Adult Migrants In EU-15 By region of origin (2000)
Data Source: OECD Database on Expatriates and Immigrants, 2004
W Europe
E Europe
Former SovietN & C America
S America
S Asia
E Asia
Middle E
N Africa
SS Africa
Pressures to emigrate often reflect
– failure to create jobs– failure to maintain security
Emigration option is a critical safety valve
Average Unemployment RatesSelect Countries of Origin: 1990-2004 (approx).
RomaniaTurkey
MoroccoAlgeria
TunisiaSuriname
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1960 1970 1980 1990 20000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7E
xpor
ts (
Trill
ion
US
200
0$)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Mig
rant
s (1
00 M
illio
n)
Global volume of exports
Global stock of migrants
Migrants are the big winnersDespite commercialization of migration
These gains to migrants
are a form of development
Poverty alleviation greatestfrom low-skill
circular migration
• High levels of remittances reach poor
• Low skill workers at home benefit
Reported Remittances Sent per Migrant (2000)
Source: IMF Balance of Payments Statistics and UN Trends in Migrant Stock
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
US
$
Low Education Adult Migrants In EU-15 By region of origin (2000)
W Europe
Americas
E EuropeFormer Soviet
S Asia
E Asia
W Asia
N Africa
SS Africa
Data Source: OECD Database on Expatriates and Immigrants, 2004
South-South Migration Dominates
For Low Skill Workers From Low Income Countries
Most is irregular
Calls for bilateral/regional agreements
High Skill Migration to OECD Growing RapidlyPercent of tertiary educated population abroad in OECD: 2000
<2%<5%<10%<20%>20%
Source: Mapped from Docquier and Marfouk (2005)
Tertiary Educated, Non-OECD Adults In EU-15 By region of origin (2000)
Data Source: OECD Database on Expatriates and Immigrants, 2004
Europe
Former Soviet
C America
S America
S AsiaE Asia
Middle E
N Africa
SS Africa
Low
MiddleHigh
Low MiddleHigh
Europe America0
5
10
15M
illio
ns
Non-OECD
OECD origin
High Skill Migration to N America DominatesExpatriates in OECD Countries: 2000
Distribution of Tertiary Educated Population From E Europe in OECD: 2000
RussiaLatvia
MoldovaUkraine
HungaryPoland
RomaniaBelarusCroatia
Czech RepublicLithuania
AlbaniaSlovenia
EstoniaBosnia and Herzegovi
BulgariaSlovakia
Serbia and MontenegrMacedonia
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
Other EuropeEU15 N America
Migration policies of high income countries
• Not part of coherent development strategy
• Competition to attract highly skilled (students)
• Yet protect low skill sectors (agriculture)
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