD ENTERED ITS FTRST REAL ELECTION
CAMPtlI GN .
NOW ::>ARTY LlBEI<ALS W!:.f,!, 1101"£ OF'TIMISTIC T~.:.N EVER. THE CHIEF
EDITO~ OF THE PEOPLE'S CAlL'. [UR ING A VISIT TO THE U. S . SAID THAT
AFTER YEARS OF ~IlTER STRUGGLE . LEFTISl S HAD LOST THEIR CAPACITY
TO D:RAIL . ~ S~RIOUSLY OBSTRUCT THE POLICIES OF ECONOMIC REFORM
AND O~NING uP .
ALL .<lAS NOT ROSES . HOWE','ER . INFLATION WAS RAI1PAN'T. FAR'lERS WERE
GETTIJG GOVERNttErH 1.0. U , '5 AND LABOR DEMONSTRATIONS AND IIJ~K
STQPPq(;ES WERE OCCURRING. VIOLENT CfUI1E INCR£ASEO AND VJUlH 6J'INGS
SPRAN3 UP. ECONOMIC CRIME AND CORRUPTION GREW. THE SOC I~ FABRIC
WAS D:FINITELY STRAINED.
AS 1993 CANE TO AN END.CHIr>.A WAS P ERCHED PRECAR IOU;LV ON A
DEVELJPMENT BUBBLE. TO pr,'EVENT THE BUBBLE FROM BURSflNG. ZHU
RONJI. CH I NA'S ~j EW ECONOMIC CZtlR. UNVEILED A SIXEEN POI NT
AUSTERITY ~OGRAH SHARPLY CURTAILING CREDIT. Llt'llTlNG
I NVESTMENT . REoue WG INFLtll l ON AND GE;NE;RALL ¥ COOL ING OO~IN CHI Nil.' S
OVERHEATED ECO NOMY.
J IA NG ZEMJt4. NOW OCCUF'YflJG ALL THREE TOF' F'OSlTIONS AS THE HEtlD OF
THE 50VERNMEIliT. PART¥ AND MILITARY . WAS DEP ENOE!oIT UPON A VERV
II DC'"" -'1 1-) C,er T " " '! or 7· , ,,. C· " 'C O""G .!DQ''' ' IG IT "'AS IR O N IC
'T HA T THti REIGN OF "ENG HAl)PIN(;. THe. !.\~-l'IhOl.lWG REFORMER. WAS
Df<.AWING TO II CLOSE A'r THE IOOTH ANNJ~'ER5AR,( OF MAD'S BIRTH.
IRONIC TOO WAS rHE FACT IHAi' MAO SHOULD E~PER1ENCE A RE:BIRTH I N
, , CHINESE POPULAR CULruRE - NOl AS ,\ rROLE:TARIAN f:EVOLWTiONARY BUT
AS AN rcor, OF WEL:"-SEING. A GOOD LUC" CHARM DANGLHI5 FROM THE REAR
VIEW MIRRORS OF THOUSANDS UF IMPORTEO TO~OlH TA~IS.
MAO'S REVDLUTIorJ WAS OVER. HAD THE CHAIRMAN LIVED TO WITNESS HIS
100TH BIRn-mAY . HE: WOULD NOT HAVE BE!:":N PLEASED.
CHINA12
A STUOENT WHO CAME TO THE U.S. TO STUDY IN IQBS MADE:
HIS FIRST TRIP BACK TO CHINA LAST ,..EAR. HE DESCRIBED THE CHANGE
FROI'1 A CENTRALLV PLANNED ECONOMY TO II FREE MARj:ET AS AN ECONOM I C
EXPLOSION, GENERATING rREHENDOUS PROSPERI TV. THE S TA TE OWNED
SECTOR NO\Ol ACCOUNTED FOR LESS THAN 307. OF TOTAL ECONOMIC OUTPUT .
STORE COUNTERS HA'iE B£BI CONTRACTE:D OUT 1'0 SHOP CLEf;I<S WKO SET
PRICES . DUAL Q\lJNERSHlP ,iAS Tur,NEO STATE EJlfTERPRISES INTO PRIVA"r E
EUSINESS.
HE SAW FAX MACHINES. SATELLlT£ TV. COMPUTER MODEMS AND RADlQ TALK
SHOWS FOR THE FIRST TlI'lE HE SAW OVERWEI GHT F'EOPLE I N HIS HOME
TOWN. HE SAW GLOSSV POSTI':RS OF NAh;,O WOMEN IN THE HAIR SALON AND A
PLAYBOY CA LENDAR IN A LOCAL Hl.lTEL_ FROM HIS PERSPE:CT!VE. THINGS
HAD CERTA I NL Y CHArJGEIP
THE QUEST FOR DEMOCRACY HAD WANED. ENTHUSIASM FOR POLITICAL
REFORM WAS GONE _ HAVING TASTED THE FRUITS OF PROSPERITY. THE
AVERAGE CHINESE IS MORE INTERESTED IN MAI<ING rIONEV. FOR MANY
CHINESE . THE RUSSIAN LESSON ARPEARS TO BE THAT ONLY AFTER A NATION
ACHIEVES A r,ELATI~'ELY HIGH LE'.IEL OF ECONOMIC PROSPERIH . CAN I T
AFFORD TI-IE FRUIT Af'('I I>E I(1I. OF OEHOCRACV. OTHER EAST ASIAN NATIONS
SEEM TO PROVE mE POiNT •
THE HU~\A!' RIGHTS ISSUE AND 8lLL IL/I,UCOIrS D[(.lSlON TO DtLlN!, 11
FROM TRADE EY CONTINUING THE MOST FAVORED NATION RANK FOR CHINA.
Htl.S CflUSED rlUCH DISMAY AI'D CRITICISM. HIS DE:f'AIHURE FROM HfS
CAMPAIGN POSITION ONLY PROVES WHAT EVERY OTHER PRECEDING
ADMINISTRtl.TIDN HAS LEARNED . SOLUTIONS TO PROBL EMS ARE RELATIVELY
SIMPLE BEFORE YOU Ali£ IN OFFICE. ONCE H< THe WHlTE HOUSE, THE
PRESIDENT MUST FACE THE REALITIES OF THE SITUATION .
TO BEGIN WITH THE TERM, "MOST FAVORED NATION " IMPLIES TO MOST OF
US, A MORAL SEAL OF APPROVAL. THIS IS NOT THE CASE . WE GRANT MFN
TO MANY courHRIES WHOSE F'RACTICES ARE REPUGNANT TO US .I. E •• MOST
OF THE MIDDLE EA6T . AFRICA AND LATW AMERICA WHERE HUMAN RIGHTS
ABUSES ARE RAMPANT . Tf£ PROPER LABEL WOULD BE, "SYSTEM OF NON-
DISCRIMINATORY TARIFFS."
AMERICA'S INTERESTS I N CHINA INVOLVE MORE THAN !1otlEY ALTHOUGH
THE MORE THA N !O.~ BILL ION INVESTED THERE IS !-IOT POCKET CHANGE .
WE: HAVE AN INTEREST IN CHINA'S HE:LP ON THE NORTH KO REA!. ISSUE. IT
is l!1PQRTANT TO us TI1AT CHINA REMA lN PEACEFUL (,NI) PROSPEROUS.
CHINA'S SMALLER NEIGHBORS "mULD NOT IOA!H 1'0 SEE ANYTHING THAT
WDlLO CAUSE CHINA TO BE MORE BELLIGERIONT -A IlE-STA(l) L llCO CHINA
WOULD BE A NIGHTMARE FOR THE REGION .
HONG t;ONG. WHICH wILL SOON REV£!~l HI CHII-I."., IS OEF'HOENl UPON HER
.. !O OR ~10ST OF lTS lRADI':. THE f~OI;J0 fONG 6DVERNMENl ESTIMATES TH .. '
WITHJRAWAL OF MFrj TO CHII-IA \.JOULD COST THE~1 8ILLI0N~ IN TRADE AND
LOSS OF :ro TO 75.000 JOBS -SIGNIFICANT FOR A POFULATION OF 6
MILLION.
BUT THE ~lmEST HIT WOULD BE THE CHINESE PEOPLE THEMSELVES - NOT
THE 60VERNMENT. WHAT HAS BEEN OV£RLOOLED IN THE ARGlJMENTS OVER MFN
IS THAT WHATEVER lrlPROVF.MENT THERE HAS BEEN I N CHINESE HUMAN
RIGHTS IS THE RESULT OF TEMPERING INFL UENCE OF FOREIGN TRADE. THE
LAST 5(> YEARS INDICATES THAT THE lOBE AND FLOW OF FREEDOM AND
DEMOCRATIC FORCES, DIRECTL'( FOLLOWS THE ECONOMIC CONDITJON OF
CHIN"',
FOR ALL ITS ECONOMIC SUCCESS THUS FAR,CHHIA F4CES AN UNCERTAIN
FUTURE. THE EVENrUAL DEATH OF DENG X1AOPJNG HAl' TRIGGER HANY
RE.ACTIONS. A STRUGGLE FOR LEADERSHIP COULD OCCUR SINCE THERE IS
NO INDIVIDUAL WHO APPEARS TO HAVE PROAD SUPPORT EITHER IN THE
PART'{ ARMY. STUDENTS MAY AGAlrJ "AGE PROTEST
DEMONSTRATIONS, ATTEMPTS MAY BE MADE TO REVERSE THE ECONOMIC
REFOkMS, MUSLIMS W THE X:NJ1Ar,G REGION MAY PRESSUf,E FOR AN
INDEPENDENT SlATE. IT IS POSSISLE THAT THE PARTY WIlL CONTINUE THE
ECONOMIC REFORMS WITH THE INCREASING PROSPERlTY. JT IS MOST
UNLiKELY THAT THE EMERGING MIDDLE WlLL EVER AGAW GRANT THE
• - , . ,
1 HAVE R£-WRITTEN THE CLOSE. TO lHIG FI-lPER SEVERAL TIMES BECAUSE OF
EVENTS UNFOLDING., ALMOST DAILY, jill CHINA. THIS .<IOMINISTRATION.
Af~D THO: tlEXT , FACE SERiUUS PR08U"r15 REQUIRING 5QLOMON- LI"E
DEC15!O"S~ HOW TO HANl.iLE I RAUEMARI. PNO COPYRIGHT PIRACIES - WHAT
TO DO ~BOUT THE SALE OF NUCLEAR COMFONENTS AND WHAT RESPONSE
TO n.",=: TO THE CHIIJESE MANEUVERS ARCUND TAIWAN. WHAT WE SHOULD
NOT DO 15 TO ATTUIPT TO THRE .. TEN. BULLY OR TAKE ANY I'ICTlOIll CAUSING
LOSS O~ FACE TO THE CH INESE.. AIIIY OF THESE ROUTES WOULD BE
(IT ,."' .. SAME: TIME. WE CANI~OT IGNORE T HESE
PROVOCATJONS WHICH SEn1 TO BE TESTS AS TO HOW FAR THEY CAN GO.
I WISH 1 HAD r'iE J'<NIO,WERS - r1UCH ~10RE HIPDRTANT. [FR~\11 THAT OUR
LEADEF;:S, WHOEVER THEY MQY "Ie. WILL F1ND THEM,
11
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