CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
EUKARYOTICEUKARYOTIC MULTICELLULARMULTICELLULAR HETEROTROPHIC (by ingestion)HETEROTROPHIC (by ingestion) MOVE AT SOME POINT IN LIFEMOVE AT SOME POINT IN LIFE DIGEST FOOD TO GET DIGEST FOOD TO GET
NUTRIENTSNUTRIENTS LACK CELL WALLSLACK CELL WALLS
TRENDS IN ANIMAL TRENDS IN ANIMAL EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION
CELL SPECIALIZATIONCELL SPECIALIZATION CEPHALIZATIONCEPHALIZATION EARLY DEVELOPMENTEARLY DEVELOPMENT BODY SYMMETRYBODY SYMMETRY BODY CAVITY FORMATIONBODY CAVITY FORMATION
CELL SPECIALIZATIONCELL SPECIALIZATION
CELLS FORM TISSUESCELLS FORM TISSUES– EPITHELIAL (skin, lining of cavities)EPITHELIAL (skin, lining of cavities)– CONNECTIVE (bone, blood)CONNECTIVE (bone, blood)– MUSCULAR (heart, biceps)MUSCULAR (heart, biceps)– NERVOUS (brain, nerves)NERVOUS (brain, nerves)
CEPHALIZATIONCEPHALIZATION
CONCENTRATION OF SENSE CONCENTRATION OF SENSE ORGANS AND NERVE CELLS AT ORGANS AND NERVE CELLS AT FRONT END OF BODYFRONT END OF BODY
EARLY DEVELOPMENTEARLY DEVELOPMENT FERTILIZATION FORMS A ZYGOTEFERTILIZATION FORMS A ZYGOTE BLASTULA (hollow ball of cells)BLASTULA (hollow ball of cells) GASTRULA (stage when layers that GASTRULA (stage when layers that
produce adult tissues form) produce adult tissues form) GERM LAYER GERM LAYER
FORMATIONFORMATION
GERM LAYERSGERM LAYERS ECTODERMECTODERM
– Covers surface of embryoCovers surface of embryo– Forms outer covering & CNSForms outer covering & CNS
ENDODERM ENDODERM – Innermost germ layerInnermost germ layer– Forms lining of digestive tract, liver, lungsForms lining of digestive tract, liver, lungs
MESODERMMESODERM– Located b/w ectoderm & endodermLocated b/w ectoderm & endoderm– Forms muscles & most organsForms muscles & most organs
2 TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT2 TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT PROTOSTOMEPROTOSTOME
SS– mouth forms mouth forms
from the from the opening opening (blastopore) of (blastopore) of the gastrula the gastrula
DEUTEROSTOMEDEUTEROSTOMESS– anus forms from anus forms from
the opening the opening (blastopore) of (blastopore) of the gastrula the gastrula during during developmentdevelopment
BODY SYMMETRYBODY SYMMETRY
Animal’s body plans are Animal’s body plans are adapted for how they get their adapted for how they get their foodfood
they may be motile (move) or they may be motile (move) or sessile (don’t move)sessile (don’t move)
3 TYPES OF BODY 3 TYPES OF BODY SYMMETRYSYMMETRY
Asymmetrical-no symmetry (ex, Asymmetrical-no symmetry (ex, sponge)sponge)
Bilateral- body plan in Bilateral- body plan in which single line can which single line can divide body into 2 divide body into 2
equal partsequal parts Radial-body plan in which body Radial-body plan in which body
parts repeat around center of bodyparts repeat around center of body
ANATOMICAL TERMSANATOMICAL TERMS
Dorsal- top or backDorsal- top or back Ventral- bottomVentral- bottom Anterior- head end that goes Anterior- head end that goes
firstfirst Posterior- tail end that followsPosterior- tail end that follows Lateral- along the side Lateral- along the side
(lengthwise)(lengthwise)
BODY PLANS BODY PLANS OR BODY CAVITY FORMATIONOR BODY CAVITY FORMATION
ACOELOMATE- no body cavity b/w ACOELOMATE- no body cavity b/w digestive tract and outer body walldigestive tract and outer body wall
ex. Platyhelminthes (flatworms)ex. Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
BODY PLANS BODY PLANS OR BODY CAVITY FORMATIONOR BODY CAVITY FORMATION
PSEUDOCOELOMATE- slight body PSEUDOCOELOMATE- slight body cavity between the mesoderm and cavity between the mesoderm and endodermendoderm
Ex. Nematoda (roundworms)Ex. Nematoda (roundworms)
BODY PLANS BODY PLANS OR BODY CAVITY FORMATIONOR BODY CAVITY FORMATION
COELOMATE- body cavity forms COELOMATE- body cavity forms and cushions organs, allows for and cushions organs, allows for growth of organs.growth of organs.
Ex. Annelids (earthworm)Ex. Annelids (earthworm)
FEEDING HETEROTROPHSFEEDING HETEROTROPHS
HERBIVORES- eat vegetation HERBIVORES- eat vegetation such as plantssuch as plants
FEEDING HETEROTROPHSFEEDING HETEROTROPHS
OMNIVORES- feed on both OMNIVORES- feed on both vegetation & other animalsvegetation & other animals
FEEDING HETEROTROPHSFEEDING HETEROTROPHS
FILTER FEEDERSFILTER FEEDERS- - feed by feed by straining tiny floating plantsstraining tiny floating plants
FEEDING HETEROTROPHSFEEDING HETEROTROPHS
DETRITUS FEEDERSDETRITUS FEEDERS- - feed on tiny feed on tiny bits of decaying matter bits of decaying matter
Sea Cucumber
FEEDING HETEROTROPHSFEEDING HETEROTROPHS
PARASITESPARASITES- - feed on living feed on living organisms usually destroying or organisms usually destroying or injuring the host organisminjuring the host organism
2 MAIN GROUPINGS OF 2 MAIN GROUPINGS OF ANIMALSANIMALS
INVERTEBRATESINVERTEBRATES
– 95% of animal 95% of animal speciesspecies
– No backboneNo backbone
VERTEBRATESVERTEBRATES
– 5% of animal 5% of animal speciesspecies
– Contains Contains backbonebackbone
ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS OF ANIMALSOF ANIMALS
FEEDINGFEEDING RESPIRATIONRESPIRATION CIRCULATIONCIRCULATION EXCRETIONEXCRETION RESPONSERESPONSE MOVEMENTMOVEMENT REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION
SEE PAGES 658-659.
VARIOUS ANIMAL FUNCTIONS HELP VARIOUS ANIMAL FUNCTIONS HELP MAINTAIN MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASISHOMEOSTASIS OFTEN BY OFTEN BY USING FEEDBACK MECHANISMS USING FEEDBACK MECHANISMS INCLUDING FEEDBACK INHIBITIONINCLUDING FEEDBACK INHIBITION
EXAMPLE: DOGS GET HOT RUNNING, EXAMPLE: DOGS GET HOT RUNNING, NERVOUS SYSTEM TRIGGERS NERVOUS SYSTEM TRIGGERS PANTING. PANTING REDUCES BODY PANTING. PANTING REDUCES BODY TEMPERATURE SO PANTING STOPS.TEMPERATURE SO PANTING STOPS.