• •

CHIN A PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

'r

LEONARD H. GOLDSTEIN

Macch e . 1996

CHINt. - PAST. PRESEtH AND FUTURE

! MUS T TELL YOU UP FRONT. THI1T 1 FOUND IT IMPOSSIBLE TO

FULU' COYER THIS SUBJECT IN 50 OR 60 MINUTES. 1 DOUBT

THAT ANYONE CAN. IN THE TWO NONTHS THAT 1 HAVE SEEN

wOR~ING ON THIS PAPER. THERE HAS BEEN A NEwS ITEM ABOUT

CHINA IN OUR LOC.:u.. PAPEkS t.jEAkLY EVERY UAY. NY PAPER

IS hBOUT 6500 WORDS LONG - 1/2 AS LONG AS MY ORIGII~L

ORAn . THE FESRUARY 18 ISSUE: OF THE NEW YOI,:I; T1I1ES

MAGAZINE WHICH SCOTT MCGEEHEE THOUGHTFULLY SENT ME,

CONTAINS SOME 1~.000 WORDS ON CHINA - CHINA ONLY AS IT

IS TOOAY. SO FORGIVE M£ IF THERE ARE PARTS OF THIS THAT

SEEN 10 BE DISJOINTED.

BECAUSE OF TINE RESTRICTlOf~ . I WILL NOT COVER THE ;;.00

YEAR PERIOD FI<OM THE 11 • .NCHU DYNASTY IN 1644 TO nle

1940·S. SUFFICE: TO SAY 1H1S WAS THE F'ERIOD. THAT AFTER

MANY YEARS OF ISOLATION. CHJNA. WITH THE OPIUM WAR OF

1840 AND

OPEN UP

I'IRlTAIN ,

THE BOXER REBELLION OF 1900. WAS

TO THE WESTERr~ PC)WEr<8 OF FRAr~CIo:

THE U.S. AS , IELL hS RUSSIA. nrE

FORCED TO

GERMANY.

RESULTANT

TREATlES GUARANTEED II CRIPPLED F.CDNOMv WHICH DOOMED THE

FI..Ii<DGl..l"''' C"'IN£~Ii< I<ILPUI.'I..JC. ~1 UP BV sur~ "'o:IT <;Fr~ IN

1<;'12.

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IN THE eo VEARS OR SO f\FT£R THE O~'JLlM WAR, CHINA WAS

REPEATEDLY HUMILIATED [lY THE WESTERN POWERS . OVER <;>0

" TREATY PORTS" WERE ES1ABLlSHED IN WHICH FOREIGNERS

WERE IMMUNE FROM CHINESE LAW. MISSIONARIES REACHED

OVER HALF OF THE 2'000 COUIH I ES AND !>JERE FREOUENTL Y

INSTRUMENTS OF FORE I GN POWERS.

IN 1923. SUN VAT SEN REORGANIZED HiS KUOMINTANG

REPUBLIC AND REBUILT A I~ATIONALIST ARMY UNDER CHIANG

KAI-SHEK. FOR A SHORT nl1E. UNTIL THE DEATH OF SUN YAT

SEN IN 1<;l2'!i, THERE WAS THIS ALLlANCE BETWEEN THE COMMUNISTS AND

THE KUOMLNTANG . WHILE THE NATIONALISTS WERE ENGAGED IN MILITARY

CAMPAIGNS AGAINST THE WARLORDS. THE COMMUNISTS CO NCENTRATED ON THE

PEASANTS AND A RAOlCAL PROGRAM OF LAND REFOR~\. THiS DID NOT SIT

WELL OIITH THE RIGHT WING OF THE KUOMINTANG AND COMMUNIST PARTv'

r lEMBERS WERE MASSACRED IN SHANGHAI AND WUHAN.

WI TH CHIANG BEl rJG SUPPORTED BY ANT I-COMMUN I ST POWERS I N

EUROPE AND THE U. S •• THE CQMMur.ISTS FORMEO THE RED ARMY

AND THE CIVIL WAR LASTED UNTIL THEY WERE FORCED TO JOIN

FORCES ASA I NS T THE JAf'A I~ESE 1 N 19·37 .

AT THE END OF WORLD WAR 1. MAO AI.D CHIANG MET AND ON

OCT. 1 0 1946. REACHED A MOnuS v I VEND I BUT ALMOS T

IM~IE[)IATELY THEREAFTER. CHIANG'S FORCES INTENSIFIED

THEIR ATlACKS ON COMMUI~IST BASES . THE CiVil WAR W.:iS ON

IN E.:iRNEST. AFTER DEFEATS AT Bt:IJING. TIEtHSItJ . SHANGHAI .

CHUNf"'TNG. AND CANH1N . THE tJATIOI~ALlSTS GAVE UP THE r lAINlAND AND

MOVED TO FORMOSA. NOW TAIWAN . ON SEPT."lJ. 1949 THE PEOPLE 'S

Co il WAS

THE CENTRAL GOVERr.r';:,J-, ..\L.THQUGH BI.\5ED ON HAD ' S C01.ICEPT

OF" DEMOCRACY, corn"'~-,,,;) A NUf"IBER OF" I NSTITUTIONS COP!,,;)

FROM THE SOVIET Utl;C'" "'HERE A VERY DIFFERENT THEC;",. CF

CLASS REf'I'IESENTATlG'" "'F'PLlED, REGIONAL GOVERNMENT lolA;;

ORIGIN'I ... LY IN ,"';10 ;-;AtJt;S OF nlE MILITARV AND VARI;::D F"OM

P .. ACE TO PLACE, GO'JERNMENTAL POWER WAS SUPPOSED TO

PASS IjPWARD T"ROUGH V:l:R IOUS .. EYELS TO A PARLIAMENT. T;..,e:

worroNAL PEOPLE'S CO"GRESS. WI·IICH WAS ESTABLISHED "'3

THE HIGHEST POUTrC!,;L GilGAN OF THE STATE, IN REALiTY .

THE COMMUNIST PART{ .. A5 COMPLETELY DOMINANT.

ESTABLlSi"ED "IMS:::i..F AS CH I EF OF STATE AS WE LL

CHAIRMAN OF THE P~RT"{ AND SOMETHING OF A CL'LT

F'ERSCl NALlTY 1>EG"''' 70 DEVELOP AROUND THE CHAIRMAN . T"iE

MOST FAMOUS SYMBOL GF THE CULT WAS. "THE SELEC,C:O

QUOiAirONS FROM '1a-0 ZEDCNG", OR AS WE KNOW IT . "THE

LI T TLE RED BOOK" .

MAO. IN ATTEMPTING TC MODERNI ZE THE CHiNESE ECONO!':" ,

INDUSTR.iALLY AND lOaRICULT URALLV. FACEO CONFLICTiNG

FORCES. HE COULD NuT MOOt::RNJ2E "'J. rHOUT t:::~PUSING >'1,1.:;'

F"EOF'LE TO WESTERN MATERIALISM. THEREFOR . EVERY "lOW

"EARS HE WOULD PURGE LEADERSHIP . RE-ARRANGE nlE

BUREAUCRACY ArJO MOY;:: BACl WAF;O S TO A PEASANT SOCIETY.

THE GREtH PROLETARIAN CULTURAL REVOLUTION OF 19M TD~

THE WI-IOLC WOf/LD 0 " cur<N"llcc . CUDOCNLY. CHINA WAC AT WAn

WITH ITSELF AND : N CONFLICT WITH JUST ABOUT EVERYONE

ELSE . MILLIONS OF STUDENTS WERE ON THE MARCH, ENTIRE

CITIES WERE COVEReD WI1H WALL POSTERS:I1IGHTY LEADERS

WERE WEAAING DUI!CE CAPS, THOUSANDS wERE DYING IN

PITCHED BATTLES, EM~ASSIES HDBBED AND BURNED TO THE

GROUND. CLEARL" IT WAS A FOWER STRUGGLE AND

IDEOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES WERE AT THE ROOT. MAO WAS AT

THE CENTER 1- WAS HIS PERSONAL REVOLUTION. 'H' PARTICIPANTS WAVED THEIR LITTLE RED BO~S AND CHANTED

HI S NAME WHlLE THEY TOI,E APART HIS OWN PARTY . THE RED

GUARD WAS FORMED AND THlV WERE TO SPEARHEAD A PURGE OF

"CAPITALIST "WADERS" THOSE TAI':ING THE ROAD

CAPITALISM. MAO HIMSELF. CAME OUT OF SEMI-OBSCUflJ1V.

WHICH HAD PROMP-ED RUMORS OF ILUjESS OR EVEN DEATH.

BY THE END OF 196'. MAO REPENTED HIS ORIGINAL FAITH IN

THE STUDENTS . HIS WORDS WERE HARSH COMPARED TO EARLIER

PRAISE . " THE RED GUARDS WOULD CERTAI~Y BE TOPPLED

TOI'IORROW IF THEY WERE INSTALLEO TODAY. THIS IS BECAUSE

THEY ARE F'OLITIC4LLY IMMATURE. THEV ARE INCOI1PETENT:

THEY HAVEN'T BEEN TEMPERED.

"D LEFT n u, TO CHotI EN LA!. IIIITH 'H' 5UPPOF;T 0' n£

ARMY. " RESTORE O"DER. ,u' n ,os NO' EASV " PU' 'H' GENlE 0' CHAOS ~ACK WTO 'H' flOTTLE AND n 'AS NO<

UNTIL 1'i'6Q THAT 'H' RED GUARD STUDENTS r'ECAI1E A LOST

5E1l1fRO II Q" QtIQ JA m" e rR', ' loPEn QlJD COERCED TO '0 OOIllN

TO THE VILLAGES ANU COUNTRVS1~E.

ANV POLITICAL PHENOMENON AS COMPLEX AND DISRUPTIVE AS

THE CULTlJIlAL REVOLUTION IS BOUND TO BE PERCEIVED AND

EVALUATED DIFFERENTLY £IV DIFFERE:NT OBSE:fNERS. THREE

POSITIONS HAVE EMERGED.

THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION WAS A POWER STRUGGLE

BETWEEN COt1F-ETING ,,"ACTIONS AI,m GROUPS.

THE CULTURAL ~FVULUTION WAS A MUCH NEEDED

ATTEMPT TO COPE WITH CHINA'S GROW I NG POLIT ICAL

PROBLEMS , BUREAUCRATISM. SOCIAL INEQUALITIES, DECLINE

OF MASS PARTICIPATION AND ALIENATION.

THE CULT~AL REVOLUTION WAS A MISGUiDEO OR

QUIXOTIC EFFORT THAT DID HORE DAMAGE THAN

ACCOMPLI SHED GOOD.

MEANWHILE. TENSION BETWEEN THE SOVIET UNION AND CHINA

GREW . THIS EXTREME HOSTILITY WAS COUNTERBHLANCED BY A

SHIFT IN SINO-~RICAN ~ELATJON5. AS THE F I RST SlA&ES

OF AMERICAtI WITHDRAWAL FIiOl1 VIET t4A!'1 BEGAN. THERE WERE

INCREASING HINTS """ (10TH SIDES "'''E RAPPROCHEMENT WOULD EIE WF..LCOMED . TRAVEL RESTRICTIONS

ON AMERICANS WERE EASED. THE TRADE EMBARGO WAS LIFTED

AND WASHINGTON INDICATED THAT IT ~OULD NO LONGER OPPOSE

CHINESE ADHISSION TO THE UtlITED NATIONS. m JUtJE .

1971. f I SSINGER FLEW TO BEIJING TO NEGOTIATE A NUON

VISI T AND THE" FOLLOWING WEEI NIXOt, ANNOUNCED TJ.<AT HE

WOULD SOON VISIT CHINA.

THUS BOTH SIDES - NIXON THE FIERCE ANTI-COMMUNIST. AND

MAO. THE ARCH FOE OF CAPIT(\LlSM

DRAMATIC ABOUT FACE.

HAD EXECUTED A

CHOU EN LAI. HAVING SPENT OVER A aUARTER OF A CENTURY

AS NUt18ER THREE OR FOUR IN THE HIERARCHY. BEGAN TO

EMERGE AND OCCUPIED THE RISVIER SECOND SPOT. HIS

Cf\F'ACJTY FOR ~ HAD BEEN SEVERELY TESTED Dl.If!ING THE

CULTURAL REVOLUTION, WHEN HE !:EPT ,HE CENTRAL

AOHlNISTRATION TOGE'-HEot SINGLE-HANDEDLY.

Hi';. GOT RESlA.TS . INDUSTnJAL f.>RODUClION REBOUNDED At4D

MOVED UPWARD THROUGH THE 70'S. EDUCATION WHICH THE

MI\OISTS HAD WSISl'ED SHOULD 6H(.II'£ OFF BOURGEOIS

INFLtJENces. TO BE DRA WN BACK INTO MORE

CONVENTlONAL PATTERNS.

THE NEW THRUST IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS CONTINL~D TC DEVELOP.

IN SEPTEHBER OF 1977 THE SAME CHINESE LEA0ER5 WHO ONE

YEAR EARLIER WEh~ DENOUNCING JAPANESE HIL1T~RISM AND

EXPANSION . RECEIVED PRIME MINISTER TAAAI;A AND

ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATI~~6 BETWEEN BEIJING AND

TOKYO. THUS OevELoPED A SITUATION WHERE ONLY THE USSR

WAS A DANGEROUS ENEMY. AGAINST RUSSIA. CHINA WAS

I"t>kol-'I-lHt:.1.I IU "UIN ALL l,.UUNIHlt:;!:I WI1HUUI LUI\L t:.I'iN I'-uri"

THE I R REVOLUTIONARY CREDENTIALS.

CHOU EN LAI'S PROG"'AM WCLUDEO ;,'(BUILDING OF THE

POll TICAL AND AOM1N1STRAnvE 5'fSTEM . THE ErIEFiGENCE Of"

OENG XIAOPING FROM LABOfUrJG IN A TRACTOR FACTCRY . WHERE

HE WAS EHLEO DURING THE CULTURAL REVOLLTlOU, TO

MEMBERSHIP ON THE CENTR~ COMMITTEE WA5 MOST

DRAI1ATlC. HE SOON B£CAf'lE VICE-PREMIER. VICE D-AIRI"IAN OF

THE PARTY AND ~IEF OF STAFF OF THE PEOPLE'S LIBERATION

ARMY.

BY 1<;17:'> , PROTECTED BY THE AILlNG CHOU EtJ LAl. DEN(;

XIAOPING'S STAR WAR RTSING. THE ANXIOUS RADIC~LS TRIED

WITHOUT SUCCESS. TO REbAIN INFLU~NCE. MAO HAD

BEIJING FOR THE SOUTH ao THFY LAUNCHED A CA~AIGN

LEFT

"

['!JILl) UP CHIANG CHINb . flAW'!;, !-lIFE 1'18 THE "E~POllN['E;;: OF

MAO lEDONG THOUGI-lT,"

CHOU EN LAI DIED IN JArn.II'IRV 1976. foEtlt; GAVE THE £ULOGV

AND TI-IAT IoIAS HIS LAST PLI!!L IC UTTEAAr'CE FOR A LONG TIME.

THE RADICAL. ATUla- AbAlt./bl HIM WA~ IN FULL FORCE - EVEN

"AO DELIVERED A BAAl! OR TIoIO . DESCRIBED

" UNREPENTING CAPITALIST-ROADER" INSIDE THE PARTY . AND

IoIITHOUT CHOU'S PROTECTION. PENG DISAPPEARED IN FEBRUARY

DR MARCH. 1970 . TO THE ASTONISHH£rH OF EVERVONE . THE

UNKNOWN HUIlo GUDFEtiG WAS THE NEIO ACTING PI'IEMIER .

NOMJNATED BV MAO.

THE FAMOUS TIIloNANMEN SQUARE INCIDENT OF 1976 SEIloLED

DENG'S FATE - AT LEAST FOR THE TIME BEING. BLAMING HIM

FOR THE UNREST, THE POLITBURO STRIPPED HIM OF ALL

OFFICES. BUT THE RADICALS 010 NOT ENJOV A COMPLETE

VICTORV. P£N5'S REMOVAL WAS A SINGLE DEMOTION. ~IDT A

S,"EEPING PURGE. TH£ UHOlE SYSTEM OF CADRES

HILITARV LEAD£RS. MAlIV OF THEM DENG SUPPORTERS .

REHAINED IN PLACE.

MAO WAS NEAR lIEATH AND THE OtD TRADITIONAl. NOTIONS

REAPPEARED. IN lHE SF'Ri Nb OF It;o7b SEVERAL PROVINCES

SUFFEi'EO SEVERE DROUGHT . TWO MAJOR EARTHOUAr-.ES 51 RUC",

THE SOUTHWEST IN MAY lIN~ IN JULY. MAJOR QUAI,ES HIT

TANGSHAN AND SEIJING. MAO DI ED or. SEPTEHBER 9. 197b.

THE FOLLOWING MON1H HlIA 6UOFENG . WHO WAS AT THE TCIP Of'

HIS CAREER . WAS tIPPOlIlTEO 10 BE HEAD OF ALL THREE MAJOR

HIER~HIES - PARTY. COUNCIL HhO MILITARY.

THe NE)(T PERIOD OF 8 10 1(' YEARS WAS DESCR I DED AS THE

"RETURN TO PRAGMAT1S~I". THE: C~nNE6E fjATION .,.:IS SICI OF

THE ZEAL AND COEfl'CION AbSOCIATED WITH I1AOIS/'!. THE

PEOPLE HAO BECOME WEARY OF POLITICS AND ALTHOUGH

INDIVIDUALISM ~D NEVER ~EEN HIGH AMONG CHINESE VA~UES.

PEOPLE DEEPLY RESENTED orFICIAL INTRUSrON INTO PERSONAL

LIFE. PEOPlE WEF>E EVEN MORE TIRED OF POVERTY.

IN CHINA . POWER RESTS JiOA£ ftj PERSOljS THAN POSlTIONS. HUA GUOFENG

WAS MAO'S CHOICE AND HELD THE TITLES BUT SUPPORT FROM THE PARTY

WAS LESS TH(\N ENTHUSIASTIC. THE F'F>AGMATISTS WERE GROWING STRONGIc.I'I

AND MANY WHO HAD BEEN VICTIMIZED BY THE GANG OF FOUR AND Tl-~E

RADICALS, WERE RETURIIIING . ONE WHO WAS EAGERLY AWAITED BY MILLIONS

AND WHO HIID BEEN CHOU (N LAI'S CHOICE. WAS DENG XIAOPING. HE HI"lO

SUPPORT IN ALL TH;;EE POWER HIERARCHIES AtjD REGAIN£D HIS POSlTlONS

AS PARTV VICE-CHAIRMAN. STAlE COUNCIL VICE-PREMIER AND VICE-CHAIR

OF THE MILITARY COMMISSION.

BV THE END OF' 1979. TilE F'r,ESS 5TOf'PED REFE"RING TO ~OUR WISE

LEADER . CHAIRMAU HUA~ At~D SIMPLY CALLED HI M. "COttRADE HUA

GUOFENG" • OF GREAT SIGN1FIC~NCE F>EFLECTING THE CHANGE. WAS A

STATEMENT £IV CHEN YUtJ . A D£NG SUPPORTER AND POLITBURO MEMBER . HE

SAID. "HAD CHAIRMAN M,.O DIED IN 1"'~6. THER£ WDU..D HAVE BEEN ~JO

DOUBT THAT HE WAS A bR~AT LEADER OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE. HAD HE

DIED IN l<;lbb. HIS MERITORIOUS ACHIEVEMENTS WOULD HAVE BEEN

SOHEW~T TARtHSHED. BUT HIS OVERALL RECORD STILL VERY GOOD. SINCE

HE ACTUALLY tilED W 19/b . THF.RE IS NOTHING OJ€: CAN DO ABOUT TT."

L 47t:... /,/ i'""'--'","' •• - ••• 'J"H,,,r 1978. (, !'RAGILE DEMOCRACY Wr<S ElDRN . HUNDREDS OF"

POSTERS E~PRESSlrJG A r,fIQAJj RAN5E OF VIEWS APPEAREt.. ON DEMOCRACY

WALL. THE DELUGE OF EnnOR1AL POST£RS OEC .. :-oF. MORE ANO MORE D(\!~lNG

AUTHORS WE"E: SIGNING THEI l'< L::'1N NAtlE:5 AND CALLS fOR HUNAN RIGHTS

BECAME MORE STRIDENT. BUT AFTER ~ OR 4 MONTHS OF LOOSENED

RESTFOAl,~TS . IT I:'ECAME API-ARENT THAT THE LEADERS WEhi:: PUSHED B£VOND

THE LIMITS THEV WOULD TOLERATE . QUIET ARRESTS FOLLOWED. AHONG

THEM, WEI JINGSHEN WHO m;:AI"PE AR ED IN THE NEWS ONLY A FEIoJ MONTHS

AGO.

THE REPRESSIorl WAS NEITHER WIDESPREAD NOR DECISIVE

BECAUSE THE PRAGMATISTS WERE AMBIVALENT. THEV WANTEO

TO EASE CULTURAL AND POLIT ICAL RESTRIGTIONS WHILE

MA INTAINING THE PARTY'S Ul00lJ€STIONEO DOMI NANCE.

MEANI<HILE . HUA GUOFENG'S DECLliJE CONTlNU£D AND HE HELD

HIR pnRITlnN QULV THRf111r..H TI-Ie: TOLERClt.ICE nF !IF'.II';. HI'"

RESIENED AS PREMIER IN 4UGUST. 1~90 AND IN JUNE . 199]

AS FARlV CHAIFIMAU.

SOME: AUTHORS BELIEVE: n~n DENG XlAOPING. WHO WAS I'"OR

MANV VEARS I N THE SHADOWS Of MAO AND CHOU EN LAI. WILL

HAVE A MORE LASTlNG IMPACT Oil CHINA'S MODERNIZATION

THAN ANV OTHER . HKLUDIN(; THE CHAU<MAN H1MSi'.:LF .

ECONCMIC "EFORMS. WHICH PROVIDEO DRAMATIC RESULTS IN

AGRICULTURE, HOME BUILDI NG AI, D CO NSUMER 50005 . WERE

AMON!; HIS flCHIF.VEM(NT!'l. IN F'OL1T!('S AND GOVERt<MENT

PkOGRESS ~AS AUiO ACHIEVED , A W':;:W PARTY C;ONSTITUTION

• STIFPEt< ED rIEME<ERfiHIF' RULES AtJO A CAMl"AIGN TO WEEll OUT

THE UNQUAL1FIED WAS EME-ARI·ED UPOl~. IN F OR£ I EiN POLlCY .

FEA~ AND SUSPICION OF l~~ USSR REKAINED WUT THE DOOR TO

THE WESTERN WORLD OPENED FAIRLY WIDE . WHILE CH I NA'S

EOU::ATIONAL HESS DEM{.'l[oED MASSIVE RESOURCES 'OR

PR l l1ARv AND SECONI>AR~ StHOOLING. /.is WELL AS HIGHER

EDUtAliON . THE WHEREWITHAL WAS t.fOT THERE . BUl UNDER

DEt<i , F'ROGR£SS loJ A!> MADE AND EARLIER I>I RECTIorlS loJ ERE

REIv£RSED .

!loLL TH~OUGH CHINA'S HODE"N HISTO!;·Y. 1HE"E LAY THE

POTENT ISSUE OF STABILln" VERSUS CHAOS. CHINA'S POST-

MAO LEADERS REPEATEDLY TEMPERED THEIR DESJRE FOR

MODERNl ZAT lor, AND CI-IAlliGE ~ I TH A DEEP CONCERN FOR

MAINTAINING POLITICAL ORDER DISCIPLINE.

ACCORDINGLY. THEY TEN~D TO FOLLOW EACH NEW ROUND OF

LIBERALIZING REFORM WITH AN ATTEMPT TO RETAIN OR

f~EGAIN CONTROL. THESE CYCLES OF REFORM ARE C!loLLED

"F!loNG/SHOU" • LETTING ,"0 WITH ONE HAND (FANG). THEY

INSTINCTIVELY TIGHTENED UP lSHOUl WITH THE OTHER.

OVER TIME, THE CONFLICTING Ph~SSURES ASSOCIATED WITH

FANG AND SHOU PRODUCED AN EBB AND FLOW OF POLICY

INITIATIVE ArlO r.'£SPONSE. AS PHASES OF R£FORM AND

RELAXATION ALTERNATED WllH Pf-IASES OF RELATIVE

RESTRICTION AND RETRENCIIHENT. THEREFOR. THE PROCESS OF

POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC REFORM HAD A PULSATING OUALITY.

REFLECTING 1HE HI5H DEGREE OF DEMOCRAT IC OPTIMISM THAT

ACCOMPANIEO REFORM INITIATIVES IN 1980 . LIVELY LOCAL

ELECTION CAHPAIGUS WERE HELD ACROSS CHINA It~ THE LATTER

HALF OF THE YEAR. IOITH 1\ NEW ELECTORAl.. I..AW AS A GUIDE.

THE 19S0 COUNTY-LEVEL PEOPLE> S CONGRESS ELECTlOtl9

REPRESENTED All UNPfi:ECEDEtHED DEGREE OF POLl TICAL

OPENNESS AUD GRASS-ROOTS PARTICIPATION .

UNIVERSITY CQNSHTUEt<C1J;S I:IEGAN nd:i'llNG THE: OUTE"

l UCY nEr,otl Tn QllfSTlON

•

THE SCIENTIFIC VALIU;:TV OF MARXIST DOCTRINES .

ASPERS I DNS or~ MAO'S !;EPUTATI ON AND CHALLENGED

SA NCTITY OF DENG'S FOUR PRINCIPLES . THIS CERTAINLY

THE APEX OF "FANG ".

CAST

'"' ""

THERE IS SOME I NDICATI ON THAT POL IT ICAL REFORM MAY HAVE

BEEN PUSHED ALONG BY THE POLISH SOLIDARITY MOVEMENT. A

SPEECH MADE BY A MEMBER OF DENG'S L IBERAL MO YEt1ENT

(CALLED THE "fUGHT WiN G" BY THE MAOISTS) REAO . "LEFTIS T

PRACTI CES BREED THE TYPE OF CRIS I S LIKE THE POLI SH

CRISIS. IF WE DO NOT CHANGE THE COURSE , THE SAME TH'NGS

WI LL HAPPE~ TO US . WilL OUR WORkING CL'-'SS NOT RISE I N

REBELLION? THEREFORE. OUR TRADE UNIONS AND MASS

ORGAN IZATIONS MUST BE THOROUGHLY REFORMED AND WDRKEi\S

MUST BE ALLOWED TO HIJOY FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACV IN

ELECT Ir~G THEIR OWN UNION LEADERS AND OFnCIO\LS OF THEIR

LEO\OING BODIES ."

THE BACKLASH WAS HARDLY UNEXPECTED. AND BY THE END OF

THE YEAR , THERE !<lAS AN I NDEFINITE FREEZE ON FURTHER

RE F ORM . SO FAR DID OENG DEF'ART F ROM H IS OR I GINA L

PROPOSALS . THAT lilY SPRlI'IG OF 1981 . REVISIONS PRESE riTED

WERE SO RESTRICTIVE AS TO REPRES ENT LITTLE iMPROVEMEr"JT

OVER THE PARTY DOMINATED, ORTHODOX STAL INIST SYSTEMS .

THIS WAS SHOU. OF FA~J6/SHOU IN OPERATION.

WHIL~ HARD AND SOFT LINERS STRUGGLED 10 GAIN THE UPPER

HAND. THE EFFECT OF THE AI~Tl-REFORM DRrvE WAS BLUNTED

LATE~ IN 1981 BY ANOTHER DENS SHIFT WHEN HE SOFTENED

H" PREV IOUS CALL FOR FIRMNESS CRlT ICIZII\G

IDED_OGICAL LA~lTY AND WEAI(NE88 IN THE CULTURAL FIELD.

THE CONSERVATIVES WERE GETTING TOO SnWNG AND DEI\G

ALWAYS TRIED TO KEEP THE PENDULUM FROM SWINGING TOO FAR

TO i::rTHER SIDE:. AFTER THE SInH PLENUM IN JUNE. 1981.

WHER~ HUA GUOFENG OFFICIALLV RESIGNED AS CENTRAL

COMMlrr~E CI IAI,., AND Tile GIIOGT or MAO WAG C~Or<ClSED BV A

RESO~UTtON REASSESSING HIS HISTORICAL CONTRIBUT IONS ~

HIS 'ISTAKES, DENG TURNED HIS ATT~NTION TO THE NEED FOR

"RE-INVENTING GOVERNMENT".

HE ='ROPOSED ELlMlNATING MaR;;: THAN ONE THIRD OF ALL

CADR;;: AND STAFF POSITIONS IN PARTY AND GOVERNMENT

AGEN~IES WITHIN TWO YEARS " TOTAL OF SEVEN 111 LLlotJ

JOBS. SOUND FAM1LIAR? AS A RESULT. THE NUMBER OF

MINISTERS ANO VICE-MINISTERS WAS CUT ~ROM 505 TO 167

AND OVERALL. ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL WAS REDUCED BY

MORE THAN ONE THIRD.

IN A='RIL. 1984 . FOURTEEN COASTAL CITIES JOINED THE FOUR

ALREADY EXISTING APPROVED GIES FOR FOREIGN INVES.TMENT

AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER. T-lE URBAN ECONOMIC E'·OCM

OCCURRED IN THIS SAME PEf.:lQO. BETWEEN 1983 IND 1985,

THE NUMBER OF REGISTERED. PRIVATE ENTErWRISES Ar-D

INDIVIDUAL HDUSEHOi...DS ENGI·I::iED IN DOMESl' I C TRADE.

DOUBLED F RO'" t>.<J ~11L.L.I(lN J(J Jr . 7 MIL.L.lUN. WHEN VOW

CONSIDER THE NON-REGlSTEf<CD HOUSEHUl.DS. THE TOTAL WAS

MUCH GREATER. THE:: RUR"L. COLL.E:CnVE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR

GREW AT THE SAME RAlE. Ut;oE~ THI:. SLOGAN "A FACTOR~ FOR

EVERY VIL.LAGE", THE&E VllLA6£ ENTERPRISES EMPLOVED 52

HIL.LION P EoPLE TN 19a4-05.

DENG. WHO HAD SAID AT LI'~E TIME OR ANOTHER . THAT ~A

LITTLE C':'PITALISM IS NOT N:ECESSARILY HARMFUL". WAS

iNCLINED TO ~AC! OFF BECAUSE OF nBUSE9 IN THE REFORM.

THERE WAS A RISWG TIDE OF ILLICIT ACTIVIlIES.

INCLUD I NG FOREIGN EXCHANGE LAUNDERING . FRAUDULENT 8ANI

LOANS, EXCESS I VE WAGE "NU «ONUS PAYMENTS TO WQR':ERS AND

MANAGERS. SMUGGL I IIIG. PROST I TUTI Otj AND PORNOGRAPHY .

THESE ABUSES PROVIDED THE CONSERVATIVES WITH PLEIHY OF

FODDER AND THE REFORMERS GAVE GROUND . HOWEVER. WHILE

DENG WAS WILLlNG TO. RETr{EAT A BIT. HE CLEARLY WAS r.OT

PREPARED ,0 BHCf..TF~AC!, ON THE GENERAL PfdtJCIPLES OF HIS

OPEN POLICY. HE ARGUED THAT REFORM WAS NEEDED TO

OVERCOME :xK\ YEARS OF IMPOVERISHMENT, B~FWARONESS ANO

IGNORANCE CAUSED BY CHINA'S SELF-lMPOSED ISOLATION FROM

THE OUTSJUE WORLD. HE INSISTED THAT IF THERE IS TO BE

ANY CHANGE IN POLICY. IT WILL BE THAT CHINA'S DOORS

WILL BE OPENED EVEN MORE.

FOR A VARIErv ~ F;£ASOijS . DENG'S ATTEMPT A, A MIODl.E

COURSE &CAME PAOGkESSIVELY HARDER ,0 STEER . DESPITE

HIS PERIODI C PLEAS FOR STABILITY AND UNITY, A SERIES Of'"

REFORM RELATED EVENTS NOW f'EGAN TO TEAR 5EF;fOUSLY AT

THE SOClnL FABFiIC OF URiOImj CHINA. THE rlEW ERA IN

CH)NESE AAT AND LlT£RA1URE I.AGTED APPROXIMATEL Y 16

, , , 0

AND THE CURRENT RELEYAt,CE or Hf:IRX1ST ECONOMIC T'iEOR~

WERE COMMON. ONE OF THE LIBERflL CRITrcs. FANG LIZ,,!, IN

NOVEMBER. 19Bo. WROTE. "J HM HERE TO TELL YOU THAT THE

SOCIALIST MOVEMENT FRON ~lARX, LENIN. STALIN AND MAO

ZEDONG HAS BEEN PI FAILURE J THINI': THAT COMPLETE

WESTERNIZATION IS THE ONLY WAY TO MODERNIZE:.""

FOR THE FIRST TIME SINCE ,,(FORMS WERE INTRODUCED IN THE

WINTER OF 1978. CHINESE CITIES NOW !lEGAl< TO WlTl<ESS

SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL UNRESl. STUDENT PROTESTS WERE AG~rN

TAKING PLACE IN TlANANMEN SQUARE AND THE !lEIJING POLICE

WERE ARRESllNG DEMONSTRATORS. THE PROTESTS WERE AGAWST

THE PRESENCE OF MILITARY PERSDNNEL 01" CAMPUS. CONTWUED

CHINESE NUCLEAR WEAPONS TESTING AND A NUMBER OF OTHER

ISSUES. DESPITE SCATTERED ARRESTS AND SPORADIC USE OF

INTTMIDAT ION TACTICS BY PUBLIC SECUIUTV FOHCES. LOCAL AUTHORITIES

USUALLY REFRAINED FROM USING EXCESSIVE For,CE TO QUELL STUDENT

PROTESTS .

FINALLY. TRUE TO 1'"01':11. DEI<G, WHO HAD ORIGI!>IALLY OPErJED

THE DOORS TO FREE EXPRESSION, NOW COMES DOWN HARD AT"

THE END OF DE"CEMl~ER. 1<;!86. AND SAYS. "WHEN WE SPE"'" OF

DEMOCRACY, WE MUST NOT MEArJ BOURGEOIS DEMOCRACY . WE

· CI,\N~llll 8~T UP SliCH GHIIIICU, I~S SEPM;;j.ollOl~ OF P{lWI:"~:

ElETWEEN THE THREE l<RANCt IES Of' c;oVERNMENT. THIS CAUSES

GREAT TROUDLE.·

'OR THE MOH£NT HOWEVER. RELATIVE own RETURNED

FOLLOWING THE ARREST OF ::;::; STUDENTS II~ TlANANMEN SQUARE

ON JANlIARV 1. 1'187. SOBERED B'I' nus EXPERIENCE AND

8EIJ ING'S WINTER THE STUIiENTS BAet ED OFF, RETURNING TO

THEIR COLLEGE CAMF'USES. IoII TH THAT. THE CRISIS WEro/T

iNTO REMISSION AND OENG'S DARI ER SIDE I10MENTARILY

EXPOSED. WAS ONCE MORE HIDDEN FROM VIEW.

OENG XIAOPIN6 RETIRED AS HEAD OF THE POLITBURO IN

OCT08ER . 1'?87 AND THIS LEADEHSHIP CHANGE .BROUGHT ZHAO

ZIYANG TO THE FRONT AND HIS THEORY OF "WHATEVER WORI"S"

PRETTY MUCH GAVE CHINESE REFORMERS CARlE 8LANCHE TO TRY

ANYTHING THEY THOUGHT Mll>HT SPUR ECOUOMIC GROWTH AND

THEN CALL IT ·SOCIALISM·. ZHAO URGED THE CREATION OF

PRIVATE i'lARiETS FOk ESSENTIAL. SECTOF:S SUCH AS Ft.RMS.

LAWR, £;EFNIGe:S TECHNOLOGY INFOflMAT10I~ AIm REAL ESTA1E.

8RE~ INC> FROM MAfUIST l~tIDTTION. HE FURTHER INDICATCD

THAT IN 1IoiE FUTU~E . BUVEI,!:> ('IF bONDE- WILL EoARN INTEREST

ANO SHAREftOLDERS. DIVIliENl}S.

FREED FROM SaM" OF THE I RAlJ1Tlor.AL CENTRAL I"LANNIN"

CONSTRAINTS . THE CHINESE ECONUMV BEGrul TO LURCH GUT OF

CON1ROL TOWARD THE END OF 1987. THE HAIN PROBLEMS ~ERE

FAMILIAR SPIRALING W~/PRICE INFLATION. "ur-:AWA ...

MONE ... SlWPL Y. SURG ING CONSUMER DEI'IAND . OVER-INVESTMENT

IN CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION . RAI1F'ANT COMMERCIAL SPECLl.-"'TION

AND Of'FICIAL PROFITEERING. THE: 198B ECONOMIC MESSAGE WAS GLOOM ... .

FOR THE FIRST TIME SINCE THE REFORMS BEGAN. THERE WAS A REAL DROP

IN THE PURCHASING POWER OF SUBSTANTIAL NUI'IBERS OF URBAN WAGE

EARNERS. THE STAGE WAS SET FOR YET ANOTHER ROUND OF CONFLICT OVER

PRIORJT1ES. STRATEGIES liND LIMITS OF STRUCTURAL REFORM.

THE 7TH NATIONAL PEOPLE'S CONGr~ESS . WHICH CONVENED I N

MARCH. j <;lS8. SA~ A NUMi't.:R OF MAJOR CHANG.ES IN CHINESE

COMMUNIS1 PROCEDURES. THERE WERE SECRET BALLOTS, 70%

OF THE DELEGATES WERE FIRsT-TIMERS, THE AVERAGE AGE wAS

ONL ... 32, 36); HAD FiECEIVED POST SECONDARY EDUCATION AND

WHOLESALE CHANGES WERE ~~E IN LEADERSHIP POSITIONS.

THERE ~AS OPEN DE&ATE O'-'ER GOVERNMENT POLICIES.PJ;,'CHESTS

AGAJt4ST INFLATION. LOW PAY FOR TEACHERS. INEQUI1ABLE

DISTRIBUTION OF BENEFI IS AND A STRONG PUSH TOWARD

DEMOCRATIC SUPERVlSION /1140 CONSULrATJON .

DURI NG THE MONTH .. FOLLQWlt'l' THO' 7TH CONGRESS. CHIN-"'S

t!lRBAN PRQSLEM$ INCREASED. STUDENTS tlEGAN

DEMONSTRATE A(;AINST RJSlr~G L!YING COSTS . "'" INADEOUATE

GOVERNMENT EDUCATION &UOG€T AND REIn II£CONTROL . Tf./ERE

WERE 77 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY CAMPUS DEMONSTRATIONS IN

25 CITIES DURING THE FIFffil SU MOt~THS OF 1988 . LABOR

PROBLEMS ALSO aEGAN TO INLREASE AND MANAGERS OF STATE

ENTERPRISES FOR THE FIRST T I ME . BECAME S£RIOUSLY

CONCERNED WITH THE NEED TO INCREASE PROFITS AND CUT

PRODUCTION COSTS . MANY UNEMPLOYED PECAnE STREET

VENDORS . Hllwt ERS ~ PROSTITUTES . OTH£RS PAN-HANDLED AND

FOR THE FIRST TIME SINCE 1949 . BEGGARS WERE WIDELY

OBSERVED IN MANY CHINESE CITIES .

liT TH I S TI ME. OFFICIAL MISCONDUCT WAS AT AN ALL TIME

HI liH. THE CH I r.lESE CDMMu rH S T PARTY. WH I CH Or.lCE PRIDED

ITSELF ON THE INTEGRITY. SPIRIT AND OEYOTION OF ITS

MEMBERS. NOW SUFFERED GREATLY DI MINISHED POPULARI TV AND

PRESTlGE.

RUMORS OF PRICE REFORM AND DECONTROL CAUSED A BUYING

PANIC AND CHAOS IN THE MARl ET. D€NG. AS USUAL . BAC~ED

AWIIY FRO~ HIS SUPPORT OF THE PROGRA~ AND ZHAO ZJYANG

WAS LEFT HOLDlr.IG THE !;AG. HAVJNG LOST DENG'S PERSOtlAL

ENDORSEMENT. ZHAO FELL FROf1 GF;ACE AND (IS H1 S STAR

DESCENDED. LI PEr.IG. THE PREMIER'S. ROSE. PRIMARY RESPQNSIElILITY

FOR ECONOMIC POLICY r.lOW SHIFTED TO HIM.

HU YAOBANG DIED OF A MASSIVE HEART AT1AC~ ON APRIL l~.

I Q 99 AND THE FOLLOWING DAY . SEVERAL HUNDRED STUDENTS

FROM VARIOUS 8EIJING IJNIVERSlT1ES MARCHED TO TlAN.:.NMEN

saUARE TO PLACE ~MORJAL WREATHS. OVER THE NEXT FEW

DAYS. TEtJS OF THOUSANDS ARRIVED AND THE FIRST F'RO-

DEMOCRACV RALLIES TOOl- F1-ACE.

DESPITE OFFICIAL WARNINGS TO CLEAR THE SOUARE . ON APRIL

22, 100.000 PEOPl.E GATHEI,ED FOR HU'S FUNERAL CEREMONV.

AT THE CONCLUSION OF THE SERVICE. THE STUDENTS CHANTED

"DIALOGUE. DIALOGUE. WE DEMAND DIALOGUE. WITHOUT

RESPONSe: FROM THE GOVERNrIENT. THE STUDENTS PUSHED

FORWARD TOWARD THE GREAT HAt..t.. f-'ROMPT1NG A SCUFFLE WITH

THE POLICE.

FACED WITH A CONTAGIOUS SlTUATlOU OF STUDENT PROTEST

AND CITIZEN UNREST. PARTY LEADERS TOlJ&KENED THEtR

STANCE:. DENG XIAOf'ING SAID. "SOME PEOPLE CRAVE NOTHING

SHORT OF NATIONAL CHAOS • •• WE MUST TAKE A CL.EAR-CUT

STANO AND FORCEFUl MEASURES TO OPPOSE AND STOP THE

TURMOIL. DON'T BE AFRAID OF THE STUDENTS BECAUSE WE

STILL HAVE SEVERAL. rULLION TROOPS."

THE COUNTER-PROClUCTlvITY OF THE GOVERNMENT'S APPROACH

8ECAME EVIDENT ALMOST JMMEDT~TELY . THE r~UMBER OF

l--'l-iOTESTERS AT lHE SOUAhE DOUI)LED AND FOR THE FIRST

llME . SIGNIFICANT NUr4ERS OF 1,j(JN-5TUOErnS E<EGAN TO

MARCH AL.ONGSIOE rHE STUO"-tHb. FURTHERMORE. MORE TfOAN A

HALF MI LLION BEIJING RESrDENTS LINED THE STREETS OF THE

DEMONSTRATION MARCH. OFFERING ENCOURAGEMENT, FOOD AND

ZHAO ZIYANG. WliO IIAD PEeN ltJ N. 1 01l£A. RUSHED HOME 1'0

CONFER WITH DEr~G ~IAOPING. CONVEVING HIS MISGIVINGS

ABOUT THE GOVERNMENT'S CHOICE OF TACllCS IN DEALING WITH THE

STUDENTS. oeV I OUSLV SUI,PRISE)) BV THE BACI-LASH AGAINST HIS EARLIER

COM~lENTS. PENG AGREEP TO AL L.OW ZHAO TO TRV A SOFTER APPROACH.

5TASJLITV WAS HIS PRIMARV INTEREST. "ONCE THE SITUATION IS

STASJUZED . YOU MAY CARRY OUT YOUR PLANS". HE SAlO l "IF THEV PROVE

FEASIBLE. YOU MAY DISREGARD WHAT I SAID BEFORE."

IRONICALLY. DENG'S SOFTER AF'PROACH SERVED Ot~ LV TO FRAGMENT THE

STUDENT LEADERSHIP BETWEEN THE MODERATES AND THE RADICALS.

MOREOVER. IT Et,lCOURAGEO WORt_ERS. JOURt,jALISTS AND OTHER GROUPS TO

COME FORTH WITH THEIR OWN PnRTICULAR DEMANDS. WITH BOTH bOVERNMENT

AND STUDENTS INTERr~ALLV DIVIDED SETWEEN HARO-UIl£,:RS AND SQFT-

LINERS . THE RESULT WAS A STAND-OFF MAR~ED BY IMMOSILITY AND

JrHRANSJGEP«<:E.

HAD IT NOT BEEt. FOR THE I',RR!VAL Of" MlrHAIL GOREIACHEV IN MID HAV.

lHE STUDENT MOVEl'IEtn. WHICH WAS LOSlr,jG ITS MOMENTUM RAPIDLV . MAY

HAVE OUIETED . IF NOT OIErt ALTOGETHER. .,UT IT W':'S ~IANtu\ FROM

HOSCOW' 300(1 SIT-IN HUNGER SlRI~,ERS DREW LI'oRGE CROWDS

SVMP ATHETIC or"-LOO1'ERS TO nANANMEN S(JUAr~E . WITH AN I MPO/i<TANT

FOREIGN VISITliR AI~D I liE ATTEND,:\tJT NE WS MEDIA LIMITI NG THE

GOVE'*NMENT'S RESPONSE . THE 51'PDENT POSITION BECAME MORE GUTSV AND

' '' 'SRMSrgr J 5 ' ' '§ rC" ,,'-P' lt! , I I I f G" P fRE5H'IF~J <=:.IIIDENTS

WASHINGTON). LDUII SPEA! ERS, FLIERS ANI) POSTERS (SOfli': IN ENGLISH)

CALLED FOR THE RES1GNATfONS OF LI PENG AND DENG ~IAOPING .

ZHAO MADE ONE LAST ATlEMPT - HE S£NT A MESSAGE TO THE HUNGER 6T1'11! FoRS ACkNOWLEDG1NC> THE PATRIOTIC SPlRlT OF THE STUOENT

MOVEMENT /.\NO F'ROI1: SED NO HEPkISAL6 IF THE STUDENTS WOULD TERMlr.A l £

TI~ln ~TnII C. THE MAJOklTY OF THE ~TRl~EkS FAVORED ACCEPTANCE OF

ZHAO'S OFFER BUT ;1 W~S ~OCIED BY A COALITION OF HARD-LINERS . ON

MAY 17, AT A MEETING AT OENG'S HOME. ZHAO AGAIN APPEALED FOR

MODERATION. DENG REFUSEO AND IMPLIED THAT THE DlSTURB~NCES WERE

EXACERBATED ElY ZH04'S LEtJlENCV. DENG SAID. nI HAVE THE I>RMV BEHIND

ME~. "'BUT I HAVE THE PEOPLE BEHIND ME~, ZHAO RESPONDED, DENG THEN

TRUMPED HIM WITH • "THEN YOU HAVE NOTHING." ZHAO"S ATTEMPT TO

RESIGN AT THAT MONENT WAS REJECTED .

AFTER REPEATEDLV UNSUCCESSFUL EFFORTS TO FORESTALL MARTIAL LAW.

ZIiACI LEFT A MEETUIG ON MAV l~. IOENT TO TIkNANMEN SOUM:E AND AT

~.oo AM ADDRESSED THE HUNGER STRU.ERS. IN A VOICE I-EAVY WITH

EMOTION AND EYES FILLED WITH TEARS. HE SAID. "WE'VE COME TOO LATE.

I'M SORRY. YOU SHOULD CfllTIClZE US AND BLAME US. IT)S REJ\SQNA8LE

THAT YOU SI-fDULD 00 SO." THIS WAS ZHAO'S LAST PUBLIC ACT AS

GENERAL SECRETARV. ioJIlH JN HOURS. THE F1F<9T CmJTWGENTS ~ TROOPS

IJEGAN ARRIVING Al THE OU1SkHns OF £<EIJWG. SOLDIERS J'£JVED iNTO

POSI T ION TO TAI'E OVER Rr,l)IO, TELEVJSION AJW NEWSPAPERS. ON MAY

~ G 1 J sFt 'G GI G" E' XL'!' f lC " rR I Mf'0"'I" '-;; ! fART!l , ' , .. '" mJ THF= NATlaN'R

CIIPITAL.

AS THE >IRST TENtiE OIl¥S r-I\"SEO Wl1HC1UT bOVEkNMEI>IT RESPONSE. THE

NUMBERS OF DEMDNtiTRIITORS Crn~TINUED TO SWELL . WHOLE FIICTORIES liND

GOVERNMENT WO~ UNITS JOINED THE STUD~NTS . BUT THE ONE MAJOR GROUP

CONSPIGUOUS 8'1' tTS ~8bEtOCE WAS THE PEAStlN1RV. CHINII'S FARI'tERS HtlD

DONE WELL UNDER DENG XIAOPING'S AGRICULTURAL AND MARKETING

REFORMS. THE ONLY TWO LIVING KARSHALS OF THE PLA AS WELL AS 100

OTHER SENIOR ARHY OF~ICERS PROTESTED THE IMPOSITION OF HARTIAL

LAW.

CHINA'S LEADERS ACTED EARLY IN JUt'E TO PRE-EMPT WHAT TI-£Y VIEWED

AS A RAPIDLY DETERIORATING. DEEPLY THREATENING SITUATION. IN LIGHT

OF EVENTS WHI CH SUBSEOUENTLV OCCURRED IN EAST AND CENTRAL EUROPE .

THErR FEARS OF AN ANTI-GOVERNMENT REBELLION MAV NOT HAVE BEEN SO

FAR OFF THE MIIRI •

UNDER ORDERS TO CLEAR TIANANI1£N SOUARE BY SUNMY JUNE 4. OR FACE A

FIRING SOUAD, THE SOLDIERS AT A80UT 10 P.M. SATURMY . 8EGlIN FIRING

THEIR 1'11--478 DIf<ECTLV HllD THE CROOO . MOST OF THE ~ lLUNG TOO~

PLACE BETWEEN 1014:\ P.M. AND J.:t"lO A.M . WITI-I MOTORIZED INFANTRY

UNITS ORIV/t.G WEOG£S lHROUGH THE BARRICADES ANO CROWDS. ENRAGED.

THE PEOPLE FOUGI-IT 8ACI !,JITH MOLOTOV COCI(TA1LS. STEEL REINFORCING

"DOS .:'INn AN ASSORTMENT OF IIJIVES AND CLUBS. IT IS SIGNIFICANT

HOWEVER. THAl' WllH FI"ING GOING ON ALL I,ROUNO l'HEI1. THERE WEr,E NO

? 7I7 -T rEE OT 7" ]]' 7' I1T [' ' n G I " E ]. ![ !lIPm[]) SJI IDEtJIS HlIPl)LED tLCl flF

TOGETHER ON THE STEPS Lb1DI!~G UP TO THE th:.RO!"::S' r<ONurtEN1 ON lHE

SQUARE.

\<IQRLlJ REACTION CAUSED TNt:. l\UfHORl'fJE!; TO COOL Il AND IN JANUARY.

I <;><;>0. THE GOVEl\t.IMENT TE,f<tHNATED MARTIAL LAW I N BEl J I NG Ar~O

RELEASED 573 POLITICAL PRISONERS.

ZHAO ZIYArlb. WHO HAD ALREADY LOST FAVOR WITH Il£NG BY OPPOSING THE

MARTJAL LAW OECISION . w.:.s NOW THE P'RIH£ CANDIDATE FOR

HE WAS ACCUSED OF DRAVE ERRORS AND HISTAhES. INCLUDING

'HE PARTY . HE WAS STRIPPED OF ALL POWERS 'NO POSTS

SCAPEGOAT.

SPLITTItIG

AND Wt!S

RlLFU(;ED PCflHICCION TO OrCAI~ IN IUO OWN OCn::: NOL OUT WIICN Tllel'lC

WERE PRESSURES TO f.'ROSECUTE ZHAO FOR ALLEGED CRIMWAL BEHAV I OR,

OENG AGAIN REVEALED HIS PRACTICE OF COUNTER-BALANCING FANG AND

SHOU . HE CAUTIONeD. " LET us NOT GET TANGLED UP IN WHO IS

RESPONSIBLE FOR WHAT RIGHT NOW. LET THOSE QUESTlOW; BE RA I SED IN

Twa OR THREE YEARS." OF COURSE, HE PREVAILED AND ZHAO LIVED

COMFORTABL .... COrjl" I NED TO QUARTERS FOR THE NEXT SEVERAL MONTHS.

AL THOUGH DENG'S ROLE IN THE SECOND TIANAN~IEN INCIDENT WAS

VIRTUALLY THE REVERSE OF THAT IN THE FIRST. THE TWO EVENTS WERE

VER ... SIMILAR. EACH BEGAN AS A PEACEFUL DiSPLAY OF MOURNUNG FOR A

RECENTLY DECEASED CHINESE LEADER, ~ACH BECAME INFLAMED WHEN PARTY

HARD-LINERS IMPUGljED THE PATRIOTIC ~IOTIVES OF THE PARTICIPANTS.

" "", ''',~ Plln RFFORM LEAnFR WHO

WAS I:ILAM(D FOR Jt.H ... 111N6 I. l,;"lJNTE~-REVClLlITJONARV RJ(IT . THE: IIluNV

IS CLEAR. HAVING DEFEATED HlJA EtUAFEHG AND RISEr. TO F'OWER ON T'HE"

STRENGTH 0 "- HIS VINDICATION IN THE FII,S1 I NCIOENT. DENG NO", STOOD

TO HAVE HIS "EPUTATI~ lMNISHE:O FOREVER THROUGH HIS REVERSAL.

GOVERNMENT LEADERS COULD NOT IGNORE THE UNDERLVING PROBLEMS THAT

GAVE RISE TO THE MASSIVE URBAN PROTESTS. ON JUNE lb. IN A PUBLIC

SPEECH . DENG SAID. ·WE MUST PERFORM CERTAIN ACTS TO INSPIRE

SATISFACTION AMONG THE PEOPLE . THERE ARE TWO ASPECTS TO THIS, ONE

I S TO PURSUE THE REFDRtI /.IND OPE~~NESS POLlCIES I10RE AGGRESSIVEL V.

AND THE OTHER IS TO CATCH flrlO PUNISH THOSE IfHO ENGAGE IN

CORRUPTION •••• PARTICULARLV THOse INSIDE THE PARTY . '

THROUGHOUT EAST AND CFNTliAl. EUROPE A RISING TlOE OF GLASNOST-

!NOUCI!:O UNRES1' HAil K!:;"UL II:.I.> IN A "Ul,;Ll:,b!>lUN OF TEETERING COMMUN I S T

REGIMES. COMI NG so CLOSE TO THE TIANnNMEN liEf/ELLION. CHINA'S

ALREADV NERVOUS LEADERS (·JERE MORE THA N UNEASY .

i'lL THOUGH CHINA HOVERED ON THE [<RINle ()F POL! TICAL CH"OS THROUGHOUT

SPRING AND SUMMER OF 1989. TH~ REGIME RJGHTED JTSELf AND ACHIEVED

A MEASURE OF STAl<lLITV. tHIS WAS THE RESlLT OF S£VERAL FACTORS 1

FACTORS THAT VIRTUAl..L'< "'NSURED THAT CHJt~A WOUUi NOT FOLLOW THE

-GEflTLE REVOLUTlOW' THAr ENGULFED I10ST OF THE COMf'1UHIST WORLO, IN

THE LARGEST CITES TliROUGHOUT CHINA NONSTUDENT POPULATIONS WERE

MORE lNTERESTED IN MAUf~G MONEV THAN IN POLITICS, OENG'S GAMBLE

THAT SUCCESSFUL ECONOMlC REFORM WOULD DAMPEN PEOPLE'S DEMAND FOR

POLITICAL CHANGE . PROVED TO BE CORRECT.

IN THE AFTERMATH. PARTy OISCIPLWE WAS RIGIDLV I'.fm RUTHLESSLV

~NFORCE:D, THE: GOVERt.t1EtH HAD EFFECTIVELY BROI(EtJ THE BACI OF THE

DEMOCRACV MOVEMENT.

•

REACTING TO ALL. OF' THEIR Hl:OBLEHS, A NEW STRATEGIC AGENDA FOR

CH INA'S POST COLO 101M POLlTJC"'L Atm ECONIJtUC DEVELOPMENT WAS

FORHULATED. iT wtlS LABELED "N£W COtj5ERV~T1Sf1" AND HoOIO IT5 ORIGINS

I N A CONFERENCE Otl TRADITIONAl,. CHINESE CULTURE AND SOCIALIST

1'10DERNIIAT ION. "NEW CUN$€RVATISH" EMPHASIZED THE NEED 'OR

GRADUALISM AND CAUTlO~J IN ECONOMIC REFOf."M. THE IMPORTANCE 01"

COMMUNIST PIloRTV CONlf.!Ol OF THE ECONOMY Ar>lD THE STABILIZING EFFECTS

OF CUL1lJRAL NATIONALI SM. THIS WAS NOT TO BE A REVIVAL OF MAO'S

DISCREDITED DOGMAS )jUT r,ATHER A RENAISSANCE OF TRADlTlONAL CHINESE

CULTURE AND VALUES .

I~ ONE ISSUE FACJr'G THE N~W CONSERVATIVES "AS THE PAI<TY 'S SHARPLV

DIMINISHED PRESTIGE AND POPULARITY AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE. LI TTLE

MORE THAN 6% OF THE EDUCATED YOUTH WERE SERIOUSL" INTERESTED IN

JOINING THE COMMUNIST P~RTV . ~ CLE~R MAJORITY ~ERE EiTHER HOSTILE

OR r~Dl~~ERENT TO THE PARTY. AT THE SAME TIME THERE WAS A SERIOUS

EROSlOtj OF CDMMLJIIIST MORALITY AI~D ETHICS W CHltolA"S

VILLAGES.

RURAL

iN THE Sl1Ml'1ER OF 1<;09 1. WITH DEI'JG IN ILL HEALTH AtlD 'JAST AREAS OF

EAST CM I NA WlA\jIJATEO BY FLOODS THERE WAS COt./CERN BY PARTY

REFORMERS FOR THEIR OWN ~D THEIR COUNTRY'S FUTURE. '"' COWCIDEi'lCE OF DENG'S lLLJ«ESS AND THE FLOODS TRIGl'>ER£D /:I RENEWAL

OF THE OLD THEOR~ OF DYrNlSTlC DISORDER AND C~NGE.

IN LATE NOVEMBER. 19Q 1. A RECOVERED DEt.G CONVENED A MEETING O~

SENIOR PARTY LEI<DERS II" HIS Hm!E AND SAID. "WE !;.HOULD NO T

REPEATEDLV MENTJOtj THE r'EACEFUL E.VOLUTJON PLOT BY T .. e WE6T. WE

NEED THE UNITl!> ST(,H.b 1U 1-'1<0111'1£ lILli, h'IFOI:;I'1S AND OPDUNG UP. IF

WE I<LWAVS CONFROIH THE: U.S •• WE'LL LEAVE OURSELVES NO ROOM TO

MANEUVER . " ALTI-IQUGH FRAIL AI,m E~PE:RIENCIM; DIFFIClA.TI' "'AL~IN'" AND

TAL"-IN"'. DENG XIAQf'H~G ~tGArj A TOUR OF SOUTHEAST CHINA'E BUSTLING

COASTAL DEVELOPMENT REGIONS ON JANUARV IS . 1992. HE HOPED TO

BOLSTER HIS CLAIM THAT REFORM ANO THE: OPEN POLICY WERE ALL THAT

STODt BETWEEN CHINA (~NO r. SOVIET-STYLE POLITICAL MEL1DOWN . HE

ALSO WANTED TO SHORF. UP HIS lNCF>-EASINGLY PRECARIOUS HISTORICAL

LEGACY.

"MARIET ECONOMIES ME NOT NECESSARILY CAPITALISTIC". HE SAID.

"SOCIALISM HAS MARI'ETS. TOO. Pl.ANS AND MARKETS ,:oRE SIMPLY

ECONCMIC STEPPING STONES TO UUIVERSAL PROSPERITY AND RICHNESS."

WHILE COfoCEDIIIIG THAT DISPARITIES IN PERSONAL INCOMES AND REGIONAL

GROWTH RATES WOULD PF!OErABLY W~DEN IN THE EARLl' STAGES OF REFORM .

OVER TIME, ADVANCED AfiCtlS WOULD "PULL ALONG- MORE BAct-WARD

REGIClNS. SOMETHING LH,E BOATS IN A RISING TIDE. ABOUT WHICH wE

HAVE HEARD MUCH .

INTERESlINGLY. THROUGHOUT THE: TOUR. OENG'S POLITICAL MEhSAGE WAS

FAR MORE CONSERVATIVE THAN HlS ECONOMIC ONE. HE ARGUED THAT

AUTHORITARIAN MEASURES HAll TO BE TAl_EN IN ORDER TO CONSOLIDATE

POLITICAL ROWER. AND THAT!rj THo; COURSE OF ECONOMIC REFORM.

OICTIHORhHIF' MUSl COIHl!o/UALL~ BE tXERClSED OilER ENEMIE6 OF THE

777 ' C: 1 5 -TeT e

"11TH THE FANGiSHOU C'I"CLE UNOrR001HG A f'"QNOUNCI:'O ~""ASt: CHAN(;,I::: IN

THE DIRECTION OF GREATER ECONOMIC Atm CULTURAL L1i"JERALlZATION IN

TI-IE SUI1I1ER OF 1'1'>2. THEf<E W£RE SOME r~FIoI (,NO UNSETTLING TRENUS 1N

THE OOI1ESTJ C ECONOMY . I:lE.GINNINC. J ~j THE SPRING. tHE hHAr~I"HAI AND

SHENZHEN STOC/', E~CHANloE.;;. ):."ECENT RECIPI ENTS OF DENG·S !;L.ESSING .

STARTED TO OVERHEAT !; .. ULY . CHWESE CITIZENS RUSHED TO PURCHASE

SHARES ON THE NEWLY LEGIlIMIZED "N(JNCAPITALIST" STQC" MARKET . TWO

MILLION SI-1ANGHAI RESIDENTS -ONE SI~TH OF n!E POF-UL.ATION - Io.IAI T£O,

CASH READY. FOR TI-IE OPPORTUNITY TO INVEST. SHARE PRICES SOARED

AND IN SI~ MDNTHS lHE S1-lANI3HAI INDEX ROSE 1200%. SI-IARE PURCHASE

CERTJFICATES WERE SOLD AND WHEN THE PURCHASER'S NUMBER CAI'tE uP. HE

WAS THEN ABLE TO ENTER A LOTTERY WHOSE Wlt.rNERS WERE GIVEN THE

OPPORTUNITY TO BUY A LIMnED NUMBER OF SHARES OF Wf#\TEVER STOCK

HAPPENED TO BE AVAILASLE,

IN THE MEANTJME. DENG CHANGES COURSE AGA]N. HE SENDS A L.ETTER TO

CENTRAL COMMI TTEE MEMBERS AS~ ING THEM TO CALL OfF THE PARTY'S

YEAR-LONG CAHPAIGtJ "GAlUST LEFTISM AND TO HEIGHTEN THEIR VIGILANCE

A(;AINSl F"EACEFUL EVOLUTION. THIS ENCOURAGED OEtlG'" FO£S TO STEP UP

THEIR ACTIVITIES.

tjJ lHE POLITICAL. JCiCI:.El'WG FOR SUPPORT BECAME HEATED. PREMIER LI

PENG FOUGHT TO IMPROVE HtS IMI1GE, WHICH >.lAS li<Al.I!..Y DAMAGED AT

T I ANANMEN. POL 11'llURO MU1[tER ZHU HONJ I AND OTHERS FOLLOWED OENG'S

,EXAMP_E /.IND TRAVELU) THE SOUTHEAST COf'lST LOBBYING LU ... j 'l!.. ..... ~H .. jAL-o.

l'T W::JUL-D APPEA" THAl O!lNA HAD ENTERED ITS FTRST REAL ELECTION

CAMPtlI GN .

NOW ::>ARTY LlBEI<ALS W!:.f,!, 1101"£ OF'TIMISTIC T~.:.N EVER. THE CHIEF

EDITO~ OF THE PEOPLE'S CAlL'. [UR ING A VISIT TO THE U. S . SAID THAT

AFTER YEARS OF ~IlTER STRUGGLE . LEFTISl S HAD LOST THEIR CAPACITY

TO D:RAIL . ~ S~RIOUSLY OBSTRUCT THE POLICIES OF ECONOMIC REFORM

AND O~NING uP .

ALL .<lAS NOT ROSES . HOWE','ER . INFLATION WAS RAI1PAN'T. FAR'lERS WERE

GETTIJG GOVERNttErH 1.0. U , '5 AND LABOR DEMONSTRATIONS AND IIJ~K

STQPPq(;ES WERE OCCURRING. VIOLENT CfUI1E INCR£ASEO AND VJUlH 6J'INGS

SPRAN3 UP. ECONOMIC CRIME AND CORRUPTION GREW. THE SOC I~ FABRIC

WAS D:FINITELY STRAINED.

AS 1993 CANE TO AN END.CHIr>.A WAS P ERCHED PRECAR IOU;LV ON A

DEVELJPMENT BUBBLE. TO pr,'EVENT THE BUBBLE FROM BURSflNG. ZHU

RONJI. CH I NA'S ~j EW ECONOMIC CZtlR. UNVEILED A SIXEEN POI NT

AUSTERITY ~OGRAH SHARPLY CURTAILING CREDIT. Llt'llTlNG

I NVESTMENT . REoue WG INFLtll l ON AND GE;NE;RALL ¥ COOL ING OO~IN CHI Nil.' S

OVERHEATED ECO NOMY.

J IA NG ZEMJt4. NOW OCCUF'YflJG ALL THREE TOF' F'OSlTIONS AS THE HEtlD OF

THE 50VERNMEIliT. PART¥ AND MILITARY . WAS DEP ENOE!oIT UPON A VERV

II DC'"" -'1 1-) C,er T " " '! or 7· , ,,. C· " 'C O""G .!DQ''' ' IG IT "'AS IR O N IC

'T HA T THti REIGN OF "ENG HAl)PIN(;. THe. !.\~-l'IhOl.lWG REFORMER. WAS

Df<.AWING TO II CLOSE A'r THE IOOTH ANNJ~'ER5AR,( OF MAD'S BIRTH.

IRONIC TOO WAS rHE FACT IHAi' MAO SHOULD E~PER1ENCE A RE:BIRTH I N

, , CHINESE POPULAR CULruRE - NOl AS ,\ rROLE:TARIAN f:EVOLWTiONARY BUT

AS AN rcor, OF WEL:"-SEING. A GOOD LUC" CHARM DANGLHI5 FROM THE REAR

VIEW MIRRORS OF THOUSANDS UF IMPORTEO TO~OlH TA~IS.

MAO'S REVDLUTIorJ WAS OVER. HAD THE CHAIRMAN LIVED TO WITNESS HIS

100TH BIRn-mAY . HE: WOULD NOT HAVE BE!:":N PLEASED.

CHINA12

A STUOENT WHO CAME TO THE U.S. TO STUDY IN IQBS MADE:

HIS FIRST TRIP BACK TO CHINA LAST ,..EAR. HE DESCRIBED THE CHANGE

FROI'1 A CENTRALLV PLANNED ECONOMY TO II FREE MARj:ET AS AN ECONOM I C

EXPLOSION, GENERATING rREHENDOUS PROSPERI TV. THE S TA TE OWNED

SECTOR NO\Ol ACCOUNTED FOR LESS THAN 307. OF TOTAL ECONOMIC OUTPUT .

STORE COUNTERS HA'iE B£BI CONTRACTE:D OUT 1'0 SHOP CLEf;I<S WKO SET

PRICES . DUAL Q\lJNERSHlP ,iAS Tur,NEO STATE EJlfTERPRISES INTO PRIVA"r E

EUSINESS.

HE SAW FAX MACHINES. SATELLlT£ TV. COMPUTER MODEMS AND RADlQ TALK

SHOWS FOR THE FIRST TlI'lE HE SAW OVERWEI GHT F'EOPLE I N HIS HOME

TOWN. HE SAW GLOSSV POSTI':RS OF NAh;,O WOMEN IN THE HAIR SALON AND A

PLAYBOY CA LENDAR IN A LOCAL Hl.lTEL_ FROM HIS PERSPE:CT!VE. THINGS

HAD CERTA I NL Y CHArJGEIP

THE QUEST FOR DEMOCRACY HAD WANED. ENTHUSIASM FOR POLITICAL

REFORM WAS GONE _ HAVING TASTED THE FRUITS OF PROSPERITY. THE

AVERAGE CHINESE IS MORE INTERESTED IN MAI<ING rIONEV. FOR MANY

CHINESE . THE RUSSIAN LESSON ARPEARS TO BE THAT ONLY AFTER A NATION

ACHIEVES A r,ELATI~'ELY HIGH LE'.IEL OF ECONOMIC PROSPERIH . CAN I T

AFFORD TI-IE FRUIT Af'('I I>E I(1I. OF OEHOCRACV. OTHER EAST ASIAN NATIONS

SEEM TO PROVE mE POiNT •

THE HU~\A!' RIGHTS ISSUE AND 8lLL IL/I,UCOIrS D[(.lSlON TO DtLlN!, 11

FROM TRADE EY CONTINUING THE MOST FAVORED NATION RANK FOR CHINA.

Htl.S CflUSED rlUCH DISMAY AI'D CRITICISM. HIS DE:f'AIHURE FROM HfS

CAMPAIGN POSITION ONLY PROVES WHAT EVERY OTHER PRECEDING

ADMINISTRtl.TIDN HAS LEARNED . SOLUTIONS TO PROBL EMS ARE RELATIVELY

SIMPLE BEFORE YOU Ali£ IN OFFICE. ONCE H< THe WHlTE HOUSE, THE

PRESIDENT MUST FACE THE REALITIES OF THE SITUATION .

TO BEGIN WITH THE TERM, "MOST FAVORED NATION " IMPLIES TO MOST OF

US, A MORAL SEAL OF APPROVAL. THIS IS NOT THE CASE . WE GRANT MFN

TO MANY courHRIES WHOSE F'RACTICES ARE REPUGNANT TO US .I. E •• MOST

OF THE MIDDLE EA6T . AFRICA AND LATW AMERICA WHERE HUMAN RIGHTS

ABUSES ARE RAMPANT . Tf£ PROPER LABEL WOULD BE, "SYSTEM OF NON-

DISCRIMINATORY TARIFFS."

AMERICA'S INTERESTS I N CHINA INVOLVE MORE THAN !1otlEY ALTHOUGH

THE MORE THA N !O.~ BILL ION INVESTED THERE IS !-IOT POCKET CHANGE .

WE: HAVE AN INTEREST IN CHINA'S HE:LP ON THE NORTH KO REA!. ISSUE. IT

is l!1PQRTANT TO us TI1AT CHINA REMA lN PEACEFUL (,NI) PROSPEROUS.

CHINA'S SMALLER NEIGHBORS "mULD NOT IOA!H 1'0 SEE ANYTHING THAT

WDlLO CAUSE CHINA TO BE MORE BELLIGERIONT -A IlE-STA(l) L llCO CHINA

WOULD BE A NIGHTMARE FOR THE REGION .

HONG t;ONG. WHICH wILL SOON REV£!~l HI CHII-I."., IS OEF'HOENl UPON HER

.. !O OR ~10ST OF lTS lRADI':. THE f~OI;J0 fONG 6DVERNMENl ESTIMATES TH .. '

WITHJRAWAL OF MFrj TO CHII-IA \.JOULD COST THE~1 8ILLI0N~ IN TRADE AND

LOSS OF :ro TO 75.000 JOBS -SIGNIFICANT FOR A POFULATION OF 6

MILLION.

BUT THE ~lmEST HIT WOULD BE THE CHINESE PEOPLE THEMSELVES - NOT

THE 60VERNMENT. WHAT HAS BEEN OV£RLOOLED IN THE ARGlJMENTS OVER MFN

IS THAT WHATEVER lrlPROVF.MENT THERE HAS BEEN I N CHINESE HUMAN

RIGHTS IS THE RESULT OF TEMPERING INFL UENCE OF FOREIGN TRADE. THE

LAST 5(> YEARS INDICATES THAT THE lOBE AND FLOW OF FREEDOM AND

DEMOCRATIC FORCES, DIRECTL'( FOLLOWS THE ECONOMIC CONDITJON OF

CHIN"',

FOR ALL ITS ECONOMIC SUCCESS THUS FAR,CHHIA F4CES AN UNCERTAIN

FUTURE. THE EVENrUAL DEATH OF DENG X1AOPJNG HAl' TRIGGER HANY

RE.ACTIONS. A STRUGGLE FOR LEADERSHIP COULD OCCUR SINCE THERE IS

NO INDIVIDUAL WHO APPEARS TO HAVE PROAD SUPPORT EITHER IN THE

PART'{ ARMY. STUDENTS MAY AGAlrJ "AGE PROTEST

DEMONSTRATIONS, ATTEMPTS MAY BE MADE TO REVERSE THE ECONOMIC

REFOkMS, MUSLIMS W THE X:NJ1Ar,G REGION MAY PRESSUf,E FOR AN

INDEPENDENT SlATE. IT IS POSSISLE THAT THE PARTY WIlL CONTINUE THE

ECONOMIC REFORMS WITH THE INCREASING PROSPERlTY. JT IS MOST

UNLiKELY THAT THE EMERGING MIDDLE WlLL EVER AGAW GRANT THE

• - , . ,

1 HAVE R£-WRITTEN THE CLOSE. TO lHIG FI-lPER SEVERAL TIMES BECAUSE OF

EVENTS UNFOLDING., ALMOST DAILY, jill CHINA. THIS .<IOMINISTRATION.

Af~D THO: tlEXT , FACE SERiUUS PR08U"r15 REQUIRING 5QLOMON- LI"E

DEC15!O"S~ HOW TO HANl.iLE I RAUEMARI. PNO COPYRIGHT PIRACIES - WHAT

TO DO ~BOUT THE SALE OF NUCLEAR COMFONENTS AND WHAT RESPONSE

TO n.",=: TO THE CHIIJESE MANEUVERS ARCUND TAIWAN. WHAT WE SHOULD

NOT DO 15 TO ATTUIPT TO THRE .. TEN. BULLY OR TAKE ANY I'ICTlOIll CAUSING

LOSS O~ FACE TO THE CH INESE.. AIIIY OF THESE ROUTES WOULD BE

(IT ,."' .. SAME: TIME. WE CANI~OT IGNORE T HESE

PROVOCATJONS WHICH SEn1 TO BE TESTS AS TO HOW FAR THEY CAN GO.

I WISH 1 HAD r'iE J'<NIO,WERS - r1UCH ~10RE HIPDRTANT. [FR~\11 THAT OUR

LEADEF;:S, WHOEVER THEY MQY "Ie. WILL F1ND THEM,

11