RESEARCH PROBLEMResearch Background

Problem StatementResearch – Aim, Objectives,

Questions, HypothesisResearch Rationale /

JustificationThe need of the Study

Research LimitationTerms Definition

TT01003 RESEARCH FOUNDATION IN EDUCATION

How to develop readers’ interest on your research problem

Simple essay about a phenomena or event, explain in generic about the phenomenon studied

What are the issues behind itIssue consist of problems; while

the second composed of variables; variable made by constructs

RESEARCH BACKGROUND

Get some supporting references as to highlight the phenomena (statistic, facts, etc)

Analyze the phenomena and extract what and why it’s happened

It is like a downward pyramid filter until you arrive at the relationship of your research variables

RESEARCH BACKGROUND

The essence of issue discussed in research background

Emphasis explanation on the relationship between variables

Illustrate how the variables are likely correlated to educational things and how does the correlation implicate the educational properties

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Consist of a premise, explainations, arguments & a gap

Speculate the relationship between variables

State clearly the variables, unit of analysis and the pattern of relationship

Normally, the last para would indicate the problem statement, the complete statement of research topic.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Example:◦ Previous research has found that racially diverse

educational environments are associated with positive intellectual and social outcomes for college students (Astin, 1993; Chang, 1999; Gurin, 1999; Smith & Associates, 1997). Racial diversity in the student body is linked to the likelihood that a student will interact with someone of a different race or ethnicity and engage in discussions of racial or ethnic issues. Frequent interaction across racial lines and discussion of racial and ethnic issues positively predicts student retention, intellectual and social self-concept, and overall satisfaction with college (Gurin, 1999; Smith & Associates, 1997). The existing evidence, however, is based largely on quasi-experimental or correlational designs using self-report data. No study to date has randomly assigned students to conditions of racial diversity and directly examined cognitive outcomes

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Premise

Explanation

Argument

Gap

What the research can contribute?Usually determine by a research aim that digested from problem statement

Research aim is what benefit could the research produces

What argument or gap to be addressed?

RESEARCH AIM / PURPOSE

ExampleThe research would produce explanation on the relationship between teacher experience, teacher efficacy and collective efficacy. Or

The study was aimed to determine the relationship between three variables, namely teacher experiences, teacher efficacy and collective efficacy among secondary school teachers

RESEARCH AIM / PURPOSE

The step by step measures to be carried out in order to achieve the research aim

The breakdown statements of the research aim / purpose

Objectives, normally stated in a manner where researcher categorizes data to be analysed

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

Examples To identify teaching experience

among secondary school teachers To identify the level of personal &

collective efficacy among secondary school teachers

To determine the contribution of teacher experience on the difference of teacher efficacy and collective efficacy among secondary school teacher

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Breaking down the research objectives to become more specific measures

Emphasizing on relationship between two variables

Become the basis of data analysis

Reflecting the very focus of findings discussion

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

ExampleAre there any contribution by the teacher experience factors on the teacher efficacy differences?

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

• Previous findings leads to an assumption of what would be the best conjecture / anticipation pertaining to relationship patterns between variables

• Two types of hypothesis:

• Null hypothesis – if less findings related / equal findings

• Alternative hypothesis – if often found the same result

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

• Statistical assumption about what would be the result

• Means that the researcher need to test it using suitable inferential statistics

• To be compared to previous findings

• Confidence level:

• Significant if p < .05 (reject the Ho)

• Not significant if p > .05 (accept the Ho)

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

TEST RESULT

True H0 False H0

Accept H0

Correct Type 2 Error

Reject H0

Type 1 Error Correct

RESEARCH JUSTIFICATIONS

Explanation about the strength / goodness of the related variables for the enhancement of the pedagogical exercise

Why the research need to be conducted

Need evidence / reference to support the needs of the study

THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDY

Conjecture / presumption of the “benefit to be” which resulted from the findings

Whom would get the benefit from the findings?

If there were already similar findings from precious study, what would be the difference that contributed from the current study?

LIMITATION OF STUDY

To what extent the study could be conducted?Scope / area?Theoretical framework?Unit of analysis (target sample)?Instrumentation?Benefit?Generalization?Implication?

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

What and how to define?Variables to be studied

Event > variables > construct > items

Constitutional definitionTerms by experts

Operational definitionMeasureable terms / form

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

How to operationalize the variables ?

Using of constitutional definitionDefining variables / terms used

for measureable purposeThe use of instrument can be

considered as an operational definition

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