GHSGT Review
Biology
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Cell Structures• Cell membrane- surrounds cell,
providing barrier• Cytoplasm- fluid, made mostly of
water, fills cell• Organelles- structures inside of cell• Nucleus- control center of cell• Nuclear membrane- membrane
surrounding nucleus• Ribosomes- produce proteins• Endoplasmic reticulum- transport in
cell
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Cell Structures• Golgi apparatus- storage• Lysosomes- digestion and recycling• Mitochondria- cellular respiration;
energy release• Centrioles- function in cell
reproduction• Chloroplasts- photosynthesis• Cell wall- surrounds cell membrane in
plant and bacterial cells
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Animal versus Plant cell
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Prokaryote versus Eukaryote• Lacks a nucleus • Has no membrane-
bound organelles• unicellular• EX: bacteria
• Has distinct nucleus
• Unicellular and multicellular
• Have membrane-bound organelles
• EX: plants, animals, protists, fungi
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Lesson ReviewWhat cell structure
do all eukaryotes have in common?
a. Nucleusb. Cell wallc. Chloroplastsd. RNA
What cell structures would indicate that you are examining a plant cell rather than an animal cell?
a. Nucleus &chloroplasts
b. Cell wall &chloroplasts
c. Chloroplasts & mitochondria
d. Chromosomes & vacuoles
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Lesson ReviewWhich labeled structure in the diagram contains chromosomes?a. Structure 1b. Structure 6c. Structure 7d. Structure 3
Which cell structures are involved in protein synthesis?
e. Structure 1f. Structure 6g. Structure 7h. Structure 3
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Macromolecules• Organic compounds- compounds that
contain carbon; building blocks of cellsType of compound FunctionsProteins Subunits are called amino acid. Function
form structures, transport, help cells move and involved in chemical reactions (enzymes)
Carbohydrates (Sugar & Starch)
Used as source of energySugar- quick energyStarch- slow-release energy
Lipids Fats, oils & waxesStores energy and functions as part of cell membrane
Nucleic acids Store important information (DNA)
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Lesson ReviewProteins that
speed up a chemical reaction without becoming part of the reaction are ___.
a. Amino acidsb. Enzymesc. Nucleic acidsd. carbohydrates
Which types of macromolecules are not soluble in water?
a. Sugarsb. Starchesc. Proteinsd. Lipids
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DNA and RNADeoxyribonucleic
acidMade up of smaller
units called nucleotides
Contains deoxyribose sugar
Four bases: Adenine, Guanine, Thymine & Cytosine
Double helix
Ribonucleic acid
Contains ribose sugar
Single helixBases: Adenine,
Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil
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Lesson ReviewDNA contains each
of the following bases, except ____.
a. Uracilb. Adeninec. Cytosined. thymine
Which of the following is not a component of a nucleotide?
a. five-carbon sugarb. Nitrogenous basec. Amino acidd. Phosphate group
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Lesson ReviewIN a molecule of
DNA, the base thymine always pairs with ___.
a. Cytosineb. Guaninec. Uracild. Adenine
In an RNA molecule, uracil, takes the place of ___.
a. Cytosineb. Thyminec. Guanined. adenine
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Storing and Transmitting Cellular Information
• DNA Replication- before a cell can divide it must make a copy of the DNA
• First- the DNA unzips
• The “loose” nitrogen bases attach to their matches
• Creates two strands
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Protein synthesis- creation of proteins from code found in
DNA• Transcription DNA unzipsMessenger RNA
transcribes the sequence of code from DNA
Substitutes uracil for thymine
• Translation• mRNA moves out
of the nucleus into the cytoplasm
• Attaches to a ribosome exposing a single codon
• Transfer RNA then picks up the correct nitrogen base and joins it as a chain
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Lesson ReviewDuring DNA
replication, which base pairs with cytosine?
a. Thymineb. Guaninec. Adenined. uracil
During transcription, which base pairs with adenine?
a. Uracilb. Thyminec. Guanined. cytosine
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Lesson ReviewWhich type of
molecule transcribes the information from a DNA molecule to a molecule that carries the information to a ribosome?
a. tRNAb. rRNAc. mRNAd. dRNA
What takes place during replication?
a. The DNA is copied before cell division occurs
b. Information from mRNA is used to make proteins
c. mRNA makes a copy of the DNA
d. rRNA reads the information from mRNA to make proteins
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Reproductive Variability• Asexual
reproduction• Involves only one
parent• Results in offspring
just like the parents
• Sexual reproduction
• Involves two parents
• Results in more genetic variability in offspring
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Chromosomes and Reproduction
• Meiosis is a process through which the nucleus of a cell divides in such a way that the chromosome number is divided in half
• Thus, the number of chromosomes in a gamete have the HAPLOID number
• The resulting zygote will then have the DIPLOID number
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Genes & Traits• Each chromosome contains many
genes• Genes- section of chromosome that
codes for single trait• Homologous chromosomes-
similar in size, shape and genetic material
• Allele- gene that controls an alternate form of the trait.
• Mendel’s law of segregation- states that two alleles for each trait separate into separate gametes
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Describing alleles• Homozygous- alleles are the same;
either both dominant or both recessive
• Heterozygous- alleles are different; one dominant and one recessive; also called “hybrid”
• Genotype- genetic composition• Phenotype- traits organism displays
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Predict Genotype and Phenotype
• Use a Punnett square
• Gives the probability of the offspring outcome
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• Mendel’s second law- law of indendent assortment states that the inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of another trait
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Lesson ReviewIn pea plants, round (R)seeds are dominant over
wrinkled (r)seeds. The punnett square shows a cross between two parents that are heterozygous for round peas.
Which of the following describes all possible genotypes resulting from this cross?a. RR and rr c. round seedsb. RR, Rr and rr d. wrinkled seedsWhat genotype will result in an offspring that
has wrinkled seeds?c. RR c. rrd. Rr d. rWhat percentage of the offspring will likely to
be homozygous for round seeds?
R r
R
r
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DNA Technology• Biotechnology- manipulation of
organisms or their parts for human uses; used to improve human health & food production, also used in forensics
• Genetic engineering- production of organisms with new genetic traits; most often from taking segments of DNA from one organism and inserting it into another
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Cloning• Scientists produce
genetically identical individuals from a single cell.
• First the nucleus of a female egg cell is removed
• Then egg cell is fused with the nucleus of a cell taken from another adult
• When the cells fuse, they produce a single cell that begins to divide
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DNA Fingerprinting• Use a technique called gel
electrophoresis to compare DNA of different organisms
• First the DNA is cut into sections with enzymes
• Then fragments are placed in a gel • Electric charges separate the pieces
by size
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Lesson ReviewWhich would be a
reason why scientists would genetically engineer bacteria to produce human insulin?
a. Bacteria do not have their own DNA
b. Bacteria are livingc. Bacteria are very
smalld. Bacteria
reproduce quickly
What has to be removed from the donor egg cell during the cloning process?
a. Nucleusb. Cytoplasmc. Y chromosomed. X chromosome
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Photosynthesis and RespirationProcess by which
some types of organisms capture the energy of sunlight and convert it to chemical energy (food)
Happens in the cell’s chloroplasts
• Process by which living things release energy from the chemical bonds in food molecules
• Happens in the cell’s mitochondria
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Photosynthesis• 6 CO2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2 • Occurs in
chloroplasts• Two parts:
–Light reaction–Calvin cycle (dark reaction)
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What is respiration?• The process of breaking down
food molecules to release energy• Occurs in the mitochondria• Two types:
–Aerobic – requires oxygen–Anaerobic – occurs without oxygen
– C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
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Where does a cell get energy?
• Cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to a form the cell can use.
• Energy is stored in an ATP molecule (adenosine triphosphate) .
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Lesson ReviewWhat is the source of
energy for photosynthesis?
a. Sunlightb. Carbon dioxidec. Glucose d. WaterWhat are the reactants
of photosynthesis?e. Water & glucosef. Glucose & carbon
dioxideg. Carbon dioxide &
waterh. Oxygen & water
What would likely happen to a plant briefly kept in the dark?
a. It would die from lack of foodb. It would perform the light-
reactions onlyc. It would recycle materials, but
not energyd. It would conduct
photosynthesis, but not respiration
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Relationships among Organisms• Ecosystem- living & nonliving things in an
environment• Abiotic factors- nonliving• Biotic factors- living• Population- all organisms of same species
living in an area• Community- all interacting populations
living in an area• Limiting factors- environmental factors
that control population size• Carrying capacity- largest population that
a given environment can support over time
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Ecosystem Interactions• Competition- when organisms vie with
each other for resources• Predation- feeding relationship where
one organism hunts and kills another for food
• Symbiosis- interdependent relationships between organisms
• Mutualism- both species benefit• Parasitism- only one species benefits;
other harmed• Commensalism- one benefits; other
unaffected
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What determines a Terrestrial Biome?
• Climate – temperature and rainfall• 6 major biomes
– Tundra– Coniferous Forest– Deciduous Forest– Grasslands– Desert– Tropical Rainforest
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What determines an aquatic biome?
• Amount of light, oxygen and salinity– Lakes– Ponds– Wetlands
• Marshes• Swamps• Estuaries
– Coral Reefs– Deep Ocean
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Lesson ReviewThe graph shows
population changes for two species that share the same ecosystem. Which relationship exists between them?
a. The two species compete for the same food source
b. Species A is prey to species B
c. Species A is a predator to species B
d. They do not interact
Species A
Species B
Tapeworms live in the digestive tracts of mammals and absorb nutrients. The relationship between the tapeworms & the host is an example of ___.a. Commensalismb. Parasitismc. Mutualismd. Natural selection
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Food Chains, Webs & Pyramids• Producers- produce their own food• Consumers- obtains food from others• Decomposer- breaking down wastes or
the remains of dead organisms• Trophic level- each feeding level in an
ecosystem• Food chain- flow of energy from one
organism to another• Food web- provides for showing
interconnected food chains• Energy pyramid-shows energy loss
among trophic levels
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Lesson ReviewWhich group of organisms make up the
final trophic level in an ecosystem?a. Producers c. tertiary consumersb. Secondary consumers d. decomposersCattle feed by grazing on grasses. Cattle
are an example of ___.c. Producers c. herbivoresd. Omnivores d. carnivoresWhich shows a correct order for the transfer
of energy within an ecosystem?e. producer- decomposer-herbivore-omnivoref. Carnivore-herbivore-decomposer-omnivoreg. Producer-herbivore-carnivore-decomposer
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