RESEARCH PROBLEMResearch Background
Problem StatementResearch – Aim, Objectives,
Questions, HypothesisResearch Rationale /
JustificationThe need of the Study
Research LimitationTerms Definition
TT01003 RESEARCH FOUNDATION IN EDUCATION
How to develop readers’ interest on your research problem
Simple essay about a phenomena or event, explain in generic about the phenomenon studied
What are the issues behind itIssue consist of problems; while
the second composed of variables; variable made by constructs
RESEARCH BACKGROUND
Get some supporting references as to highlight the phenomena (statistic, facts, etc)
Analyze the phenomena and extract what and why it’s happened
It is like a downward pyramid filter until you arrive at the relationship of your research variables
RESEARCH BACKGROUND
The essence of issue discussed in research background
Emphasis explanation on the relationship between variables
Illustrate how the variables are likely correlated to educational things and how does the correlation implicate the educational properties
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Consist of a premise, explainations, arguments & a gap
Speculate the relationship between variables
State clearly the variables, unit of analysis and the pattern of relationship
Normally, the last para would indicate the problem statement, the complete statement of research topic.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Example:◦ Previous research has found that racially diverse
educational environments are associated with positive intellectual and social outcomes for college students (Astin, 1993; Chang, 1999; Gurin, 1999; Smith & Associates, 1997). Racial diversity in the student body is linked to the likelihood that a student will interact with someone of a different race or ethnicity and engage in discussions of racial or ethnic issues. Frequent interaction across racial lines and discussion of racial and ethnic issues positively predicts student retention, intellectual and social self-concept, and overall satisfaction with college (Gurin, 1999; Smith & Associates, 1997). The existing evidence, however, is based largely on quasi-experimental or correlational designs using self-report data. No study to date has randomly assigned students to conditions of racial diversity and directly examined cognitive outcomes
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Premise
Explanation
Argument
Gap
What the research can contribute?Usually determine by a research aim that digested from problem statement
Research aim is what benefit could the research produces
What argument or gap to be addressed?
RESEARCH AIM / PURPOSE
ExampleThe research would produce explanation on the relationship between teacher experience, teacher efficacy and collective efficacy. Or
The study was aimed to determine the relationship between three variables, namely teacher experiences, teacher efficacy and collective efficacy among secondary school teachers
RESEARCH AIM / PURPOSE
The step by step measures to be carried out in order to achieve the research aim
The breakdown statements of the research aim / purpose
Objectives, normally stated in a manner where researcher categorizes data to be analysed
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Examples To identify teaching experience
among secondary school teachers To identify the level of personal &
collective efficacy among secondary school teachers
To determine the contribution of teacher experience on the difference of teacher efficacy and collective efficacy among secondary school teacher
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Breaking down the research objectives to become more specific measures
Emphasizing on relationship between two variables
Become the basis of data analysis
Reflecting the very focus of findings discussion
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
ExampleAre there any contribution by the teacher experience factors on the teacher efficacy differences?
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
• Previous findings leads to an assumption of what would be the best conjecture / anticipation pertaining to relationship patterns between variables
• Two types of hypothesis:
• Null hypothesis – if less findings related / equal findings
• Alternative hypothesis – if often found the same result
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
• Statistical assumption about what would be the result
• Means that the researcher need to test it using suitable inferential statistics
• To be compared to previous findings
• Confidence level:
• Significant if p < .05 (reject the Ho)
• Not significant if p > .05 (accept the Ho)
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
TEST RESULT
True H0 False H0
Accept H0
Correct Type 2 Error
Reject H0
Type 1 Error Correct
RESEARCH JUSTIFICATIONS
Explanation about the strength / goodness of the related variables for the enhancement of the pedagogical exercise
Why the research need to be conducted
Need evidence / reference to support the needs of the study
THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDY
Conjecture / presumption of the “benefit to be” which resulted from the findings
Whom would get the benefit from the findings?
If there were already similar findings from precious study, what would be the difference that contributed from the current study?
LIMITATION OF STUDY
To what extent the study could be conducted?Scope / area?Theoretical framework?Unit of analysis (target sample)?Instrumentation?Benefit?Generalization?Implication?
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
What and how to define?Variables to be studied
Event > variables > construct > items
Constitutional definitionTerms by experts
Operational definitionMeasureable terms / form
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
How to operationalize the variables ?
Using of constitutional definitionDefining variables / terms used
for measureable purposeThe use of instrument can be
considered as an operational definition
THANK YOU
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