Biology Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall KINGDOM ANIMALIA KINGDOM ANIMALIA.

BiologyBiology

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

KINGDOM ANIMALIAKINGDOM ANIMALIA

CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS

EUKARYOTICEUKARYOTIC MULTICELLULARMULTICELLULAR HETEROTROPHIC (by ingestion)HETEROTROPHIC (by ingestion) MOVE AT SOME POINT IN LIFEMOVE AT SOME POINT IN LIFE DIGEST FOOD TO GET DIGEST FOOD TO GET

NUTRIENTSNUTRIENTS LACK CELL WALLSLACK CELL WALLS

TRENDS IN ANIMAL TRENDS IN ANIMAL EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION

CELL SPECIALIZATIONCELL SPECIALIZATION CEPHALIZATIONCEPHALIZATION EARLY DEVELOPMENTEARLY DEVELOPMENT BODY SYMMETRYBODY SYMMETRY BODY CAVITY FORMATIONBODY CAVITY FORMATION

CELL SPECIALIZATIONCELL SPECIALIZATION

CELLS FORM TISSUESCELLS FORM TISSUES– EPITHELIAL (skin, lining of cavities)EPITHELIAL (skin, lining of cavities)– CONNECTIVE (bone, blood)CONNECTIVE (bone, blood)– MUSCULAR (heart, biceps)MUSCULAR (heart, biceps)– NERVOUS (brain, nerves)NERVOUS (brain, nerves)

CEPHALIZATIONCEPHALIZATION

CONCENTRATION OF SENSE CONCENTRATION OF SENSE ORGANS AND NERVE CELLS AT ORGANS AND NERVE CELLS AT FRONT END OF BODYFRONT END OF BODY

EARLY DEVELOPMENTEARLY DEVELOPMENT

FERTILIZATION FORMS A ZYGOTEFERTILIZATION FORMS A ZYGOTE BLASTULA (hollow ball of cells)BLASTULA (hollow ball of cells) GASTRULA (stage when layers that GASTRULA (stage when layers that

produce adult tissues form) produce adult tissues form) GERM LAYER GERM LAYER

FORMATIONFORMATION

GERM LAYERSGERM LAYERS

ECTODERMECTODERM– Covers surface of embryoCovers surface of embryo– Forms outer covering & CNSForms outer covering & CNS

ENDODERM ENDODERM – Innermost germ layerInnermost germ layer– Forms lining of digestive tract, liver, lungsForms lining of digestive tract, liver, lungs

MESODERMMESODERM– Located b/w ectoderm & endodermLocated b/w ectoderm & endoderm– Forms muscles & most organsForms muscles & most organs

2 TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT2 TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT

PROTOSTOMESPROTOSTOMES– mouth forms mouth forms

from the from the opening opening (blastopore) of (blastopore) of the gastrula the gastrula

DEUTEROSTOMESDEUTEROSTOMES– anus forms from anus forms from

the opening the opening (blastopore) of the (blastopore) of the gastrula during gastrula during developmentdevelopment

BODY SYMMETRYBODY SYMMETRY

Animal’s body plans are Animal’s body plans are adapted for how they get their adapted for how they get their foodfood

they may be motile (move) or they may be motile (move) or sessile (don’t move)sessile (don’t move)

3 TYPES OF BODY 3 TYPES OF BODY SYMMETRYSYMMETRY

Asymmetrical-no symmetry Asymmetrical-no symmetry (ex, sponge)(ex, sponge)

Bilateral- body plan in which Bilateral- body plan in which single line can divide body single line can divide body into 2 equal partsinto 2 equal parts

Radial-body plan in which Radial-body plan in which body parts repeat around body parts repeat around center of bodycenter of body

ANATOMICAL TERMSANATOMICAL TERMS

Dorsal- top or backDorsal- top or back Ventral- bottomVentral- bottom Anterior- head end that goes Anterior- head end that goes

firstfirst Posterior- tail end that followsPosterior- tail end that follows Lateral- along the side Lateral- along the side

(lengthwise)(lengthwise)

BODY PLANS BODY PLANS OR BODY CAVITY FORMATIONOR BODY CAVITY FORMATION

ACOELOMATE-ACOELOMATE- no body cavity b/w no body cavity b/w digestive tract and outer body walldigestive tract and outer body wall

ex. Platyhelminthes (flatworms)ex. Platyhelminthes (flatworms)


PSEUDOCOELOMATE-PSEUDOCOELOMATE- slight body slight body cavity between the mesoderm and cavity between the mesoderm and endodermendoderm

Ex. Nematoda (roundworms)Ex. Nematoda (roundworms)


COELOMATE-COELOMATE- body cavity forms body cavity forms and cushions organs, allows for and cushions organs, allows for growth of organs.growth of organs.

Ex. Annelids (earthworm)Ex. Annelids (earthworm)

2 MAIN GROUPINGS OF 2 MAIN GROUPINGS OF ANIMALSANIMALS

INVERTEBRATESINVERTEBRATES

– 95% of animal 95% of animal speciesspecies

– No backboneNo backbone

VERTEBRATESVERTEBRATES

– 5% of animal species5% of animal species– Contains backboneContains backbone

ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS OF ANIMALSOF ANIMALS

FEEDINGFEEDING RESPIRATIONRESPIRATION CIRCULATIONCIRCULATION EXCRETIONEXCRETION RESPONSERESPONSE MOVEMENTMOVEMENT REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION

VARIOUS ANIMAL FUNCTIONS HELP VARIOUS ANIMAL FUNCTIONS HELP MAINTAIN MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASISHOMEOSTASIS OFTEN BY OFTEN BY USING FEEDBACK MECHANISMS USING FEEDBACK MECHANISMS INCLUDING FEEDBACK INHIBITIONINCLUDING FEEDBACK INHIBITION

EXAMPLE: DOGS GET HOT RUNNING, EXAMPLE: DOGS GET HOT RUNNING, NERVOUS SYSTEM TRIGGERS PANTING. NERVOUS SYSTEM TRIGGERS PANTING. PANTING REDUCES BODY TEMPERATURE PANTING REDUCES BODY TEMPERATURE SO PANTING STOPS.SO PANTING STOPS.

HOMEOSTASIS

Phylum Phylum PoriferaPorifera

Sponges-”Pore-Sponges-”Pore-bearing”bearing”

Phylum PoriferaSponges-”Pore-bearing”

Basic Characteristics

•Aquatic environments

•Sessile-they can’t move

•Heterotrophic filter feeder

•Respirations & Excretion carried through water

•No nervous System

•Reproduce Sexually(hemaproditic) & Asexually

•Asymmetric symmetry


Special Adaptations• Regeneration• “collar cells” have flagella to filter food• Large opening in top of sponge where water exits

Water flow

ChoanocyteSpiculePore cellPoreEpidermal cellArchaeocyte

OsculumCentral cavity

Pores


The Good And the Bad

• Make up coral reefs• Protect land from

waves• Animal habitat• Consumer products


For Example….

• Euspongia - bath sponge

• Glass sponges

• Tube sponges

• Finger sponges

Phylum Cnidaria“stinging

cells”

Phylum Cnidaria “stinging cells”

Basic Characteristics•Radial Symmetry•sting and capture food•Aquatic, mostly marine•Two body forms•Movement: Polyp= sessile, Medusa= free-swimming•Asexual and sexual reproduction


Special Adaptations• NEMATOCYSTS-stinging

cells

• Coral= colonial

• Have nerve nets (network of nerve cells that allow it to detect stimuli)

http://mbgnet.mobot.org/salt/animals/1coral.jpg


The Good And the Bad• Coral reefs-aquatic

habitats• Symbiotic

relationships-Sea Anemone

• Can be deadly-Man O war


For Example….• Hydra-Man O war• Jellyfish• Sea Anemone • Coral reefs

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32-1 Introduction to the Mammals

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Mammals

All mammals have two notable features: hair and mammary glands.

In females, mammary glands produce milk to nourish the young.

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Mammals

In addition to having hair and the ability to nourish their young with milk, all mammals

• breathe air.

• have four-chambered hearts.

• are endotherms that generate their body heat internally.

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Evolution of Mammals

The first true mammals appeared during the late Triassic Period, about 220 million years ago.

These mammals were very small and probably nocturnal.

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Reptile / Mammal Skulls


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Form and Function in Mammals

As mammals evolved, the form and function of their jaws and teeth became adapted to eat foods other than insects.

The joint between the skull and lower jaw allowed mammals to evolve larger, more powerful jaw muscles and different ways of chewing.

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Wolf

Molars and premolars

Horse

Jaw joint

Jaw joint

Canines

Incisors

HerbivoreCarnivore

Jaws and Teeth of Mammals

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Mammalian heart

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Complete division


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Mammalian Brain

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Monkey Mole SealBat Horse

The limbs and digits (fingers and toes) of many mammals are adapted to their particular way of life. Note the variety of lengths and shapes of the limb bones. Homologous bones are the same color in all the drawings.

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32-1

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32-1

One characteristic commonly used to determine whether fossils are mammals is

a. subcutaneous fat.

b. mammary glands.

c. a jaw joint that allows movement from side to side.

d. hair or fur.

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Answer:

A jaw joint that allows movement from side to side.


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32-1

How many chambers do mammalian hearts have?

a. 2

b. 3

c. 4

d. 6

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Answer:

4


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32-1

Mammals are called endotherms because they

a. produce milk to nourish their young.

b. have well-developed sense organs.

c. have powerful jaws and specialized teeth.

d. generate their body heat internally.

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Answer:

Generate their body heat internally.


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32-1

The first true mammals appeared in the fossil record

a. soon after the extinction of the dinosaurs.

b. about the same time as the first reptiles.

c. during the Triassic when dinosaurs were the dominant land animals.

d. long after the extinction of the dinosaurs.

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Answer:

During the Triassic when dinosaurs were the dominant land animals.


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Diversity of

Mammals

The three groups of living mammals are:

a. monotremes

b. marsupials

c. placentals

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Monotremes

and Marsu

pialsMonotremes

Monotremes lay eggs.

Monotremes share two notable characteristics with reptiles:

a. The digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems all open into a cloaca.

b. Females lay soft-shelled eggs that incubate outside the body.

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Monotremes

and Marsu

pialsOnly three species of monotremes exist today: the duckbill platypus and two species of spiny anteaters, or echidnas.

These animals are found in Australia and New Guinea.

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Monotremes

and Marsu

pialsMarsupials

Marsupials bear live young, but at a very early stage of development.

Young marsupials complete their development in an external pouch.

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Placental

MammalsPlacental Mammals

a. Placental mammals are named for an internal structure called the placenta, which forms when the embryo's tissues join with tissues from within the mother's body.

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Biogeography of

Mammals

How did convergent evolution cause mammals on different continents to be similar in form and function?

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Biogeography of

Mammals

Similar ecological opportunities on the different continents have produced some striking examples of convergent evolution in mammals.

Landmasses merged in the late Cenozoic, and mammals dispersed into new habitats.

Living mammals reflect the diversity that resulted.

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Biogeography of

Mammals

Convergent Evolution in Mammals

Giant Anteater Aardva

rk

Common Echidna

Chinese Pangolin

Nine-Banded Armadillo

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Convergent

Evolution


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32-2

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32-2

Most mammals are

a. monotremes.

b. marsupials.

c. placental mammals.

d. placental marsupials.

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32-2

Monotremes are the only group of mammals that

a. lay eggs

b. have hair.

c. feed their young with milk.

d. are endotherms.

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32-2

Ant-eating mammals on different continents look similar to each other because they are all

a. a result of divergent evolution.

b. adapted to similar ecological opportunities.

c. recently evolved from a common ancestor.

d. evolved from an ant-eating reptile.

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32-2

What is the function of the placenta?

a. production of milk

b. exchange of materials between fetus and mother

c. digestion of food

d. protection of a young mammal after birth

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32-3 Prim

ates and

Human

Origins

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What Is a

Primate?

What characteristics do all primates share?

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What Is a

Primate?

What Is a Primate?

In general, primates have binocular vision, a well-developed cerebrum, relatively long fingers and toes, and arms that can rotate around their shoulder joints.

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What Is a

Primate?

Fingers, Toes, and Shoulders

a. Flexible digits enable primates to run along tree limbs and swing from branch to branch with ease.

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What Is a

Primate?

Primates’ arms are well adapted to climbing because they can rotate in broad circles around a strong shoulder joint.

In most primates, the thumb and big toe can move against the other digits. This characteristic allows primates to hold objects in their hands or feet.

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What Is a

Primate?

Binocular Vision

a. Many primates have a flat face, so both eyes face forward with overlapping fields of view. This facial structure allows for binocular vision.

b. Binocular vision is the ability to merge visual images from both eyes, providing depth perception and a three-dimensional view of the world.

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Evolution of

Primates

What are the major evolutionary groups of primates?

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Evolution of

Primates

Evolution of Primates

The two main groups of primates are prosimians and anthropoids.

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Evolution of

Primates

Tarsiers Old World monkeys

Primate ancestor

Hominoids

Lorises and bush

babies

Lemurs

New World

monkeysGibbon

s Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanze

es Human

s

Anthropoids

Prosimians

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Evolution of

Primates

Prosimians

a. Most prosimians alive today are small, nocturnal primates with large eyes that are adapted to seeing in the dark.

b. Living prosimians include bush babies, lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers.

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Evolution of

Primates

Lorises and bush

babies

Lemurs Tarsiers

Primate ancestor

Prosimians

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Evolution of

Primates

Anthropoids

a. Humans, apes, and most monkeys belong to a group called anthropoids, which means humanlike primates.

b. This group split early in its evolutionary history into two major branches.

c. These branches separated as drifting continents moved apart.

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Evolution of

Primates

Orangutans Chimpanzees

Old World monkeys

New World

monkeys

Gibbons

Gorillas Humans

Anthropoids

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Evolution of

Primates

One branch of anthropoids is the New World monkeys. New World monkeys:

a. live almost entirely in trees.

b. have long, flexible arms to swing from branches.

c. have a prehensile tail, which is a tail that can coil around a branch to serve as a “fifth hand.”

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Evolution of

Primates

The other group of anthropoids includes Old World monkeys and great apes.

a. Old World monkeys live in trees but lack prehensile tails.

b. Great apes, also called hominoids, include gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans.

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Hominid

Evolution

Hominid Evolution (page 835-838)

a. Between 6 and 7 million years ago, the hominoid line gave rise to hominids. The hominid family includes modern humans.

b. As hominids evolved, they began to walk upright and developed thumbs adapted for grasping.

c. They also developed large brains.

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Hominid

Evolution

Modern human

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Hominid

Evolution

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Hominid

Evolution

The skull, neck, spinal column, hipbones, and leg bones of early hominid species changed shape in ways that enabled later hominid species to walk upright.

Evolution of this bipedal, or two-foot, locomotion freed both hands to use tools.

Hominids evolved an opposable thumb that enabled grasping objects and using tools.

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Hominid

Evolution

Hominids displayed a remarkable increase in brain size, especially in an expanded cerebrum—the “thinking” area of the brain.

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Hominid

Evolution

Early Hominids

a. At present, the hominid fossil record includes these genera:

Ardipithecus

Australopithecus

Paranthropus

Kenyanthropus

Homo

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Hominid

Evolution

There are as many as 20 separate hominid species.

This diverse group of hominid fossils covers roughly 6 million years.

All are relatives of modern humans, but not all are human ancestors.

Questions remain about how fossil hominids are related to one another and to humans.

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Hominid

Evolution

Australopithecus

a. An early hominid species, Australopithecus, lived from about 4 million to 1 million years ago.

b. The structure of Australopithecus teeth suggests a diet rich in fruit.

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Hominid

Evolution

a. The best known species is Australopithecus afarensis—based on a female skeleton named Lucy, who was 1 meter tall.

b. Members of the Australopithecus species were bipedal and spent some time in trees.

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Hominid

Evolution

Paranthropus

a. The Paranthropus species had huge, grinding back teeth.

b. Their diets probably included coarse and fibrous plant foods.

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The Road to Modern Humans

The Road to Modern Humans (page 839-840)

a. Paleontologists still do not completely understand the history and relationships of species within our own genus.

b. Other species in the genus Homo existed before Homo sapiens.

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The Genus Homo

a. The first fossils in the genus Homo are about 2.5 million years old.

b. These fossils were found with tools, so researchers called the species Homo habilis, which means “handy man.”

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2 million years ago, a species called Homo ergaster appeared. It had a bigger brain and downward-facing nostrils that resembled those of modern humans.

At some point, either H. ergaster or a related species named Homo erectus began migrating out of Africa through the Middle East.

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Out of Africa—But Who and When?

a. Evidence suggests that hominids left Africa in several waves, as shown in the following diagram.

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It is not certain where and when Homo sapiens arose.

One hypothesis, the multi-regional model, suggests that modern humans evolved independently in several parts of the world from widely separated populations of H. erectus.

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Another hypothesis, the out-of-Africa model, proposes that modern humans evolved in Africa between 200,000–150,000 years ago, migrated out to colonize the world, and replaced the descendants of earlier hominid species.

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Modern

Homo sapien

sModern Homo sapiens (page 841)

a. The story of modern humans over the past 500,000 years involves two main groups.

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Modern

Homo sapien

sThe earliest of these species is called Homo

neanderthalensis.

Neanderthals lived in Europe and Asia 200,000–30,000 years ago.

They made stone tools and lived in organized social groups.

The other group is Homo sapiens—people whose skeletons look like those of modern humans.

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The Road

to Moder

n Huma

ns50,000–40,000 years ago some populations of H. sapiens seem to have changed their way of life:

a. They made more sophisticated stone blades and elaborately worked tools from bones and antlers.

b. They produced cave paintings.

c. They buried their dead with elaborate rituals.

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The Road

to Moder

n Huma

nsAbout 40,000 years ago, a group known as Cro-Magnons appeared in Europe.

By 30,000 years ago, Neanderthals had disappeared from Europe and the Middle East.

Since that time, our species has been Earth’s only hominid.

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32-3

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32-3

The ability to merge visual images from both eyes is called

a. monocular vision.

b. binocular vision.

c. overlapping vision.

d. color vision.

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32-3

Which of the following is true about hominid evolution?

a. The development of a large brain happened before bipedal locomotion.

b. There is a straight line of descent from the earliest hominid species to Homo sapiens.

c. The genus Homo appeared before the genus Australopithecus.

d. Hominid evolution took place as a series of adaptive radiations that produced a large number of species.

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32-3

The evolution of bipedal locomotion was important because it

a. increased brain size.

b. made it easier to see.

c. freed both hands to use tools.

d. allowed easier escape from predators.

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32-3

The multi-regional model hypothesizes that

a. Homo sapiens evolved independently in several parts of the world.

b. Modern humans evolved in Africa, then migrated to various parts of the world.

c. Neanderthals produced cave drawings.

d. Homo habilis descended from Homo erectus.

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32-3

The oldest known Homo sapiens skeletons are about

a. 6,000 years old.

b. 100,000 years old.

c. 3 million years old.

d. 30 million years old.

Biology Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall KINGDOM ANIMALIA KINGDOM ANIMALIA.

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Transcript of Biology Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall KINGDOM ANIMALIA KINGDOM ANIMALIA.